ライフサイエンスコーパス: ciliate

1 mpact, such as the micro- and macronuclei in ciliates).

2 quenced, giving the first genome of a marine ciliate.

3 bacterium and potentially for the associated ciliate.

4 is dispensable for their biogenesis in this ciliate.

5 odes arose after Stentor branched from other ciliates.

6 ound intracellularly in Onychodromopsis-like ciliates.

7 y and diverse single-celled organisms called ciliates.

8 ally regulated genome rearrangements in some ciliates.

9 ep in the evolution of secretory granules in ciliates.

10 lveolates, that also includes the SC-lacking ciliates.

11 estigating the DNA elimination mechanisms of ciliates.

12 Morphospecies are particularly common among ciliates, a group of unicellular eukaryotes that separat

13 estor of bilaterians was probably a benthic, ciliated acoelomate worm with a single opening into an e

14 CDHR3 lung expression is exclusive to ciliated AECs and associated with basal bodies during an

15 Using primary human ciliated airway epithelial (HAE) cell cultures, the only

16 e how to adapt the protocol to expose living ciliated airway epithelial cells to smoke generated by e

17 xpressed primarily on the apical surfaces of ciliated airway epithelial cells.

18 Like most anaerobic ciliates, all studied species of the APM clade host symb

19 e molecular response to a mortality-inducing ciliate and improved characterization of the ontogenetic

20 consisting mostly of a lumen layer of multi-ciliated and a layer of Keratin-5-positive basal cells.

21 o goblet and club cells, and was absent from ciliated and basal cells as detected via immunohistochem

22 termediate cells, reduced proportions of SAE ciliated and basal cells, markedly abnormal SAE and alve

23 that HMC induced activation of LKB1 in both ciliated and deciliated cells in vitro, resulting in the

24 nt differentiation in vitro, generating both ciliated and goblet cell lineages.

25 ing their 3D culture characteristics such as ciliated and goblet cells, and ion channel function.

26 H7N9) virus budded from the surfaces of both ciliated and mucin-secretory cells.

27 is supported by the extensive development of ciliated and muscular structures including the presence

28 ) RNP, allow rapid entry into cultured human ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells and mouse air

29 re-2009 seasonal A(H1N1) virus infected both ciliated and nonciliated cells, whereas a highly pathoge

30 cific H2Bub1, we performed ChIP-seq of mouse ciliated and nonciliated tissues and showed tissue-speci

31 axis globally, but the nature of this cue in ciliated and other epithelia remains poorly understood.

32 thelium of the lung is composed of polarized ciliated and secretory cells maintained by basal stem/pr

33 asal cells, the stem/progenitor cells of the ciliated and secretory cells that are central to pulmona

34 dostratified epithelium of the lung contains ciliated and secretory luminal cells and basal stem/prog

35 ruent with culture data, SARS-CoV-2-infected ciliated and type 2 pneumocyte cells in airway and alveo

36 DNA elimination occurs in unicellular ciliates and a variety of metazoans, including invertebr

37 omatic nuclei in two groups of protozoa: the Ciliates and Foraminifera.

38 were exposed to chemical cues from copepods, ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates, respectively

39 y digitize and track the dynamics of complex ciliates and mine these data for the hidden structure, p

40 shown to be enriched in meiotic chromatin of ciliates and nematodes.

41 l differences between ATP synthase dimers of ciliates and other eukaryotes, the formation of ATP synt

42 Protists (mostly Rhizaria, Syndinales, and ciliates) and metazoa (predominantly pelagic mollusks an

43 ties had an increased abundance of fungi and ciliates, and decreased abundances of diatoms and cercoz

44 insects, nematodes, fungi, plants, amoebas, ciliates, and excavates spontaneously and rapidly phase-

45 nd release a majority of their HA onto their ciliated apical surfaces to form a heavy chain hyalurona

46 These planktonic ciliates are not able to attach to the ice.

47 Ciliates are single-cell eukaryotes, widely dispersed in

48 anding how TR, TERT, and other proteins from ciliate as well as vertebrate telomerase fit and functio

49 The trapezoidal ciliated band (CB) of the postgastrular sea urchin embry

50 m the stomodeal region of the oral ectoderm, ciliated band cells and cells from the endoderm/ectoderm

51 By deconstructing the diversity of ciliate behaviors in the natural world, themes for organ

52 We also observe a reduction in the number of ciliated beta-cells along with misregulated ciliary/basa

53 ors (GNPs) from which they derive, are often ciliated beyond G1 into S phase, and the presence of the

54 within intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in ciliated bronchial epithelial cells of fatal cases.

