ライフサイエンスコーパス: colistin

1 ent factors influencing the concentration of colistin.

2 CR-3.5 have not altered its activity against colistin.

3 l drugs such as tobramycin, tigecycline, and colistin.

4 methyl ether (aaPEG) onto the Thr residue of colistin.

5 me that confers resistance to the antibiotic colistin.

6 dence interval [CI], .63-1.83) for high-dose colistin.

7 esistant gram-negative bacteria treated with colistin.

8 highly resistant to the last-line antibiotic colistin.

9 ere significantly more common with high-dose colistin.

10 s aeruginosa, including strains resistant to colistin.

11 production of MCR-1 negated the efficacy of colistin.

12 edly reduces AKI risk, allowing safer use of colistin.

13 with antimicrobial resistance, including to colistin.

14 h tubes per isolate, to which 0, 1, 2, and 4 colistin 10-ug disks were added, generating final concen

15 ntose phosphate pathway induced initially by colistin (15 min and 1 hr) and later by doripenem (4 hr)

16 easured using LC-MS following treatment with colistin (2 mg/L) or doripenem (25 mg/L) alone, and thei

17 MIC of colistin (4 mug/ml) for DH5alpha containing mcr-3.5 was

18 the latter period, a new policy of high-dose colistin (9 million international units [MIU] loading do

19 ment of infections due to this organism with colistin, a last-resort antibiotic of the polymyxin clas

20 In severely ill patients receiving colistin according to a PK/PD-driven dosing approach, ba

21 AKI risk in severely ill patients receiving colistin according to a recently proposed dosing strateg

22 modeling indicated that for a more efficient colistin adjuvant activity, likely resulting from inhibi

23 Colistin administration was driven by a modified pharmac

24 nd some were less toxic than polymyxin B and colistin against mammalian HepG2 cells and human primary

25 e a colistin broth disk elution (CBDE) and a colistin agar test (CAT), the latter of which was evalua

26 ng reduced clinical toxicity associated with colistin, also known as polymyxin E, and improved target

27 swine in China that conferred resistance to colistin, an antibiotic of last resort used in treating

28 ferent conventions used to describe doses of colistin; an absence of appropriate pharmacopoeial stand

29 on criteria, 144 were treated with high-dose colistin and 385 with lower-dose colistin regimens.

30 These results showed that colistin and amylase-activated dextrin-colistin conjugat

31 es per 100 patient-days ranged from 0.2 (for colistin and ceftazidime in P. aeruginosa and for carbap

32 e generated a propensity score for high-dose colistin and conducted propensity-adjusted multivariable

33 In biological studies, both colistin and dextrin-colistin conjugate effectively inhi

34 The polymyxin lipodecapeptides colistin and polymyxin B have become last resort therapi

35 Susceptibility testing of the polymyxins (colistin and polymyxin B) is challenging for clinical la

36 To understand the impact of banning colistin and the epidemiology of multi-drug-resistant (M

37 mannii strains, resistant to polymyxin B and colistin, and 20 A. baumannii worldwide isolates from 20

38 s that influence the plasma concentration of colistin, and assess the likely appropriateness of the F

39 tion protects A. baumannii from polymyxin B, colistin, and human beta-defensin 3.

40 ction caused by imipenem-nonsusceptible (but colistin- and imipenem/relebactam-susceptible) pathogens

41 Polymyxins including colistin are an important "last-line" treatment for infe

42 lates with resistance to both carbapenem and colistin are not restricted to a given sequence type but

43 Carbapenem and colistin are the last-resort antibiotics used for treati

44 2017, China will implement the withdrawal of colistin as a growth promoter, removing over 8,000 tonne

45 everely limited and often require the use of colistin as drug of last resort.

46 ethanesulfonate (CMS) is the only prodrug of colistin available for clinical use for the treatment of

47 units/kg, equivalent to 6.8 (6.5-6.9) mg of colistin base activity per kg/day.

48 with the maximum allowed daily dose of 360mg colistin base activity.

49 with the maximum allowed daily dose of 360mg colistin base activity.

50 wide, and comparative prospective studies of colistin-based combination therapies are lacking, our ob

51 d rates of acute kidney injury compared with colistin-based regimens.

