ライフサイエンスコーパス: cutin

1 aracterization of the molecular structure of cutin.

2 e cuticle, largely composed of the polyester cutin.

3 re reported only as very minor components of cutin.

4 he cuticle whose major structural polymer is cutin.

5 a cuticle, composed of waxes and the polymer cutin.

6 ons affect the esterification arrangement of cutin.

7 and had a substantial reduction in levels of cutin.

8 ic acid, a monomer of the cuticle polyester, cutin.

9 and hydroxy fatty acids was performed within cutin.

10 mutants with increased dicarboxylic acids in cutin.

11 ete biosynthetic pathways for both waxes and cutin.

12 ajor classes of aliphatic wax components and cutin.

13 and to the appearance of nanopores in tomato cutins.

14 es but were absent in tomato and apple fruit cutins.

15 The plant cuticle consists of cutin, a polyester of glycerol, hydroxyl, and epoxy fatt

16 omponent of apparently all plant cuticles is cutin, a polyester of hydroxy fatty acids; however, desp

17 ound that WIN1 influences the composition of cutin, a polyester that forms the backbone of the cuticl

18 composition in leaves of anl2 revealed that cutin accumulates to approximately 60% of the levels obs

19 reduced stomatal clustering, suggesting that cutin affects stomatal signaling or the polarity setup i

20 specific wax constituents and maintenance of cutin amounts, determined by the accumulation of cuticle

21 composed of two major components: polymeric cutin and a mixture of waxes, which infiltrate the cutin

22 nts that do not extract the polymeric lipids cutin and cutan, to yield extractable organic matter (EO

23 ed in differences in the composition of leaf cutin and cuticular waxes.

24 sis of its two major components, the polymer cutin and cuticular waxes.

25 Plant cuticles are composed of wax and cutin and evolved in the land plants as a hydrophobic bo

26 e amount of cuticle and its main components, cutin and polysaccharides, was also observed.

27 ate the existence of free hydroxyl groups in cutin and provide insight into how the mutations affect

28 Cutin and suberin are the two major lipid-based polymers

29 AT specificities as one major determinant of cutin and suberin composition, and (3) argue against a r

30 ir compositions suggest the presence of both cutin and suberin layers.

31 ) of different clades are central players in cutin and suberin monomer biosynthesis.

32 nt in recognition of novel components of the cutin and suberin polymers that form water-impermeable b

33 nd that cytochrome P450 oxidases involved in cutin and suberin production are absent in genomes of no

34 Lipid polymers such as cutin and suberin strengthen the diffusion barrier prope

35 cuticles share common features with lignin, cutin and suberin, and may represent the extant represen

36 de insight into the biosynthetic assembly of cutin and suberin, the two most abundant glycerolipid po

37 here is no correlation between the amount of cutin and the permeability of the cuticle to water, but

38 Biochemical analysis showed altered cutin and wax biosynthesis and deposition in fdl1-1 muta

39 ased bioactive gibberellin content, enhanced cutin and wax biosynthesis, and increased fruit firmness

40 eferentially expressed in L1 are involved in cutin and wax biosynthesis, whereas numerous genes that

41 uctural abnormalities were observed, and the cutin and wax compositions were less affected than in le

42 synthesis, suggesting that the regulation of cutin and wax production by WIN1 is a two-step process.

43 structure and composition of its components, cutin and wax, have been catalogued, but few functional

44 plant organs, the relative contributions of cutin and waxes to cuticle function are still not well u

45 in cuticular architecture and quantities of cutin and waxes were observed, with the wax coverage of

46 le is an extracellular lipid-based matrix of cutin and waxes, which covers aerial organs and protects

47 sition of a hydrophobic cuticle, composed of cutin and waxes, which is critically important in limiti

48 ockouts gpat4/gpat8 were strongly reduced in cutin and were less resistant to desiccation and to infe

49 tly consists of an aliphatic polymer matrix (cutin) and intracuticular and epicuticular waxes.

50 homes were composed of 8% soluble waxes, 49% cutin, and 43% polysaccharides.

