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1 netic and cellular basis of a model chordate central pattern generator.
2 t is thought to be controlled by a brainstem central pattern generator.
3 consistent with a postsynaptic effect on the central pattern generator.
4 and pattern-initiating neurons of the buccal central pattern generator.
5 ties of neuron B51, an element of the buccal central pattern generator.
6 in the Stomatogastric Ganglion, a well-known central pattern generator.
7 rhythmogenic core mechanism of the breathing central pattern generator.
8 n, a homologous key component of the singing central pattern generator.
9 t are sourced in a multifunctional brainstem central pattern generator.
10 y through integrated reflex pathways with no central pattern generator.
11 taneous swimming gait without the need for a central pattern generator.
12 and probe the organization of the mammalian central pattern generator.
13 inhibitory connectome within the respiratory central pattern generator.
14 ught to be produced by segmentally organized central pattern generators.
15 he interactions between functionally related central pattern generators.
16 rder control and indirect interactions among central pattern generators.
17 in sensory and neuromuscular circuits and in central pattern generators.
18 omous neural circuits known as pacemakers or central pattern generators.
19 ry bursts with properties similar to in vivo central pattern generators.
20 c and cholinergic components ensure that the central pattern generator activates motoneurones effecti
23 splantation improved spinal conductivity and central pattern generator activity, and that treadmill t
25 behavior that is thought to be governed by a central pattern generator and that is accompanied by hig
26 edback to the cervical enlargement of lumbar central pattern generator and/or hindlimb proprioceptive
27 roids on vocal patterning at two levels: (1) central pattern generators and (2) social behavior in na
28 blocks the depolarizing "ramp" input to the central pattern generator, and consequently the motor pr
29 with the lack of biophysical evidence for a central pattern generator, and recent experimental evide
31 e of the rhythmically active leech heartbeat central pattern generator are pairs of mutually inhibito
32 cending interneurons (dINs)] in the swimming central pattern generator are raised by depolarization d
38 A more modest focus of many neuroscientists, central pattern generators, are more tractable neuronal
39 Furthermore, the outputs of the respiratory central pattern generator as a whole are invariant to th
40 complex neural control system, the breathing central pattern generator (bCPG), that exhibits diverse
42 not a necessary component of the respiratory central pattern generator but constitutes a defensive me
43 modulator myomodulin speeds up the heartbeat central pattern generator by reducing Na(+)/K(+) pump cu
45 propose that steroid-dependent modulation of central pattern generators can govern the overt expressi
46 rhythmic behavior one must characterize the central pattern generator circuit and quantify the popul
47 w that dopamine exerts potent effects on the central pattern generator circuit controlling locomotory
48 light activation of VALopA in neurons of the central pattern generator circuit for locomotion leads t
49 n handle this all by integrating a brainstem central pattern generator circuit in a larger network th
51 or neurons of the reticular formation, where central pattern generator circuits controlling orofacial
52 he descending feedforward pathways and local central pattern generator circuits that control and gene
53 the presence of two distinct left and right central pattern generators, connected as coupled oscilla
54 f a pattern formation network of a two-level central pattern generator controlling locomotor activity
56 ive components of the mouse spinal locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) and candidates for the r
57 ration of rhythmic behavior is operated by a central pattern generator (CPG) and does not require per
58 behavior is governed by a sexually dimorphic central pattern generator (CPG) and that fictive vocaliz
59 that early activity in the zebrafish spinal central pattern generator (CPG) and the earliest locomot
60 nx at the periphery, and the hindbrain vocal central pattern generator (CPG) centrally, that produce
62 the cervical and lumbar spinal enlargements, central pattern generator (CPG) circuitry produces the r
63 e inhibitory neurotransmitter for neurons in central pattern generator (CPG) circuits underlying swim
65 dorsal swim interneurons (DSIs) of the swim central pattern generator (CPG) directly excite Pedal ne
66 ude that motoneurons provide feedback to the central pattern generator (CPG) during drug-induced loco
67 We explored the organization of the spinal central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion by analys
71 s) are serotonergic neurons intrinsic to the central pattern generator (CPG) for swimming in the moll
72 In Melibe, it was previously shown that the central pattern generator (CPG) for swimming is composed
73 We found an example of such recovery in the central pattern generator (CPG) for the escape swim of t
74 ern, interneuron C2, a crucial member of the central pattern generator (CPG) for this rhythmic behavi
75 on of tongue control, the integration of the central pattern generator (CPG) for TP/R with other aero
78 eurons (DSIs) are members of the escape swim central pattern generator (CPG) in the mollusk Tritonia
79 We found no evidence that other swimming central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons are coupled
80 rization, the default state of the locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) is symmetrical, with ant
81 f neural characters comprising a vocal-sonic central pattern generator (CPG) morphotype is proposed f
83 ic contraction, are initiated by output from central pattern generator (CPG) networks in the CNS.