55 cumulate at the centrosome/basal body in non-ciliated, but not ciliated, cells.

56 tment, while it's expression correlated with ciliated cell development and decreased along with incre

57 ckout of CDHR3 in human AECs did not prevent ciliated cell differentiation but was associated with a

58 mponents associated with either secretory or ciliated cell fate commitment.

59 l cell fate at the expense of a proximal and ciliated cell fate, whereas WNT signaling promoted a pro

60 ubsequently differentiate into secretory and ciliated cell lineages.

61 cell death, whereas H3N2 and EV-D68 induced ciliated cell loss and tissue integrity disruption.

62 data derived from tissues possessing motile ciliated cell populations.

63 rplasia is shown to stem from a novel mucous ciliated cell state, as well as goblet cell hyperplasia.

64 ypes, including a previously uncharacterized ciliated cell type, during four major phases of endometr

65 theoretical framework to conduct a census of ciliated cell types, create structural maps, and resolve

66 sitting atop the PCF is pushed along by the ciliated cell's beating cilia, the PCF and its virus con

67 y human airway cultures establish NEK10 as a ciliated-cell-specific kinase whose activity regulates t

68 nd artificial long RNA templates injected in ciliate cells can guide genomic rearrangements.

69 t eventually differentiate into post-mitotic ciliated cells .

70 By contrast, Il-6 null mice regenerate fewer ciliated cells and an increased number of secretory cell

71 RVs, RSV-B, and HCoV-OC43 infected ciliated cells and caused no major cell death, whereas H

72 summarize current knowledge regarding airway ciliated cells and cilia, how they function to maintain

73 oid morphogenesis and the differentiation of ciliated cells and reduces the expression of both notch

74 hat develop into surface mucus secretory and ciliated cells and then contrasts these to the unique sp

75 We identified bronchial ciliated cells and type II alveolar cells as a major loc

76 ial cells, airway club cells and respiratory ciliated cells as potential reservoirs of the SARS-CoV-2

77 e human airway epithelium is the presence of ciliated cells bearing motile cilia, specialized cell su

78 nd dLGN and found that the overall number of ciliated cells declined during development.

79 ective ablation of CTNNB1 from the oviductal ciliated cells did not affect embryo transport, possibly

80 However, isolated ciliated cells from both polyps and turbinates maintaine

81 Whereas ciliated cells have been described in developing heart,

82 reduction of KIF11 expression, the number of ciliated cells in asynchronously growing populations was

83 Interestingly, shorter ciliated cells in both regions were identified as neuron

84 ngth and with a reduction of the fraction of ciliated cells in Npc1-deficient mouse brains and the hu

85 or different functions: basal, secretory and ciliated cells in the conducting airways and type II and

86 n protein is enriched in cytosolic puncta in ciliated cells in zebrafish embryos.

87 response leads to the death and sloughing of ciliated cells of the Fallopian tube.

88 ti-IL-33 also re-established the presence of ciliated cells over mucus-producing cells and decreased

89 undant functions of different RFX factors in ciliated cells remains lacking.

90 Ectopic coexpression of PCARE and WASF3 in ciliated cells results in the remarkable expansion of th

91 ike epithelium with basal cells and immature ciliated cells surrounded by smooth muscle and myofibrob

92 urprisingly, we also found a region of multi-ciliated cells that line the posterior dorsal pole of th

93 nds on secretory cells (club and goblet) and ciliated cells to produce and transport mucus.