52 nical data supporting their superiority over colistin-based therapy, and the differences between agen

53 CBDE was compared to colistin BMD using a collection of Gram-negative bacilli

54 9%, respectively, compared to the results of colistin BMD.

55 These methods were a colistin broth disk elution (CBDE) and a colistin agar t

56 is study was to evaluate the accuracy of the colistin broth disk elution (CBDE) test compared to that

57 G Biotech, Guipry, France) and (ii) the EDTA-colistin broth disk elution (EDTA-CBDE) screening test m

58 Thus, we modified the colistin broth-disk elution (CBDE) test to screen for pl

59 l Escherichia coli strain with resistance to colistin, carbapenem and amikacin from sewage.

60 istant A. baumannii bacteremia, treated with colistin-carbapenem and colistin-tigecycline combination

61 r colistin-tigecycline group was 18% and for colistin-carbapenem group was 0% (p=0.059).

62 apy: colistin-tigecycline in 29 patients and colistin-carbapenem in 26.

63 centration greater than 2 mg/L compared with colistin-carbapenem therapy for extensively drug-resista

64 listin-tigecycline versus patients receiving colistin-carbapenem were 35% versus 15% (p=0.105) and 69

65 oodstream CRGNIs at 2 of these hospitals met colistin case criteria.

66 In a 4-hospital chart review, 81.6% of colistin cases were found to have culture-positive CRGNI

67 l of 5011 unique patients were identified as colistin cases.

68 Colistin caused early (15 min and 1 hr) disruption of th

69 The increase in colistin clearance when patients were on RRT was determi

70 Carbapenem-colistin combination therapy did not reduce the incidenc

71 We evaluated whether carbapenem-colistin combination therapy given to patients with infe

72 We evaluated whether carbapenem-colistin combination therapy reduces the emergence of co

73 ically desirable average steady-state plasma colistin concentration (Css,avg) of 2mg/L.

74 to determine the average steady-state plasma colistin concentration (Css,avg) that would be achieved

75 bility to achieve clinically relevant plasma colistin concentrations.

76 iological studies, both colistin and dextrin-colistin conjugate effectively inhibited LPS-induced hem

77 entration-dependent manner, but only dextrin-colistin conjugate showed no additive toxicity at higher

78 that colistin and amylase-activated dextrin-colistin conjugate to a lesser extent induced aggregatio

79 rimental evidence for the binding of dextrin-colistin conjugates and LPS and gives insight into the m

80 Dextrin-colistin conjugates have been developed with the aim of

81 tigated the in vitro ability of such dextrin-colistin conjugates to bind and modulate bacterial lipop

82 s insight into the mode of action of dextrin-colistin conjugates.

83 carbapenem resistance and finally increased colistin consumption, exemplifying the vicious cycle.

84 f patients receiving the EMA dose achieved a colistin Css,avg >/=1 mg/L, but the attainment rate was

85 For colistin Css,avg >/=2 mg/L, the attainment rates were 87

86 FDA- and EMA-approved daily doses to achieve colistin Css,avg of >/=0.5, >/=1, >/=2, and >/=4 mg/L we

87 approximately 65%-75% of patients achieved a colistin Css,avg of >/=1 mg/L with either set of recomme

88 Differences in attainment rates for a colistin Css,avg of >/=2 mg/L and >/=4 mg/L extended to

89 verage, steady-state plasma concentration of colistin (Css,avg) was 0.88 mg/L; individual values rang

90 sis or septic shock may need relatively high colistin daily doses for efficacy against multidrug-resi

91 udy to investigate the synergistic effect of colistin/doripenem combination on the metabolome of A. b

92 Our primary exposure variable was colistin dose, dichotomized to high-dose vs other regime

93 cohort, we found no association between high colistin dosing and all-cause mortality.

94 Optimizing colistin dosing should translate to improved patient out

95 aumannii lacking lipid A were isolated after colistin exposure.

96 iffusion strips identified an MIC of >=4 for colistin for only 62.5% of these isolates.

