ライフサイエンスコーパス: contingency

1 tween stimuli and actions (stimulus-response contingencies).

2 terminism, with only a minor contribution of contingency.

3 acterized by prior experience with the CS-US contingency.

4 S D2-MSNs facilitated acquisition of the new contingency.

5 required to assess an ambiguous cue-outcome contingency.

6 ants (7 males) learned a cue-object category contingency.

7 ons of morphospace delimited by phylogenetic contingency.

8 xibility after changes in the action-outcome contingency.

9 n that population, corroborating the role of contingency.

10 ts despite a lack of awareness of cue-target contingencies.

11 ing effort in face of changing environmental contingencies.

12 cisions can be made independently of spatial contingencies.

13 information about the other player or motor contingencies.

14 ontingencies than to merely instructed CS-US contingencies.

15 ns, in response to changes in action-outcome contingencies.

16 tate as a result of changes in environmental contingencies.

17 that required adaptation to changing reward contingencies.

18 ral flexibility by monitoring action-outcome contingencies.

19 d sensory stimulus or a change in behavioral contingencies.

20 l reflecting both physical effort and reward contingencies.

21 ddition, we highlight the importance of task contingencies.

22 epend on the a priori knowledge about reward contingencies.

23 dence-based shift to exploitation of learned contingencies.

24 adult human visual system is tuned to these contingencies.

25 high or low frequencies, depending on reward contingencies.

26 d responsiveness to change-points in outcome contingencies.

27 mediates adaption to changing environmental contingencies.

28 onvergent molecular evolution and historical contingencies.

29 ere context was dictated by response-outcome contingencies.

30 the ability to adapt to novel environmental contingencies.

31 t behavior to changing stimulus-reward (S-R) contingencies.

32 formation processing according to behavioral contingencies.

33 ect shifts (i.e. transitions) in cue-outcome contingencies.

34 ised declarative memory for stimulus-outcome contingencies.

35 free choices, but was independent of outcome contingencies.

36 orientation tuning as humans learn aversive contingencies.

37 ns of context to match the two distinct rule contingencies.

38 raining and after reversal of action-outcome contingencies.

39 euristics over rational beliefs about reward contingencies.

40 ges versus stochastic fluctuations in reward contingencies.

41 eased before rats were able to learn the new contingencies.

42 mals to plan actions using knowledge of task contingencies.

43 ir own foresight and to prepare for multiple contingencies.

44 s easier compared with learning the opposite contingencies.

45 networks following changes in environmental contingencies.

46 ated by novelty and changes in environmental contingencies.

47 ions with probabilistic beliefs about reward contingencies.

48 ive for efficient learning of action-outcome contingencies, above and beyond fostering person-level d

49 s suggest that OFC mechanisms require stable contingencies across consecutive episodes to integrate r

50 inhibit previously encoded stimulus-outcome contingencies after their reversal, pointing to a critic

51 hange over time, as epistasis and historical contingency alter the strength of selection on different

52 a single final resistant genotype, epistatic contingencies among mutations restrict evolution to a sm

53 ited behaviors insensitive to action-outcome contingencies and are considered an etiological factor i

54 quantify prediction errors about cue-outcome contingencies and changes in these associations over tim

55 erall, our results illustrate how historical contingencies and ecological interactions can promote co

56 .SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Adapting to changing contingencies and making decisions engages the orbitofro

57 GNIFICANCE STATEMENT Tracking action-outcome contingencies and modifying behavior when those continge

58 task was mainly affected by the experimental contingencies and the behavioural strategies used during

59 s in the striatum impairs the association of contingencies and the formation of habits in an instrume

60 ation first presents itself, stimulus-action contingencies and their relative value must be encoded t

61 can be exploited to understand the roles of contingency and constraint in the evolution of phenotype

62 nting these stimuli in the absence of reward contingency and probing their effects on the processing

63 redicted by selected actions (chosen-outcome contingencies) and associations between stimuli and acti

64 tions: discrete caching of stimulus-response contingencies, and time-consuming parametric computation

65 inguished following changes in reinforcement contingency, and could be inhibited by pharmacological m

66 ts were slower to adapt to changes in reward contingency, and OFC encoding of response information wa

67 hs to adaptive genotypes, creates historical contingency, and reduces the predictability of evolution

68 nfronted by stochastic and context sensitive contingencies-and so must constantly update their belief

69 ting that OFC guides behavior optimally when contingencies apply consistently.