94 ucted an RNAi-based screen in Drosophila non-ciliated cells to test for cilium-independent loss-of-fu

95 orescence staining showed that the number of ciliated cells was significantly decreased by the flavor

96 Apical ciliated cells were the target for both viruses, but RSV

97 ed to identify the location and cell type of ciliated cells with the use of antibodies specific for c

98 nstrate a direct conversion of club cells to ciliated cells without proliferation, meeting a conserva

99 almost exclusively expressed in a subset of ciliated cells, a strong indicator of cilia-related func

100 infectious virus, a more pronounced loss of ciliated cells, and a reduced thickness of the epithelia

101 KIAA0556 is expressed almost exclusively in ciliated cells, and the worm and human KIAA0556 proteins

102 rn that appeared to originate primarily with ciliated cells, but lateral spread from the base of the

103 cells, mucus-secreting goblet cells, motile ciliated cells, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductanc

104 addition to using this homology to attach to ciliated cells, it activates human neonatal regulatory B

105 s required for TZ assembly in all Drosophila ciliated cells, it also regulates basal-body growth and

106 t CEP290 localizes to the transition zone in ciliated cells, precisely to the region of Y-linkers bet

107 ss of club cells, with a concomitant gain in ciliated cells, under homeostatic conditions without inc

108 , in a model of ectopic expression of LAT in ciliated cells, we show that GMAP210 tethering activity

109 GAS2L2 is abundant at the apical surface of ciliated cells, where it localizes with basal bodies, ba

110 ylases ccp2, ccp5, and ccp6 are expressed in ciliated cells, whereas ccp1 expression is restricted to

111 o samples of live human bronchial epithelial ciliated cells.

112 h was previously thought to contain only non-ciliated cells.

113 d ciliary length and a reduced percentage of ciliated cells.

114 ing of ciliogenesis, and the accumulation of ciliated cells.

115 nal differentiation program and convert into ciliated cells.

116 d produce differentiated secretory cells and ciliated cells.

117 he other expresses c-myb and directly yields ciliated cells.

118 docking during the differentiation of airway ciliated cells.

119 ted view of planar polarization of the brain ciliated cells.

120 localisation of mRNA and proteins in motile ciliated cells.

121 er drove early progenitor differentiation to ciliated cells.

122 ressed basolaterally in differentiated nasal ciliated cells.

123 ed lumens lined with differentiated club and ciliated cells.

124 denatonium included increased [Ca(2+)](i) in ciliated cells.

125 e dynamics and planar cell polarity in multi-ciliated cells.

126 ct from both actively infected and bystander ciliated cells.

127 cate CDHR3 is critical to HRV-C infection of ciliated cells.

128 ultiple basal bodies, and mature into single ciliated cells.

129 sed in basal, intermediate, club, mucus, and ciliated cells; 3) ACE2 is upregulated in the SAE by smo

130 ntrosome/basal body in non-ciliated, but not ciliated, cells.

131 s inhibited migration and invasion in normal ciliated cholangiocytes through a P2Y11 receptor and liv

132 and cortical inheritance [27], for which the ciliate clade is renowned.

133 eads in the presence and absence of the soil ciliate Colpoda sp. under quiescent conditions.

134 ined the spatial and temporal variability of ciliate community in a subtropical estuary by rRNA and r

135 ary advantage in protist ecosystems, and the ciliate cortex may have provided mechanisms for implemen

136 rosine hydroxylase immunoreactive) that bore ciliated dendrites penetrating the epithelium.

137 ection to extensive microbial degradation of ciliate-derived biomass in bacterially dominated ecosyst

138 velopment, Notch signaling occurs within the ciliated, differentiating cells of the first few supraba

139 rentiated basal cells and restricts basal-to-ciliated differentiation, and we present evidence that N

140 Stentor [1, 2] is a heterotrichous ciliate distantly related to familiar ciliate models, su

141 In some ciliates, DNA from precursor segments in the MIC genome

142 component of the horizontal velocity at the ciliated edge generates a 2D fluid velocity field with a

143 The coordinated movement of the ciliated edge is represented as a continuous envelope im

144 g the micro-bead velocity measurement at the ciliated edge.

145 to the fluid at a finite distance above the ciliated edge.

146 Ciliated endings display neuron-type-specific patterns o

147 istinct, neuron-type-specific elaboration of ciliated endings of different olfactory neuron types in

148 OIG-8 protein localizes to ciliated endings of these sensory neurons, and is transc

149 se hydrocephalus or prevent the formation of ciliated ependymal cells but caused defects in their dif

150 that Prdm16 is required for the formation of ciliated ependymal cells in the lateral ventricle.