97 ce on polymyxin antibiotics (polymyxin B and colistin) for treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-nega

98 ity to ampicillin, cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, colistin, gentamicin, meropenem, and tetracycline in com

99 rbapenemase-Producing Organisms (CPO), where colistin has become the last-resort antibiotic treatment

100 Increasing use of colistin has led to resistance to this cationic antimicr

101 Interestingly, some ECC clusters exhibit colistin heteroresistance, where a subpopulation of cell

102 observed in 71% imipenem/relebactam and 70% colistin+imipenem patients (90% confidence interval [CI]

103 red in 10% of imipenem/relebactam and 31% of colistin+imipenem patients, drug-related AEs in 16% and

104 patients (n = 21 imipenem/relebactam, n = 10 colistin+imipenem), 29% had Acute Physiology and Chronic

105 ized 2:1 to 5-21 days imipenem/relebactam or colistin+imipenem.

106 patients received imipenem/relebactam and 16 colistin+imipenem.

107 to three clinically relevant antimicrobials (colistin, imipenem or ciprofloxacin) by Transposon Direc

108 updated dose recommendations for intravenous colistin in patients with various degrees of renal funct

109 95% CI 0.96-3.06; p = 0.068) with the use of colistin in poultry flocks.

110 le if the efficacy and safety of aerosolized colistin in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneum

111 , this prodrug is converted back into active colistin in vitro within 24h.

112 nd A. baumannii and enhanced the activity of colistin in vivo against colistin-resistant P. aeruginos

113 ring murine infection, but in the absence of colistin, innate immune defences led to an increased fre

114 The polymixin colistin is a "last line" antibiotic against extensively

115 Colistin is a cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) anti

116 Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic for the treatment o

117 Colistin is a last-resort antimicrobial used for the tre

118 evidence from randomized trials, aerosolized colistin is associated with improved outcome in the trea

119 aumannii has risen rapidly in Vietnam, where colistin is becoming the drug of last resort for many in

120 Intravenous colistin is difficult to use because plasma concentratio

121 Background: Intravenous colistin is difficult to use because plasma concentratio

122 However, colistin is still widely used in intensive poultry produ

123 Intravenous colistin is widely used to treat infections in pediatric

124 tments, and more recently to carbapenems and colistin, make UTI a prime example of the antibiotic-res

125 ed trial comparing colistin monotherapy with colistin-meropenem combination for the treatment of seve

126 ed trial comparing colistin monotherapy with colistin-meropenem combination for the treatment of seve

127 py (10/106, 9.4%) vs. patients randomized to colistin-meropenem combination therapy (12/108, 11.1%),

128 (10/106, 9.4%) versus patients randomized to colistin-meropenem combination therapy (12/108, 11.1%; P

129 isolates were higher in those randomized to colistin-meropenem combination therapy compared to colis

130 associated with a better outcome compared to colistin-meropenem combination therapy.

131 acterial infections treated with colistin or colistin-meropenem combination.

132 Colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) is the only prodrug of c

133 gavage with high dose kanamycin, gentamicin, colistin, metronidazole, vancomycin, individually or in

134 Limited methods for colistin MIC determination are available to clinical mic

135 tance (PMCR) genes based on any reduction of colistin MIC in the presence of EDTA.

136 g in the MicroScan colistin well displayed a colistin MIC of >=4 by BMD, all were determined to be ne

137 the disulphide isomerase DsbA increases the colistin MIC of laboratory E. coli.

138 E is an easy and practical method to perform colistin MIC testing.

139 istant to PmB (MICs 384-1024 ug ml(-1) ) and colistin (MIC 256 ug ml(-1) ) as well as enhanced LL-37

140 Zinc deprivation reduces colistin MICs in MCR-1-producing laboratory, environment

141 As such, the results for isolates with colistin MICs of 2 ug/ml by CBDE should be confirmed by

142 he detection of isolates displaying elevated colistin MICs, which could then undergo further characte

143 of broth microdilution (BMD) for identifying colistin MICs.

144 mug/mL is required for killing bacteria with colistin minimum inhibitory concentrations of 2 mug/mL.

145 etween patients randomized to treatment with colistin monotherapy (10/106, 9.4%) versus patients rand

146 etween patients randomized to treatment with colistin monotherapy (10/106, 9.4%) vs. patients randomi

147 in-meropenem combination therapy compared to colistin monotherapy (OR, 3.065 [95% CI, 1.021-9.202]).