51 floral surfaces depends on the synthesis of cutin, and identify target genes to investigate the func

52 the biosynthesis of suberin, phenylpropane, cutin, and waxes.

53 The roles of cutin- and suberin polyesters are often attributed to th

54 Suberin and cutin are fatty acid- and glycerol-based plant polymers

55 he C16 aliphatic fatty acids associated with cutin are sufficient to promote hyphopodia/appressoria f

56 ively, isolated from F. solani pisi grown on cutin as the sole carbon source.

57 Within the cutin-associated clade, GPAT8 is demonstrated as a bifun

58 ased elasticity due to a severe reduction in cutin biosynthesis and altered wax deposition.

59 in floral tissues to provide acyl chains for cutin biosynthesis and prevent adherence of these develo

60 eage ground cells, suggesting a link between cutin biosynthesis and stomatal development.

61 cyltransferases GPAT4 and GPAT6 required for cutin biosynthesis esterify acyl groups predominantly to

62 which we propose acts as a key regulator of cutin biosynthesis in tomato fruit.

63 n causes a pronounced negative regulation of cutin biosynthesis or loading and affects elongation or

64 scriptional regulation in the control of the cutin biosynthesis pathway as a core genetic network in

65 l-3-phosphate acyl transferase that promotes cutin biosynthesis to enhance hyphopodia formation.

66 l-3-phosphate acyl transferase that promotes cutin biosynthesis to enhance hyphopodia formation.

67 o Arabidopsis acyltransferases essential for cutin biosynthesis, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase

68 encoding a transcription factor involved in cutin biosynthesis, is expressed in stomatal lineage gro

69 ression of genes involved in suberin but not cutin biosynthesis, lowers seed coat suberin accumulatio

70 omote mycorrhizal colonization by regulating cutin biosynthesis.

71 n Acyl-CoA Synthetase2, a gene essential for cutin biosynthesis.

72 has previously been shown to be involved in cutin biosynthesis.

73 eral genes known or likely to be involved in cutin biosynthesis.

74 pathway for TAG synthesis that is related to cutin biosynthesis.

75 embly and suggested SlMIXTA-like to regulate cutin biosynthesis.

76 While the biosynthesis of cutin building blocks is well documented, the mechanisms

77 for incorporating 10,16-dihydroxy C16:0 into cutin but also plays a crucial role in the organization

78 rulate in root and seed suberins and in leaf cutin, but not that of p-coumarate, while the aliphatic

79 For both wax and cutin, cer9 showed mostly additive effects with cer6, lo

80 ion provides a strategy to probe the role of cutin composition and quantity in the function of plant

81 Changes in cutin composition are preceded by the rapid and coordina

82 In order to modify cutin composition, the acyltransferase GPAT5 and the cyt

83 Abscisic acid had little effect on cutin composition.

84 organization of the cuticle, independent of cutin composition.

85 ealed that changes in cuticle lipid (wax and cutin) composition correlated well with differing levels

86 d relative humidity affect the avocado fruit cutin compositions in a cultivar-specific manner.

87 Among cutin compounds, omega-hydroxy fatty acids and polyhydro

88 ositions of glycerol was impacted, and their cutin contained a higher molar glycerol-to-dihydroxyhexa

89 to analyze the roles of the leaf cuticle and cutin content and composition in the tomato plant's defe

90 which have a dramatic (95-98%) reduction in cutin content and substantially altered, but distinctly

91 The cutin content is reduced to 30% in att1, indicating that

92 A strong reduction in cutin content was found in flowers of both mutants.

93 impact on flower cuticle ultrastructure and cutin content.

94 dermal cells of the plants and consisting of cutin covered and filled by waxes.

95 lymerization, we concluded that the level of cutin cross-linking had no significant impact on water p

96 in the amount and/or composition of wax and cutin, cuticle thickness, and surface aspect of the frui

97 We therefore tested three additional cutin-defective mutants for resistance to B. cinerea: at

98 identify the causal mutation underlying the cutin deficiency in a mutant thereafter named gpat6-a (f

99 gene family, previously only associated with cutin deficiency in tomato fruit.