70 ions of the frontal lobes when reinforcement contingencies are assured, however, less is known about

71 Reward contingencies are defined in real-time by fMRI multivoxe

72 ibly adapts its response to risky actions as contingencies are learned.

73 inty), outcomes are surprising (surprise) or contingencies are more likely to change (hazard rate).

74 text dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked.

75 ks are not established until nutrient/energy contingencies are satisfied.

76 differ in the extent to which action-outcome contingencies are stable or volatile.

77 rsal learning procedure to assess how reward contingencies are utilized to guide behavior in rats pre

78 cal forms would probably have resulted; this contingency arises from the distribution of functional v

79 probable, non-deterministic events, and this contingency arose from intrinsic biophysical properties

80 esolve the fundamental problem of ecological contingency as it pertains to the strength of an underst

81 requires a complete knowledge of the reward contingencies associated with a given choice situation.

82 Evolutionary contingencies better explain the gigantism of the double

83 Learning fear via the experience of contingencies between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an

84 suggesting that critical encoding of the new contingencies between a lever press and a cocaine reward

85 tion of active predictions, learned from the contingencies between actions and the consequent changes

86 supported contingent learning and reflected contingencies between outcomes and their causal choices.

87 contingency change task in which transition contingencies between states change every few trials; MB

88 learn the values of choices by observing the contingencies between them and their outcomes.

89 layed the ability to adapt to changes in the contingency between actions and their outcomes.

90 These biases depend on the contingency between reward and task difficulty and are s

91 ct for both groups after training of initial contingencies, but impaired for Group CONTRA after rever

92 orking memory and learning of action-outcome contingencies, but its role in behavioral timing is poor

93 ctivity is critical for acquisition of novel contingencies, but not for their modification.

94 changes in both reward values and transition contingencies can determine the relative influence of th

95 Such historical contingencies can lead to deviations from expected funct

96 al, community or adaptive shifts; historical contingencies can result from the influence of historica

97 attention to another stimulus dimension when contingencies change ("extradimensional shift").

98 y) and subsequently alter behavior as reward contingencies change (cognitive flexibility) in a probab

99 tingencies and modifying behavior when those contingencies change is critical to behavioral flexibili

100 We also demonstrate that when contingencies change, AI agents can update their interna

101 etween expected outcomes when action-outcome contingencies change.

102 Therefore, we developed a novel two-level contingency change task in which transition contingencie

103 ngency changes in order to determine whether contingency change volatility would play a role in shift

104 cks that was not attributable to the rate of contingency changes but rather to the extent of training

105 We demonstrate that flexibility to contingency changes can distinguish MB and MF strategies

106 Additionally, we manipulated the rate of contingency changes in order to determine whether contin

107 predict different responses following these contingency changes, allowing their relative influence t

108 that, whereas OFC signals respond rapidly to contingency changes, they predict choices only when rewa

109 between task sets requires the detection of contingency changes, which are enabled by a sensitivity

110 We used a contingency cueing task and demonstrated that implicit i

111 and 42 healthy control participants using a contingency degradation paradigm and the Creature of Hab

112 In subsequent experiments using a Pavlovian contingency degradation procedure, we found that both OF

113 al-directed behaviors, including extinction, contingency degradation, outcome devaluation, and Pavlov

114 response training followed by action-outcome contingency degradation, we then found that oPFC GABAAal

115 exhibited greater habitual tendencies during contingency degradation, which correlated with increased

116 uestionnaire and by a laboratory paradigm of contingency degradation.

117 Importantly, when cue-reward contingencies degrade, animals must exhibit behavioral f

118 support the view that reward expectation and contingency drive distinct motivational processes, and c

119 ) and declarative memory of stimulus-outcome contingencies during a differential pavlovian threat-con

120 There is mounting evidence that historical contingency during microbiome assembly may overshadow mo

121 n over three trials, and reversed the reward contingency during the following session.

122 ry, this artificial memory depended on CS-US contingency during training, and the conditioned respons

123 ever, it is not known whether similar neural contingencies exist within adult-infant dyads.

124 out the effects of exposure to reinforcement contingencies experienced during games of chance.

125 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to quantify this contingency, finding differences in adaptability among 6

126 igm that involves flexible updating when the contingencies for a threatening (CS+) and safe (CS-) sti

127 uture vector-borne disease risks and prepare contingencies for future outbreaks.