85 riginate in the brain but are coordinated by Central Pattern Generator (CPG) neural networks in the s
87 rhythmic bursting in temperature-compromised central pattern generator (CPG) neurons by counteracting
89 owever, it remains unclear how the locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) processes descending dri
91 ntermediate reticular nucleus (IRt) form the central pattern generator (CPG) responsible for post-I a
92 e mammalian spinal cord contains a locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) that can produce alterna
93 he core interneuronal components of the limb central pattern generator (CPG) that coordinate flexor-e
95 reticular nucleus (IRt) are components of a central pattern generator (CPG) that generates post-I ac
96 lled "whisking," are produced by a brainstem central pattern generator (CPG) that uses serotonin to i
98 mportant extrinsic modulatory actions on the central pattern generator (CPG) underlying rhythmic inge
100 nal cord circuitry incorporating a two-level central pattern generator (CPG) with separate half-centr
101 icit distinct rhythmic motor patterns from a central pattern generator (CPG), but they can instead el
102 n the spinal cord, collectively known as the central pattern generator (CPG), coordinate rhythmic mov
104 ere, we use the leech (Hirudo sp.) heartbeat central pattern generator (CPG), in which we can measure
105 gence relates to the formation of the spinal central pattern generator (CPG), the circuit that mediat
107 on depends on spinal interneurons termed the central pattern generator (CPG), which generates activit
108 imal locomotion is controlled, in part, by a central pattern generator (CPG), which is an intraspinal
109 ng function of B64 depend on the type of the central pattern generator (CPG)-elicited response rather
117 s colonic motor complexes, are controlled by central pattern generators (CPG) in the enteric nervous
121 ebrates and invertebrates, chains of coupled central pattern generators (CPGs) are commonly evoked to
124 motor neuron activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Central pattern generators (CPGs) are neural circuits th
126 l pathways involved in retraining the spinal central pattern generators (CPGs) by afferent input in t
129 e coordination between the spatially distant central pattern generators (CPGs) controlling forelimb a
130 otor behaviors requires modifications in the central pattern generators (CPGs) controlling muscle act
131 are commonly involved in the dynamics of the central pattern generators (CPGs) driving various rhythm
132 twork shares many functional properties with central pattern generators (CPGs) found in relatively si
135 urons) is a potent activator of the hindlimb central pattern generators (CPGs) in rodent spinal cords
136 ent excitation and inhibition originating in central pattern generators (CPGs) may be used to control
137 ral mechanisms that underlie the function of central pattern generators (CPGs) presents a formidable
142 cord injury patients by reactivating spinal central pattern generators (CPGs) requires the elucidati
143 rder neurons provide commands to lower-level central pattern generators (CPGs) that autonomously prod
144 e control of spinal neural networks known as central pattern generators (CPGs) that comprise multiple
145 viously identified two anatomically distinct central pattern generators (CPGs) that drive the fast an
146 Locomotion relies on neural networks called central pattern generators (CPGs) that generate periodic
149 These networks, which are referred to as central pattern generators (CPGs), are ideal systems for
150 absence of sensory feedback, commonly called central pattern generators (CPGs), are involved in many
151 Oscillating neuronal circuits, known as central pattern generators (CPGs), are responsible for g
153 ysfunction of synaptic neurotransmission and central pattern generators (CPGs), potentially a common
155 In pacemaker-driven networks, including many central pattern generators (CPGs), this frequency range
162 ate spinal cord, a real understanding of how central pattern generators develop is hindered by our la
163 h bicuculline or by surgical ablation of the central pattern generator during early embryogenesis, we
165 medulla, which contains key elements of the central pattern generator for breathing that are importa
166 omotor-related signal produced by the lumbar central pattern generator for locomotion selectively mod
168 whisker premotor neurons, which might form a central pattern generator for rhythmic whisker protracti
170 by different neural pathways, including the central pattern generator for walking, brainstem pathway
171 ent work that delineated the location of the central pattern generator for whisking has enabled pharm
172 uggests that insect thoracic ganglia contain central pattern generators for directed leg movements.