100 This cutin deficiency resulted in an increase in cuticle surf

101 We identified three tomato mutants, cutin deficient 1 (cd1), cd2 and cd3, the fruit cuticles

102 motif lipase/hydrolase family protein (GDSL) Cutin Deficient 1 (CD1).

103 Leaves of the pe mutant are also cutin deficient and the epicuticular waxes contain a low

104 (Solanum lycopersicum cv. M82) with those of cutin-deficient mutants.

105 Using genetic mapping of a strong cutin-deficient mutation, we discovered a novel hypomorp

106 that the pe locus represents a new allele of CUTIN DEFICIENT2 (CD2), a member of the class IV homeodo

107 ition, but are limited in lignocellulose and cutin degradation.

108 s of isolated cutins revealed a reduction in cutin density in silenced lines.

109 However, cutin deposition and polymerization appear to be part of

110 Two mechanisms of cutin deposition have been identified in tomato (Solanum

111 wn as CUTIN SYNTHASE1 (CUS1) is required for cutin deposition in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit

112 ly, in addition to a significant decrease in cutin deposition, mid-chain hydroxyl esterification of t

113 division and provide a template for further cutin deposition.

114 y solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Mi

115 is encoded by a gene designated Deficient in Cutin Ferulate (DCF).

116 -function alleles are devoid of rosette leaf cutin ferulate and exhibit a 50% reduction in ferulic ac

117 gulating expression of orthologous genes for cutin formation, but not wax biosynthesis genes.

118 bidopsis thaliana, which is known to mediate cutin formation, is also required for developmentally re

119 face mechanical properties of isolated plant cutin have been made as a first step to probing the impa

120 the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta.

121 guard cells, highlighting the importance of cutin in stomatal biology.

122 Cutin influences many biological processes in planta; ho

123 tion is effective enough to depolymerize the cutin into its monomeric constituents thus allowing dete

124 n) and declining leaf/needle-derived inputs (cutin) into SOC under warming and eCO(2).

125 Cutin is a glycerolipid with omega-oxidized fatty acids

126 Cutin is the structural polymer of the epidermal cuticle

127 The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymer

128 ng to biosynthesis of the cuticle component, cutin, is up-regulated during overripening.

129 cale elastic properties of the biopolyester, cutin, isolated from tomato fruit cuticle.

130 However, the thickness of the cutin layer on the abaxial surface of lacs2 leaves was o

131 showed that a low amount of C16 monomers in cutin leads to the appearance of an electron-translucent

132 l subfraction and is hypothesized to contain cutin-like chemical structures cross-linked with hydroxa

133 r associated with the outer integument and a cutin-like polyester layer associated with the inner see

134 a drastic decrease in aliphatic suberin and cutin-like polymers that was associated with an inabilit

135 responsible for hydrolysis of the protective cutin lipid polyester matrix in plants and thus have bee

136 Ardit fruit maintained their cutin load and composition during storage, whereas reduc

137 ssy mutants show either reduced or increased cutin load; and (4) dull mutants display alterations in

138 natural variations in cuticle thickness and cutin loads of 'Ardit' and 'Hass' fruit cultivars.

139 composition during storage, whereas reduced cutin loads were detected in Hass fruit that exhibited a

140 and a mixture of waxes, which infiltrate the cutin matrix and also accumulate on the surface, forming

141 rall number of ester linkages present in the cutin matrix was also dependent on the presence of flavo

142 ents, only water deficit increased the total cutin monomer amount (by 65%), whereas both water defici

143 up hydrogen bonding to Ala68 possibly mimics cutin monomer binding which is of biological importance.

144 Cutin monomer content and composition differed between S

145 in fruit cuticle thickness and a decrease in cutin monomer content proportional to the level of GDSL1

146 86A69, Slshn3-RNAi and wild-type plants, and cutin monomer extracted from SlSHN3-OE plants altered th

147 ontributes to cuticular wax biosynthesis and cutin monomer formation in response to wounding.

148 athway for 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate, a major cutin monomer in nature.