128 ations that enables the learning of response contingencies for stimuli of the form: AB+, B-, AC-, C+.

129 mechanisms should be further explored, with contingencies for sustained efficacy.

130 ns) that dissociated between whether a CS-US contingency had been instructed and experienced versus m

131 curred after animals learned that the reward contingency had changed, but before their behaviour chan

132 man attention, orienting in response to such contingencies has been strongly associated with volition

133 The frequent changes in stimulus-outcome contingencies (i.e., reversals) allowed us to examine th

134 Or do historical contingencies impose alternative pathways to answer the

135 ans update their beliefs about environmental contingencies in a Bayes optimal way.

136 how global environmental change can generate contingencies in a fundamental ecological relationship-t

137 However, contingencies in our environment are not always explicit

138 ew paper demonstrates the role of historical contingency in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf-microbiome form

139 ronmental constraints but also by historical contingency in forming new cell types with convergent fu

140 our results highlight the role of historical contingency in shaping the adaptive radiation of notothe

141 Direct quantitation of the degree of contingency in succession requires chronological study o

142 appreciation of the importance of historical contingency in the adaptive evolution of single proteins

143 of spacer adaptation revealed the historical contingency in the stepwise acquisition of genetic pertu

144 ion of communities will depend on historical contingencies, including details of the adaptive process

145 DLS more strongly represented action-outcome contingencies independent from actions subsequently take

146 ets using different stimulus-response reward contingencies, inducing either a liberal or a conservati

147 ience, or body growth; nor did the amount of contingency influence the overall rate of spontaneous vo

148 cer types and the dynamics, constraints, and contingencies inherent to tumor evolution.

149 is dynamically involved in translating CS-US contingencies into cue-driven avoidance behavior.

150 NCEs, review and distil potential drivers of contingencies into three key categories (properties of t

151 involving uncertain or probabilistic reward contingencies is an essential survival skill that is imp

152 associated with the ability to adapt to new contingencies is the orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo).

153 and revert the associations when the reward contingency is modified.

154 ear whether adaptive evolution or historical contingency is more important for the origin of key phen

155 en many years in the past, called historical contingency, is a debated idea in ecological research.

156 essions and anxiety, we recorded measures of contingency knowledge, explicit fear, and physiological

157 mining flexible threat updating and explicit contingency knowledge.

158 sk disengagement producing impaired explicit contingency knowledge.

159 Here, we explored the effects of ketamine on contingency learning using a placebo-controlled, double-

160 ship by anhedonia, suggesting reduced reward-contingency learning with greater anhedonia.

161 in adapting reward-seeking behavior when the contingencies linked to a cue unexpectedly change.

162 ally evolvable, similar to the phenomenon of contingency loci observed in bacterial pathogens.

163 action (free versus forced choices), outcome contingencies (low versus high reward) and motor require

164 three pound10 vouchers), or escalating value contingency management ( pound5, pound10, and pound15 vo

165 ntive (treatment as usual), with fixed value contingency management (three pound10 vouchers), or esca

166 sful treatments: opioid agonist maintenance, contingency management and the community-reinforcement a

167 anisms underlying relapse after cessation of contingency management are largely unknown, and, until r

168 omarker (EtG) to demonstrate the efficacy of contingency management for alcohol dependence in outpati

169 od and were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of contingency management for EtG-negative urine samples an

170 ) of 65 participants in the escalating value contingency management group (14.0, 4.2-46.2; p<0.0001).

171 (45%) of 78 participants in the fixed value contingency management group met the primary outcome mea

172 Contingency management included the variable magnitude o

173 The authors examined whether a contingency management intervention using the ethyl gluc

174 However, when contingency management is discontinued, most addicts rel

175 Contingency management participants had significantly lo

176 Contingency management participants were 3.1 times (95%

177 ogic models of drug abuse and especially for contingency management programs seeking to reduce drug a

178 Both contingency management schedules rewarded on-time attend

179 t of psychological-change methods, including contingency management to reinforce abstinence, recovery

180 human condition of relapse after successful contingency management treatment.

181 human condition of relapse after successful contingency management treatment.

182 condary objectives were to determine whether contingency management was associated with changes in he

183 s that rely on reinforcement strategies (eg, contingency management) and for the long-term success of

184 lable psychosocial interventions (except for contingency management) had a weak overall effect.