148 e was observed between the 2 treatment arms (colistin monotherapy 6/128 [4.7%] vs combination therapy

149 was observed between the two treatment arms (colistin monotherapy 6/128 [4.7%] vs. combination therap

150 Among patients with CoR isolates, colistin monotherapy was associated with a better outcom

151 rom a randomized, controlled trial comparing colistin monotherapy with colistin-meropenem combination

152 from a randomized controlled trial comparing colistin monotherapy with colistin-meropenem combination

153 mergence of colistin resistance, compared to colistin monotherapy, when given to patients with infect

154 emergence of colistin resistance compared to colistin monotherapy.

155 enes essential for growth during exposure to colistin (n = 35), imipenem (n = 1) or ciprofloxacin (n

156 te, dry, molar tooth appearance on anaerobic colistin nalidixic acid (CNA) agar which likely facilita

157 plated onto blood (blood agar plate [BAP]), colistin-nalidixic acid (CNA), and MacConkey agars in 5%

158 m-negative bacterial infections treated with colistin or colistin-meropenem combination.

159 relevant dosage regimens of polymyxin B and colistin over 96 h.

160 colistin vs 165 of 385 (42.9%) with low-dose colistin (P = .1).

161 The resistance rate to colistin/polymyxin B was 16.1%.

162 Herein we describe a PEGylated colistin prodrug whereby the PEG is attached via a cleav

163 h high-dose colistin and 385 with lower-dose colistin regimens.

164 nant in colistin, returned to baseline after colistin removal and was dependent on the histidine kina

165 sistance to last-resort antibiotics, such as colistin, requires careful monitoring.

166 A high rate of colistin resistance (66%) emerged over a 10 month period

167 ssential gene not previously found linked to colistin resistance (dedA) restored colistin susceptibil

168 We also discuss the growing family of mobile colistin resistance (MCR) enzymes, each of which is anal

169 However, with the discovery of highly mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, colistin resistance has

170 esistance, including the spread of mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes, raises the possibility

171 paration protocol by using a set of 6 mobile colistin resistance (MCR) protein-expressing Escherichia

172 n (CBDE) test to screen for plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR) genes based on any reduction

173 Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR) is a global public health con

174 Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR), a consequence of the mcr gen

175 In conclusion, carbapenem resistance, colistin resistance and high-level aminoglycoside resist

176 re necessary to elucidate the development of colistin resistance and methods for its prevention.

177 librium between expression of MCR-1-mediated colistin resistance and minimalizing toxicity and thus e

178 developed MALDIxin test enables detection of colistin resistance by matrix-assisted laser desorption

179 -negative organisms reduces the emergence of colistin resistance compared to colistin monotherapy.

180 Reference colistin resistance determination as performed by broth

181 Colistin resistance determined by BMD was associated wit

182 WGS demonstrated that mutational colistin resistance emerged three times during the outbr

183 tion therapy did not reduce the incidence of colistin resistance emergence in patients with infection

184 report a previously unrecognized non-mobile colistin resistance enzyme, termed NMCR-2, originating f

185 alytic mechanism shared between BcsG and the colistin resistance enzymes.

186 Emergence of plasmid-mediated, mobile colistin resistance genes creates potential for rapid sp

187 e review recent reports on the prevalence of colistin resistance genes in animals, especially wildlif

188 origin, studies on the prevalence of mobile colistin resistance genes in aquaculture and their trans

189 WGS found that three potential mechanisms of colistin resistance had emerged separately, two due to d

190 Colistin resistance has attracted substantial attention

191 ghly mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, colistin resistance has become an increasingly urgent is

192 utational and plasmid-mediated mechanisms of colistin resistance have both been reported.

193 lycolipid phenotyping method that identifies colistin resistance in A. baumannii complex clinical iso

194 luated the association between mortality and colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii infection

195 ective, and high-throughput way of detecting colistin resistance in clinical E. coli isolates.

196 similar to characterized enzymes that confer colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.

197 rther cost-effective development of valuable colistin resistance inhibitors.