149 However, the effect of wounding on wax and cutin monomer production and the associated molecular me

150 nalyses indicated that wound-induced wax and cutin monomer production was severely inhibited in the c

151 Comparison of cutin monomer profiles in knockouts for CYP77A6 and the

152 Octadecadiene-1,18-dioate, the major leaf cutin monomer, was transiently deposited.

153 dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, the major tomato cutin monomer.

154 Thus, cutin monomers act as plant signals that promote coloniz

155 The extent to which cutin monomers affect leaf cell wall architecture and ba

156 causes elevated amounts of 18-carbon-length cutin monomers and a dramatic shift in the cuticular wax

157 Cuticular lipids, both cutin monomers and cuticular waxes, on rst1 leaves were

158 Cutin monomers are formed by the transfer of fatty acids

159 Cutin monomers are primarily C(16) and C(18) unsubstitut

160 Since C(16) but not C(18) cutin monomers are reduced in lacs1, and C(16) acids are

161 determined that the accumulation of wax and cutin monomers in Arabidopsis leaves is positively regul

162 a hitherto unknown role for GPAT6-generated cutin monomers in influencing epidermal cell properties

163 idopsis increased the content of C16 and C18 cutin monomers in leaves and stems by 80%.

164 The C(16) cutin monomers on lacs1 were reduced by 37% and 22%, whe

165 s, produced typical omega-hydroxy fatty acid cutin monomers such as 16-hydroxy-palmitate, 10,16-dihyd

166 ytosol, suggesting that the feruloylation of cutin monomers takes place in the cytoplasm.

167 SlSHN3-OE leaves accumulated 38% more cutin monomers than wild-type leaves, while Slshn3-RNAi

168 cut2 that causes production of low levels of cutin monomers that strongly induce cut1 using CTF1 alph

169 both primary and secondary alcohol groups of cutin monomers, and another enzymatic or nonenzymatic me

170 f-assembled particles composed of esterified cutin monomers, are involved in the synthesis of the pro

171 CUS1), an acyl transferase enzyme that links cutin monomers, contributes to massive cuticle depositio

172 Cutin monomers, generated by the low levels of constitut

173 plants showed a 40 and 70% decrease in leaf cutin monomers, respectively.

174 (GPAT) and is involved in the production of cutin monomers.

175 and NaCl altered the proportional amounts of cutin monomers.

176 us keep cut1 gene repressed until induced by cutin monomers.

177 tarvation, whereas cut1 is highly induced by cutin monomers.

178 regulate the synthesis of cuticular wax and cutin monomers.

179 Four wax mutants and one cutin mutant were extensively investigated for alteratio

180 er transform infrared microspectroscopy, the cutin mutants long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase2 (la

181 phenotype, like the phenotypes of some other cutin mutants, is very pleiotropic, causing reduced leaf

182 catalyzes the formation of primarily linear cutin oligomeric products in vitro.

183 Amounts of wax and cutin on a lacs1-1 lacs2-3 double mutant were much lower

184 Our results indicate that plant cutin or cuticle structure may play a crucial role in to

185 the LACS2 enzyme may act in the synthesis of cutin or cuticular waxes.

186 hese GPATs are required for the synthesis of cutin or suberin.

187 owed reduced expression of genes involved in cutin or wax formation.

188 in Arabidopsis by regulating genes encoding cutin pathway enzymes.

189 We demonstrate that at least one of the cutin pathway genes, which encodes long-chain acyl-CoA s

190 ffect on transcripts of the sphingolipid/wax/cutin pathway, suggesting that the supply of acyl groups

191 rmeability of the cuticle to water, but that cutin plays an important role in protecting tissues from

192 are the occlusion of their stomatal pores by cutin plugs and the absence of water-conducting xylem ve

193 olved in the extracellular deposition of the cutin polyester in the tomato fruit cuticle.

194 cuticle, a protective layer composed of the cutin polyester matrix and cuticular waxes.

195 ized by epidermal cells and is composed of a cutin polyester matrix that is embedded and covered with

196 hese results reveal a conserved mechanism of cutin polyester synthesis in land plants, and suggest th

197 or an abundant and widespread monomer of the cutin polyester, show that the morphology of floral surf

198 for the incorporation of C(16) monomers into cutin polyester.