185 only effective treatment for many addicts is contingency management, a behavioral treatment that uses

186 ychosocial treatments incorporating behavior contingency management, motivational enhancement, and ac

187 specific behavioral interventions, primarily contingency management.

188 s critical to relapse after the cessation of contingency management.

189 gaging in a 3-week quit attempt supported by contingency management.

190 opriate behavioral strategies, but important contingencies may not arise during initial learning.

191 Here, we consider how historical contingencies might alter those responses because functi

192 ers, like proboscideans; and (ii) historical contingencies must have provided the ecosystem with plan

193 havior according to changes in environmental contingencies necessitates the interlacing of existing m

194 ic biological contexts probably reflects the contingencies of evolutionary history, an intriguing pos

195 gest that language is shaped not only by the contingencies of its history, but also by culturally ind

196 rt this assumption are scarce because of the contingencies of the pandemic.

197 s' knowledge about condition management, and contingency of a student's professional self-esteem upon

198 ning is an essential brain process where the contingency of different items increases after training.

199 ntiated at single-cell resolution by RT-qPCR Contingency of factor availability explains the counteri

200 vealed transient copy number expansions, the contingency of lineage outcome on first-step mutations a

201 ble community dynamics can occur despite the contingency of local behavioral interactions.

202 One emphasizes the contingency of parental responsiveness, regardless of it

203 Here, we investigated the contingency of whisking kinematics on the animal's behav

204 If historical contingencies on microbial activities prove to be persis

205 ristics of their environment, with potential contingencies on species traits and phylogenetic relatio

206 Moreover, the effects of reward contingency on choice were similar for patients with les

207 s of sustainment through response delays and contingency on foreknowledge of stimulus-response mappin

208 The PGC-PTSD faces challenges related to the contingency on trauma exposure and the large degree of a

209 ubjects' investment of effort to exploit the contingencies optimally.

210 pulse-control, and making decisions based on contingencies or rules.

211 t updating choices after reversals in reward contingencies or when there were multiple options associ

212 ons generated based on learned action-reward contingencies, or when rewards themselves, rather than s

213 Despite unawareness of the cue-target contingencies, participants were able to use implicit in

214 disrupting effects of changes in contextual contingencies, perhaps by recruiting habitual learning s

215 failure modes, and require a pre-programmed contingency plan for every type of potential damage, an

216 Modelling is an important component of contingency planning and control of disease outbreaks.

217 adjusted estimates will inform public health contingency planning for future Ebola epidemic, and help

218 adjusted estimates will inform public health contingency planning for future Ebola epidemics, and hel

219 Contingency planning includes prioritisation policies fo

220 Offshore oil exploration, oil spill contingency planning, and fish larval connectivity asses

221 elect the optimal control action via careful contingency planning.

222 al deployment of vaccination is critical for contingency planning.

223 likely across the world, perhaps until 2021, contingency plans are evolving in case of further disrup

224 to energy supplies and develop strategies or contingency plans that mitigate those risks.

225 multicenter studies, researchers should make contingency plans to limit the use of or properly incorp

226 nce to detect endemic COVID-19, establishing contingency plans to ramp up in case of another surge, w

227 ut requiring self-diagnosis or pre-specified contingency plans.

228 e universal importance of a healthy panel of contingency plans.

229 ations after only a few repetitions when the contingencies predict reward.

230 d responding in accordance with the original contingencies, providing direct evidence of modulation o

231 ctory specialists and can use odors to learn contingencies quickly and well.

232 levant to niche-based processes) and spatial contingency (relevant to neutrality-based processes) on

233 in behavior in response to changes in these contingencies remains unclear.

234 discrete cues bridging the response-outcome contingency rescued breakpoints in Bdnf(+/-)mice.

235 uditory relearning, which was induced by the contingency reversal of a frequency-modulated tone discr

236 periments, we used backward conditioning and contingency reversal to establish outcome-specific condi

237 tion, rule transfer, memory recall tests and contingency reversal.

238 The reward contingency reversed from one block to the next to incen

239 r behaviour upon reversal of stimulus-reward contingency ('rule switch').

240 covert switch between two stimulus-response contingency rules.

241 al pattern response to experience-based fear contingencies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In our study, we ad

242 ndly constrained by epistasis and historical contingency, similar to the evolution of proteins and ph

243 despite appearing to learn the differential contingencies, still perform poorly.