151 (SVZ) stem cell niche is comprised of multi-ciliated ependymal cells that line the brain ventricular

152 This and their ciliated epidermis have led some to propose relationship

153 dy, we have defined such a program for multi-ciliated epithelial cells (MCCs), a cell type critical f

154 d entry into cultured human ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells and mouse airway epithelia.

155 We also demonstrate that sinonasal ciliated epithelial cells express T2R14, which closely c

156 RSV targets ciliated epithelial cells in the airways, but how viruse

157 Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infects ciliated epithelial cells in the chicken respiratory tra

158 ated with polyA-tailed RNA species in murine ciliated epithelial cells of the inner medullary collect

159 Virus replication was not observed in ciliated epithelial cells of the trachea.

160 rise from the collective actions of a set of ciliated epithelial cells, each independently sensing an

161 mprising the majority of the cells, includes ciliated epithelial cells, newly identified lipophil cel

162 quisite before forming a lumen surrounded by ciliated epithelial cells.

163 ry response and bacterial adherence to human ciliated epithelial cultures and markedly increased viru

164 infect the chicken respiratory tract via the ciliated epithelial layer of the trachea, some strains c

165 CT) can be used to investigate injury to the ciliated epithelium in a multi-contrast setting.

166 ol to investigate injury and regeneration in ciliated epithelium.

167 ss attention has been given to injury of the ciliated epithelium.

168 capable of infecting healthy and COPD human ciliated epithelium.

169 f Dvl1, Pk2 and Vangl1 in a planar polarized ciliated epithelium.

170 rtium associated to the psychrophilic marine ciliate Euplotes focardii, endemic of the Antarctic coas

171 To define properties of a ciliated EV-releasing cell, we performed RNA-seq on 27 G

172 with the stress and immune responses during ciliate exposure, such as heat shock proteins, glutathio

173 Ciliated fibroblasts are enriched in areas of myocardial

174 ins annotations for two completely sequenced ciliate genomes: Oxytricha trifallax and Tetrahymena the

175 e genetic codes implying protist (especially ciliate) hosts.

176 In ciliated human airway epithelial (HAE) cells, NAbs induc

177 ically, we found that LZTFL1 is expressed in ciliated human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and it

178 nicida, and Yersinia ruckeri and a parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Similarly to mammal

179 microbial ecosystems consisting of algae and ciliates, imaged in toto at single-cell resolution with

180 rod photoreceptors using a transgene and in ciliated IMCD3 cells.

181 oskeletal organization in free-living cells, ciliates in particular, in which these processes are mos

182 ly important clades of microbial eukaryotes, ciliates in the subclasses Oligotrichia and Choreotrichi

183 Here, we took advantage of a protozoan ciliate infestation of a larval geoduck clam culture in

184 typic variables, such as partitioning of the ciliates into distinct size classes and clumping of the

185 at the template recognition element found in ciliates is conserved in human telomerase RNA.

186 alyzed the hunting dynamics of the predatory ciliate Lacrymaria olor, which locates and captures prey

187 uch coordination is achieved, we studied the ciliated larvae of Platynereis dumerilii, a marine annel

188 population in the proximal airways that are ciliated-like, but transcriptionally and phenotypically

189 characterized or unknown clade even in these ciliate lineages that have a rich history of morphologic

190 Transgenic reintroduction of Ptk7 in motile ciliated lineages prevents scoliosis in ptk7 mutants, an

191 planktonic predators also have sophisticated ciliated locomotion, behaviour and distinct development.

192 Trichoplax adhaerens is a small, ciliated marine animal that glides on surfaces grazing u

193 ere we report a red tide of the phototrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum located at the ice-water inter

194 genes in the mature MAC genome, making these ciliates model organisms to study the process of somatic

195 ichous ciliate distantly related to familiar ciliate models, such as Tetrahymena or Paramecium.

196 vel lineages of free-living marine anaerobic ciliates, Muranotrichea, cl. nov. and Parablepharismea,

197 Here, we show that pheromones sensed by ciliated neurons in the Caenorhabditis elegans nose alte

198 The Ciona PPE is shown to produce ciliated neurons that express genes for gonadotropin-rel

199 m or associated with the apical membranes of ciliated, nonciliated, and mucin-secretory goblet cells.