173 ing overground locomotion, suggesting normal central pattern generator function and supporting our hy
175 A computational model of the Aplysia feeding central pattern generator has, therefore, suggested that
176 ut the connections from cell Tr2 to the swim central pattern generator have not been identified.
177 xperimental preparations, sensory inputs and central pattern generators have now been shown to play d
178 The technology consists of silicon hardware central pattern generators (hCPGs) that may be trained t
179 interneurons are components of the hindlimb central pattern generator, helping to organize left-righ
180 xes (CMC) are considered to be controlled by central pattern generators housed in the myenteric plexu
181 y information from this stimulus to the swim central pattern generator, (ii) elicits the swim motor p
184 nal networks, such as those comprising motor central pattern generators; in turn, they receive feedba
185 stimulation (TANES), which can activate the central pattern generator, inducing active weight-suppor
188 and-like food-signaling cell type, a feeding central pattern generator interneuron, and a unique beha
189 tion of the electrically coupled neuron N3P (central pattern generator) interneurons does not affect
190 ext dependence by sequentially incorporating central pattern generators, intrinsic drives, and sensor
191 er movements and may be a key component in a central pattern generator involved in the generation of
192 e support for the concept that the locomotor central pattern generator is a modular network with spee
193 ample, although the regular oscillation of a central pattern generator is well characterized by its f
194 that the high reliability and flexibility of central pattern generators is determined by their redund
196 llatory network can be traced to the role of central pattern generator located in the spinal cord.
198 e inhibition of the contralateral scratching central pattern generator mediated by excitatory V0 neur
200 n systems such as the vertebrate respiratory central pattern generator, multiple pacemaker types inte
202 s can be regulated to make a self-assembling central pattern generator network; thus, network-level h
203 rates is based on a set of modules, like the central pattern generator networks (CPGs) in the spinal
204 ythmogenic neurons similar to those found in Central Pattern Generator networks of the central nervou
206 ic excitation of the reciprocally inhibitory central pattern generator neurons LG (protraction) and I
207 of the macaque cerebral cortex and the swim central pattern generator of a mollusc) provides an inte
209 may be attributed to damage inflicted on the central pattern generator of locomotion resulting in dys
212 nderstand the cellular and synaptic bases of central pattern generator organization and reconfigurati
214 s, apNPYergic reconfiguration of the feeding central pattern generator plays a role in the gradual tr
216 Neural networks in the spinal cord known as central pattern generators produce the sequential activa
217 jection network, neuromuscular junction, and central pattern generator, providing a platform for inve
220 that this comodulation expands the range of central pattern generator's functional activity by navig
223 hanges in some aspects of the circuitry of a central pattern generator, such as a several-fold increa
224 r a pattern formation network of a two-level central pattern generator that can be tested in neuromec
225 paration for copulation, is the product of a central pattern generator that consists of oscillators i
227 LP neuron is part of the pyloric network, a central pattern generator that normally oscillates with
228 peripheral nerve activates an interneuronal central pattern generator that produces the long-lasting
229 s in particular are an integral component of central pattern generators that control respiration and
230 regulated by a spinal neuronal network, the central pattern generator, the activity of which is modu
231 haviors emerging from interactions between a central pattern generator, the body, and the physical en
232 ulation of an ingestive input to the feeding central pattern generator, the first few cycles of activ
233 We also show that the brainstem vocalization central pattern generator, the iRO, can create this brea
234 s modulatory premotor inputs to a vertebrate central pattern generator, the pacemaker nucleus in gymn
236 neuron circuits collectively referred to as "central pattern generators." The contribution of proprio
237 in or detach the circuit from the locomotion central pattern generator to produce active and inactive
238 erent motor patterns generated by the buccal central pattern generator were induced by monotonic stim
239 these may be innate movements controlled by central pattern generators which become entrained by aud
242 patterns are easily quantified and studied, central pattern generators will provide important testin