244 rials, is urgently required, together with a contingency strategy if this vaccine does not materializ

245 logenetic signal and implies that historical contingency strongly influences the evolution of new phe

246 n drumming types despite strong phylogenetic contingencies, suggesting evolutionary tinkering of drum

247 rsus expected prevalence (calculated using a contingency table assuming independence across cells) of

248 by introducing bias-correction terms in the contingency table needed for calculating the Fisher's Ex

249 FIPSA maximizes the likelihood ratio of the contingency table of the allele counts multiplied by the

250 nicopathologic variables were assessed using contingency table tests and Cox proportional hazard mode

251 ity, and diagnostic odds ratio using a 2 x 2 contingency table.

252 composition of these faunas, we analyze via contingency tables and detrended correspondence analyses

253 d were evaluated with longitudinal models or contingency tables as appropriate.

254 Contingency tables exceeding 2x2 with ranked alternative

255 We constructed contingency tables for each diagnostic test and calculat

256 Descriptive statistics and 2 x 2 contingency tables were assessed at the patient level.

257 enty-three studies with 2196 patients and 25 contingency tables were included.

258 Two x two contingency tables were reconstructed, and test sensitiv

259 rs in sufficient detail to reconstruct 2 x 2 contingency tables were reviewed.

260 s were completed for SP and LP, using 2-by-2 contingency tables, comparing the IDSA/ATS indications (

261 pairwise t test and the McNemar test in 2x2 contingency tables.

262 vel, with sufficient data to construct 2 x 2 contingency tables.

263 ios (ORs) extracted or calculated from 2 x 2 contingency tables.

264 predictive parameters were calculated using contingency tables.

265 Contingency tests and binary logistic modeling were used

266 eas respond differently to experienced CS-US contingencies than to merely instructed CS-US contingenc

267 rigorous probabilistic understanding of the contingencies that arise during the evolution of drug re

268 However, little is known about the contingencies that lead to their emergence, including th

269 the perceiving or formation of motivational contingencies that outweigh the temptation, and some dep

270 ity as rodents performed tasks controlled by contingencies that varied reward history.

271 ion for predicting the reward and punishment contingencies that will help groups function as more tha

272 d cognition, common coding, and sensorimotor contingency that do not sequentially separate sensory an

273 tly inactivates FOXO1 to initiate a Tfh cell contingency that is completed in a FOXO1-dependent manne

274 sted in all three species following rules of contingency that may reflect strategically adaptive resp

275 en one experiences a change in environmental contingencies, that is, when an expected outcome fails t

276 Guided by contingency theory a longitudinal study was conducted to

277 interlacing new and existing action-outcome contingencies to control goal-directed action.

278 We review evidence for constraints and contingencies to tumor evolution and highlight the clini

279 ed on SCR, both groups generalized the shock contingency to the reinforced conceptual category, but l

280 ormed a task in which stimulus-reinforcement contingencies varied between two sets of associations, e

281 Using a contingency volatility manipulation, we tested the hypot

282 ategies following changes in stimulus-reward contingencies was significantly impaired following expos

283 The temporal contingency was detected by rapid regulation of adenosin

284 e virtual environments, and differing reward contingencies, we derived a unified probabilistic model

285 Although the reinforcement contingencies were identical in both task versions, rats

286 on visual discrimination; then place-reward contingencies were instated.

287 rumental learning task, in which cue-outcome contingencies were probabilistic and reversed between bl

288 Contingencies were reversed repeatedly within a session.

289 crose and pellet outcomes, after which these contingencies were reversed.

290 y to track rewarded behaviors when the RS/NS contingencies were reversed.

291 When contingencies were stable, OFC neurons signaled past, pr

292 aled past, present, and pending events; when contingencies were unstable, past and present coding per

293 verbal self-reports of arousal, valence, and contingency were recorded.

294 sks often involve the acquisition of dynamic contingencies, which requires adjusting the rate of lear

295 res the myriad factors that can generate NCE contingencies while guiding how research might better an

296 cts were instructed to expect the same CS-US contingencies while only one condition was characterized

297 expectations and proper beliefs about reward contingencies, while the dorsomedial PFC combines these

298 (n = 13/28) failing to acquire the reversed contingency, while the other 15/28 had similar acquisiti

299 cative of a difficulty in relying on learned contingencies, with no evidence for perseverative behavi

300 ity to respond flexibly to changes in reward contingencies, with the medial versus orbitofrontal cort