200 Certain ciliates of the subclass Scuticociliatia (scuticociliate

201 olfactory epithelium is mostly populated by ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and surroundin

202 LR) asymmetry results from the activity of a ciliated organ functioning as the LR Organizer (LRO).

203 nd basal body duplication in flagellated and ciliated organisms.

204 y all the centrin-containing flagellated and ciliated organisms.

205 In zebrafish, tuba was expressed in multiple ciliated organs, and, accordingly, tuba start and splice

206 nockout, we also observed defects in several ciliated organs, including the brain (hydrocephalus), he

207 cells and is associated with a reduction in ciliated, ostensibly proliferation-suppressed beta cells

208 ption of the catalytic subunit, MTA1, in the ciliate Oxytricha leads to genome-wide loss of 6mA and a

209 erase (CcrM), the MTA1-MTA9 complex from the ciliate Oxytricha, and the mammalian MettL3-MettL14 comp

210 the mitochondrial ATP synthase dimer of the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia.

211 In the ciliate Paramecium, secondary small RNAs are produced af

212 In the ciliate Paramecium, transposable elements and their sing

213 Within a single class of ciliates, Paramecium and Tetrahymena species have long b

214 he development, function, and maintenance of ciliated photoreceptors, we generated a pan-retina knock

215 r study highlights a division of labor among ciliate piggyBac-derived genes, which carry out mutually

216 Ciliated preadipocytes abundantly populate perivascular

217 ates, proteins implicated in the response to ciliate presence were identified using mass spectrometry

218 with larval cultures that did not encounter ciliates, proteins implicated in the response to ciliate

219 Yet, some ciliated protists do not have IFT components and, like s

220 Ciliated protists exhibit nuclear dimorphism through the

221 Moreover, various ciliated protists lack TZ components, whereas Drosophila

222 ther symplectic or antiplectic metachrony of ciliate protozoa, can be achieved with single microswimm

223 Ciliated protozoa perform small RNA-directed programmed

224 Here we report that ciliated protozoa release EFVs containing V. cholerae.

225 The ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila contains two t

226 a (Escherichia coli (E. coli)) as a prey and ciliated protozoan (Paramecium caudatum) as a predator o

227 otably, unlike the heart-shaped structure of ciliated protozoan Oxytricha nova TEBPalpha-beta complex

228 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliated protozoan parasite, is a pathogen of freshwater

229 ciated with the photoreceptor protein of the ciliated protozoan Stentor coeruleus (Heterotrichea; Ste

230 The giant ciliated protozoan Stentor coeruleus is re-emerging as a

231 process of programmed DNA elimination in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena Here, we show that the he

232 to detect and semi-quantify these NPs in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila as a model aq

233 ptionally active somatic macronucleus in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila.

234 , its presence in Tetrahymena thermophila, a ciliated protozoan with seven sexes or mating types that

235 Ciliated protozoans perform extreme forms of programmed

236 In ciliated protozoans, small RNAs (sRNAs) are integral to

237 In ciliated protozoans, small-RNA-mediated comparison of th

238 y epithelial characteristics as evidenced by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goble

239 t infiltration than everolimus and preserved ciliated pseudostratified columnar respiratory epitheliu

240 and tight junctions, representing the nasal ciliated pseudostratified respiratory epithelium.

241 generated are cholinergic, peptidergic, and ciliated putative proprioceptors which integrate into ma

242 Here, we confirmed the presence of a ciliated region near the Eustachian tube orifice at the

243 of RALDH(-) supporting cells with RALDH1(+) ciliated respiratory cells.

244 CMV infection, with predominant infection of ciliated respiratory epithelial cells.

245 c obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) human ciliated respiratory epithelium was determined.