198 Reliable detection of colistin resistance is currently challenging for clinica

199 sing inhibitor of the enzyme responsible for colistin resistance mediated by lipid A aminoarabinosyla

200 Compared to their parent strains, high-level colistin resistance mutants (HLCRMs) show reduced fitnes

201 Colistin resistance primarily occurs via modifications o

202 When an E coli strain, SHP45, possessing colistin resistance that could be transferred to another

203 luding 9 recent clinical isolates to develop colistin resistance through inactivation of the lipid A

204 tional mutations that may be associated with colistin resistance through novel resistance mechanisms.

205 All isolates were evaluated for colistin resistance using standard MIC testing by both a

206 The emergence and clonal spread of colistin resistance was analysed in 40 epidemiologically

207 Colistin resistance was detected in 25/38 (65.8%) cases

208 m food animals in China, a major increase of colistin resistance was observed.

209 combination therapy reduces the emergence of colistin resistance, compared to colistin monotherapy, w

210 However, the emergence of colistin resistance, including the spread of mobile mcr

211 The emergence of colistin resistance, including the spread of mobilized c

212 ers that have been shown to confer intrinsic colistin resistance.

213 The mcr-1 gene confers transferable colistin resistance.

214 entified members of an ongoing MCR family of colistin resistance.

215 , and traditional Chinese medicine to tackle colistin resistance.

216 mcr-8 in the ability of producing phenotypic colistin resistance.

217 isolates were retrospectively identified as colistin resistant (CoR) when tested by broth microdilut

218 velop a new 9-plex assay to detect mobilized colistin resistant genes as clinically relevant targets

219 In this study we generated spontaneous colistin resistant progeny (up to >256 mug/mul) from fou

220 enrollment or later for the presence of new colistin-resistant (ColR) isolates.

221 en on Day 7 or later for the presence of new colistin-resistant (ColR) isolates.

222 The treatment regimen for colistin-resistant A. baumannii infection associated wit

223 Colistin-resistant A. baumannii occurred almost exclusiv

224 g-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, such as colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a mouse pe

225 survival of most Gram-negative bacteria, but colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii lacking lipid

226 nt bacteria, including ESBL, carbapenem- and colistin-resistant clinical isolates.

227 tigate the dynamics and genetic diversity of colistin-resistant commensal Escherichia coli from broil

228 and subsequent molecular characterization of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae For the MicroScan

229 Two colistin-resistant genes, mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.5, a carbape

230 ult, PAS8-b-PDM12 sensitizes carbapenem- and colistin-resistant GNB to multiple antibiotics in vitro

231 er discern the mechanism of resistance among colistin-resistant Gram-negative isolates and to detect

232 ific AMR concerns, including carbapenem- and colistin-resistant gram-negative organisms, pose a clini

233 Moreover, colistin-resistant isolates already express the in vivo

234 uding 19 confirmed MCR protein producers, 12 colistin-resistant isolates that tested negative for com

235 of improved diagnostics for the detection of colistin-resistant organisms in hospital settings.

236 of improved diagnostics for the detection of colistin-resistant organisms.

237 ced the activity of colistin in vivo against colistin-resistant P. aeruginosa.

238 re designed, synthetized, and tested against colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains includ

239 bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant and colistin-resistant strains bearing plasmid-borne mcr-1 g

240 , D-RR4 demonstrated potent activity against colistin-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa (isolated fr

241 ymyxin class, can result in the emergence of colistin-resistant strains.

242 An isolate with a lower-frequency colistin-resistant subpopulation similarly caused treatm

243 oQ, with onward transmission of two distinct colistin-resistant variants, resulting in two sub-clones

244 uring the outbreak, with transmission of two colistin-resistant variants.

245 10CFU/mL), while the gradual accumulation of colistin resulted in no bacterial killing.

246 tinct from persisters, became predominant in colistin, returned to baseline after colistin removal an

247 comparing adjunctive aerosolized versus i.v. colistin (seven observational cohort or case-control stu

248 C8 was also synergistic with colistin, substantially improving survival compared to m

249 Colistin sulfate and levofloxacin have a promising in vi

250 oreover, microwebs work synergistically with colistin sulfate, a common and a last-resort antibiotic,

251 Overall, an excellent correlation between colistin susceptibility and resistance, determined by MI

252 inked to colistin resistance (dedA) restored colistin susceptibility by reducing the minimum inhibito

253 r colonization with CRKp isolates tested for colistin susceptibility during the study period of Decem

254 ine binding, or catalytic activity, restores colistin susceptibility of recombinant E. coli.