199 while the aliphatic load in both suberin and cutin polyesters essentially remained unaffected.

200 The enzymes responsible for assembly of the cutin polymer are largely unknown.

201 we provide the first inclusive repertoire of cutin polymer composition of the avocado fruit cuticle v

202 iator of the tight association between fruit cutin polymer formation, cuticle assembly, and epidermal

203 hesized by epidermal cells and composed of a cutin polymer matrix and waxes.

204 ga-hydroxy fatty acids incorporated into the cutin polymer of aerial Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thalian

205 ers also contribute to a minor extent to the cutin polymer.

206 n is closely related to the structure of the cutin polymer.

207 owever, despite its ubiquity, the details of cutin polymeric structure and the mechanisms of its form

208 We recently reported that cutin polymerization in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fr

209 ing tomato mutants either affected or not in cutin polymerization, we concluded that the level of cut

210 ant cuticle is composed of cuticular wax and cutin polymers and plays an essential role in plant tole

211 ositional changes and an overall increase in cutin production in vegetative and reproductive organs,

212 in understanding the consequences of reduced cutin production on many aspects of plant biology.

213 ses have potential roles in the synthesis of cutin, production of signaling molecules, and prevention

214 The results suggest that certain cutin-related fatty acids synthesized by CYP86A2 may rep

215 ansform infrared (FTIR) analysis of isolated cutins revealed a reduction in cutin density in silenced

216 ks that are likely to play a crucial role in cutin's elastic properties.

217 Confocal Raman imaging of benzyl etherified cutins showed that the polymerization is heterogenous at

218 port the characterization of the Arabidopsis cutin synthase 2 (cus2) mutant, which causes a great red

219 EROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants).

220 bers of this ancient and conserved family of cutin synthase-like (CUS) proteins act as polyester synt

221 An apoplastic GDSL-lipase known as CUTIN SYNTHASE1 (CUS1) is required for cutin deposition

222 CUTIN SYNTHASE1 (CUS1), an acyl transferase enzyme that

223 patens, which represent a distinct clade of cutin synthases within the large GDSL superfamily.

224 The contribution of each mechanism to cutin synthesis and deposition has shown a temporal and

225 possible roles of 2-MAGs as intermediates in cutin synthesis are discussed.

226 s2 mutant will help in future studies of the cutin synthesis pathway and in understanding the consequ

227 A dynamic and complex interplay linking cutin synthesis with cell wall development and epidermal

228 ciated traits, one whose deficiency elevates cutin synthesis, redistributes wax composition, and supp

229 2 have overlapping functions in both wax and cutin synthesis.

230 hesis and long-chain (C(16)) fatty acids for cutin synthesis.

231 preferentially uses palmitate derivatives in cutin synthesis.

232 tty acyl-CoA intermediates in the pathway to cutin synthesis.

233 aled its role in early steps of both wax and cutin synthetic pathways.

234 ossy fruit mutants in which the abundance of cutin, the polyester component of the cuticle, was stron

235 serine esterases whose primary substrate is cutin, the waxy exterior layer of plants.

236 expansion period by incorporating additional cutin to the procuticle template.

237 of specialized metabolites such as waxes and cutin together with flavonoids and anthocyanins, which h

238 ion of up to 22 times more suberin-type than cutin-type aliphatic monomers in leaves.

239 golipids and surface waxes were altered, and cutin was decreased.

240 crease in the content of cuticle components (cutin, waxes, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds).

241 To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate an

242 ns involved in the biosynthesis of waxes and cutin, we have isolated epidermal peels from Arabidopsis

243 ve cutinases, though it should not encounter cutin; we demonstrate that known cutinases and MPLA clea

244 , two candidates for the formation of floral cutin were identified in the model plant Arabidopsis tha

245 Hydroxy fatty acids from plant cutin were shown previously to induce the expression of

246 ted genes were associated with production of cutin, whereas transcripts for conventional TAG synthesi

247 The main cuticle component is the polymer cutin which, depending on its chemical composition and s