246 It specializes in infection of the ciliated respiratory epithelium, causing disease of vari

247 Ciliate response proteins included many associated with

248 Experiments on a single-celled ciliate reveal how mobile genetic elements can shape a g

249 l metabolism of representatives from the APM ciliates reveals functional adaptations of metabolic pat

250 the epidermis, intestine, body wall muscle, ciliated sensory neurons and touch receptor neurons - wh

251 lution transcriptome profile of a subtype of ciliated sensory neurons isolated from adult animals rev

252 w here that specific Caenorhabdidits elegans ciliated sensory neurons shed and release ECVs containin

253 Illumina-sequencing of 29 individual ciliate species resulted in up to 11 ASVs per species, w

254 OFIP protein, whose sequence is conserved in ciliated species, associates with centrosome/centriole a

255 s the standard genetic code, suggesting that ciliate-specific genetic codes arose after Stentor branc

256 amazing regenerative abilities of the giant ciliate Stentor coeruleus made it a favorite subject for

257 ms were based on experiments with the motile ciliate Stentor coeruleus.

258 r Jennings [14, 15] described in the sessile ciliate Stentor roeseli a hierarchy of responses to repe

259 Quantitative analysis of the giant ciliate Stentor roeselii shows that a single cell can ma

260 at a transient left-right organizer (LRO), a ciliated structure where cilia play a crucial role in br

261 a conserved and specific role in particular ciliated structures, most consistently in ciliary bands.

262 verlapping domains at the apical membrane of ciliated surface cells.

263 Ciliated surfaces harbouring synchronously beating cilia

264 naive mice and were observed on their apical ciliated surfaces.

265 EC subsets, such as chemokine-expressing and ciliated TEC, which warrant further characterisation.

266 eport a DNA 6mA methyltransferase complex in ciliates, termed MTA1c.

267 c triterpenoid lipid first discovered in the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis whose potential diageneti

268 the conserved ciliary protein FAP206 in the ciliate Tetrahymena resulted in slow cell motility.

269 licated experimentation on the spread of the ciliate Tetrahymena sp. in linear landscapes, that infor

270 The model ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila removes 34% of its germl

271 In the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, the telomerase holoenzy

272 tinct MT-A70 family methyltransferase-in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila.

273 in vitro and in vivo nucleosome maps for the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila.

274 d mammalian cells, Drosophila cells, and the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila.

275 Here we show that in the SC-less ciliate Tetrahymena, Zhp3 (a protein distantly related t

276 dentification of TE-related sequences in the ciliate Tetrahymena.

277 We have found that free-living ciliates Tetrahymena and Paramecium lost the eukaryotic

278 expressed and purified using the free-living ciliate, Tetrahymena thermophila as an expression system

279 In this study, we show that in another ciliate, Tetrahymena, secondary small RNAs accumulate at

280 In ciliates, the cortical pattern is propagated during "tan

281 ins mediate self/nonself recognition in both ciliates, the mechanisms of mating type determination di

282 s, and cilia motility is lost in a number of ciliated tissues along with a reduction in the number of

283 alis We discover that Dyrk1a is expressed in ciliated tissues, localizes to ciliary axonemes and basa

284 ex members are primarily expressed in motile ciliated tissues, suggesting a conserved function in mam

285 tial engagement of microbial symbionts along ciliated tissues.

286 P3 are highly regulated proteins confined to ciliated tissues.

287 tionally activated during PCP acquisition in ciliated tissues.

288 n diverse organisms ranging from unicellular ciliates to multicellular nematodes.

289 o and in vitro yielded basal, goblet, Clara, ciliated, type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells.

290 In the bi-ciliated, unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, in

291 ep290(ko/ko) mice lack connecting cilia, and ciliated ventricular ependyma fails to mature.

292 standing of the evolution of anaerobiosis in ciliates, we predicted the mitochondrial metabolism of c

293 re analyzed on days 4-10 post-fertilization; ciliates were present on days 8 and 10 post-fertilizatio

294 tem, the replication band (RB) in spirotrich ciliates, which is a localized, motile hub that traverse

295 extent had not been surveyed in Oxytricha, a ciliate with elaborate DNA elimination and translocation

296 nslation, we used Tetrahymena thermophila, a ciliate with high coding capacity of the mitochondrial g

297 small RNA biogenesis mechanisms, even among ciliates with similar DNA elimination processes, and thu

298 Peritrichs are a major group of ciliates with worldwide distribution.

299 s (with a small number of flagella) and from ciliates (with tens or more).

300 orm a major clade of obligate anaerobes (APM ciliates) within the Spirotrichea, Armophorea, and Litos