255 ates for which reference broth microdilution colistin susceptibility results were available.

256 clinical applicability of this approach for colistin susceptibility testing by assessing a large and

257 f these calcium-enhanced methods for routine colistin susceptibility testing in clinical laboratories

258 t; improved clinical laboratory capacity for colistin susceptibility testing is needed to prevent the

259 Many laboratories are unable to perform colistin susceptibility testing.

260 om July 2014 to October 2015 were tested for colistin susceptibility using agar dilution, and charact

261 as detected in 25/38 (65.8%) cases for which colistin susceptibility was tested.

262 ions that could be attributed to the reduced colistin susceptibility.

263 ) that we hypothesise have a role in reduced colistin susceptibility.

264 -resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) identified as colistin susceptible (CoS) at the time of treatment and

265 stant progeny (up to >256 mug/mul) from four colistin susceptible Vietnamese isolates and one suscept

266 d CMS for treatment of carbapenem-resistant, colistin-susceptible A. baumannii infection.

267 ymyxin susceptibility, were obtained for all colistin-susceptible E. coli isolates, whereas positive

268 e infections caused by carbapenem-resistant, colistin-susceptible Gram-negative bacteria.

269 e infections caused by carbapenem-resistant, colistin-susceptible Gram-negative bacteria.

270 as included once, at the time of their first colistin-tested CRKp positive culture.

271 tee endorsed the CBDE and CAT-10 methods for colistin testing of Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa.

272 ulation, leading to inefficacy of subsequent colistin therapy.

273 eremia, treated with colistin-carbapenem and colistin-tigecycline combinations.

274 te concentrations of combination therapy for colistin-tigecycline group was 18% and for colistin-carb

275 oints received standard combination therapy: colistin-tigecycline in 29 patients and colistin-carbape

276 creased 14-day mortality was associated with colistin-tigecycline therapy given tigecycline minimum i

277 pital mortality rates for patients receiving colistin-tigecycline versus patients receiving colistin-

278 s of antibiotic exposure ranged from 1.4 for colistin to 4.9 for piperacillin-tazobactam.

279 fectiveness of ceftazidime or subtherapeutic colistin to treat the infections were assessed.

280 Colistin tracking is a novel strategy for monitoring the

281 Colistin use led to decreased carbapenem use and decreas

282 n carbapenem resistance of P. aeruginosa and colistin use was weaker than that of A. baumannii.

283 apenem-resistant A. baumannii and consequent colistin use.

284 were 50 of 144 (34.7%) deaths with high-dose colistin vs 165 of 385 (42.9%) with low-dose colistin (P

285 ce has attracted substantial attention after colistin was considered as a last-resort drug for the tr

286 l antibiotic prophylaxis with tobramycin and colistin was implemented as standard of care prior to co

287 In medium with FBS, colistin was less efficacious in the 3-D cell model.

288 Subtherapeutic colistin was shown to efficiently clear the infection ca

289 ted whether the adapted use of the MicroScan colistin well (4 mug/ml) could enhance laboratory capaci

290 health laboratories could use the MicroScan colistin well as a first screen for the detection of iso

291 The MicroScan colistin well detected all isolates carrying mcr-1 or mc

292 e 37 of 39 isolates growing in the MicroScan colistin well displayed a colistin MIC of >=4 by BMD, al

293 y assessed isolates growing in the MicroScan colistin well for concordance.

294 sistant Enterobacteriaceae For the MicroScan colistin well, categorical agreement with BMD was 92.7%,

295 4 (3.3%) isolates that grew in the MicroScan colistin well.

296 vealed that clearances of colistimethate and colistin were related to creatinine clearance.

297 concentrations of colistimethate and formed colistin were subjected to population pharmacokinetic mo

298 Colistin, which targets the lipid A domain of LPS/LOS to

299 ce of resistance to "last-resort antibiotic" colistin, while isolates resistant to TCS exhibited high

300 INTERPRETATION: In 2017, colistin will be formally banned from animal feeds in Ch