ライフサイエンスコーパス: flippase

1 e action of inward-directed P-type ATPases ("flippases").

2 potential aminophospholipid translocase (or flippase).

3 re proposed to be phospholipid translocases (flippases).

4 s facilitated by specific membrane proteins (flippases).

5 l as a biochemical basis for identifying MPD flippase.

6 teraction between the DLO head group and the flippase.

7 herichia coli mviN gene encodes the lipid II flippase.

8 lated lipid A, which is optimal for the MsbA flippase.

9 ions in ATP8B1, a putative aminophospholipid flippase.

10 at are in agreement with a role of MurJ as a flippase.

11 e function of Atp8b1 as an aminophospholipid flippase.

12 biochemical means of identifying the M5-DLO flippase.

13 result indicates that Rft1 is not the M5-DLO flippase.

14 s of an undecaprenyl phosphate-alpha-L-Ara4N flippase.

15 s from the regulatory region, activating the flippase.

16 ubstrate binding site of the plasma membrane flippase.

17 crease recognition by the plasma membrane PS flippase.

18 ry is maintained by the ATP-dependent enzyme flippase.

19 PS is maintained by the ATP-requiring enzyme flippase.

20 nhibitor of the endogenous aminophospholipid flippase.

21 scribe paves the way for identification of a flippase.

22 has been identified as a phosphatidylcholine flippase.

23 cytosolic N- and C-terminal segments of this flippase.

24 id binding sites and may function as a lipid flippase.

25 of the A. baumannii transporter MsbA, an LOS flippase.

26 f the membrane of vesicles using a synthetic flippase.

27 ride, and ogcX, the putative O-linked glycan flippase.

28 ular identity of Rft1 as the M5GN2-PP-Dol ER flippase.

29 CDC50A, and function as a phosphatidylserine flippase.

30 uted by LpxL are not good substrates for the flippase.

31 g for the existence of an alternate lipid II flippase.

32 inner membrane protein MurJ is the lipid II flippase.

33 cient for the P4-ATPase Drs2, the primary PS flippase.

34 rotein could function as phospholipid-GlcCer flippases.

35 recursors across the membrane by specialized flippases.

36 process facilitated by specific proteins or flippases.

37 cture and transport mechanism of the dimeric flippases.

38 onal intermediate states relative to dimeric flippases.

39 r structural characterization of other lipid flippases.

40 is the founding member of a novel family of flippases.

41 hemical characteristics consistent with a PS flippase, a murine homologue of this enzyme was expresse

42 Mutations in the photoreceptor-specific flippase ABCA4 are associated with Stargardt disease and

43 nd that Dnf1, Dnf2, and Dnf3, as well as the flippase-activating protein kinase Fpk1, localize at the

44 pk1 is another protein kinase, Fpk1, a known flippase activator.

45 c fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited diminished PS flippase activity and increased exposure of PS on the ce

46 egulate its own trafficking, suggesting that flippase activity and localization are linked.

47 lved it from both the ER glycerophospholipid flippase activity and the genetically identified flippas

48 We developed an assay for lipid II flippase activity and used a chemical genetic strategy t

49 y on Cibacron Blue dye resin enriched M5-DLO flippase activity approximately 5-fold and resolved it f

50 However, direct biochemical evidence of flippase activity by Mfsd2a has not been demonstrated an

51 Here we show that MPD-flippase activity can be reconstituted in large unilamel

52 reliminary purification steps indicated that flippase activity could be enriched approximately 15-fol

53 propose that the loss in ATP11C phospholipid flippase activity coupled with phospholipid scramblase a

54 ATP-dependent phospholipid flippase activity crucial for generating lipid asymmetry

55 Flippase activity depends on a critical cysteine residue

56 However, a flippase activity has not been reconstituted with purifi

57 o difference was seen in the level of M5-DLO flippase activity in sealed wild type and Rft1-depleted

58 Triton extract; and (iv) glycerophospholipid flippase activity in the ER can be attributed to two fun

59 k mechanism in which appropriately regulated flippase activity in the Golgi complex helps establish a

60 These results support a model whereby the flippase activity of ALA4 and ALA5 impacts the homeostas

61 vity is mediated by direct inhibition of the flippase activity of MmpL3 rather than by inhibition of

62 s of the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive class of flippase activity revealed that the functionally critica

63 ly, has been recently shown to have lipid II flippase activity that depends on membrane potential.

64 udies by describing two convenient assays of flippase activity utilizing fluorescent phospholipid ana

65 This flippase activity was mediated by Drs2p, because protein

66 terminally TAP-tagged Drs2p, both ATPase and flippase activity were significantly higher in the prese

67 e for the first time the reconstitution of a flippase activity with a purified P4-ATPase.

68 e is no evidence that Arfs directly regulate flippase activity, an Arf-guanine-nucleotide-exchange fa

69 ependent ATPase activity, phosphatidylserine flippase activity, and neurite extension in PC12 cells.

70 iched fraction devoid of glycerophospholipid flippase activity, we now report that M5-DLO is rapidly

71 ent-solubilized ER proteins were enriched in flippase activity, whereas others were inactive.

72 lity of the complex and is indispensable for flippase activity.

73 P(4)-ATPases alone are sufficient to mediate flippase activity.

74 ect tests showed that these proteins have no flippase activity.

75 (2+) might not be the sole cause for loss of flippase activity.

76 e cytosolic regulatory region to inhibit the flippase activity.

77 with CDC50A and displayed phosphatidylserine flippase activity.

78 no acid substitution known to inactivate the flippase activity.

79 relieved by a phosphoinositide to stimulate flippase activity.

80 nt N-glycosylation, indicating robust M5-DLO flippase activity.

81 inactivates Drs2p phospholipid translocase (flippase) activity disrupts its own transport in this AP

82 s2-dependent phosphatidylserine translocase (flippase) activity is hyperactive in TGN membranes from

83 Neo1 is thought to be a phospholipid flippase, although there is currently no experimental ev

84 yticus and include genes encoding a putative flippase, an aminotransferase, two glycosyltransferases,

85 Both flippase and Atp8a1 activities are insensitive to the st

86 revealed that PDI affects both the apparent flippase and floppase activities on endothelial cells.

87 membrane phospholipid translocation enzymes flippase and floppase, capon, NLRP3, and ASC.

88 idylethanolamine (PE) are substrates for the flippase and that other phospholipids move across the me

89 xoM and MXAN_3026, renamed ExoJ, are the Wzx flippase and Wzy polymerase, respectively, responsible f

90 c groups of proteins, the amino-phospholipid flippases and cell wall synthesis proteins depends on a

91 ate this process are classified as pump-like flippases and floppases and channel-like scramblases.

92 uter leaflet, is maintained by ATP-dependent flippases and floppases that exhibit headgroup selectivi

93 Our results suggest that mis-sorting of flippases and remodeling of the lipid composition are th

94 of results indicated that the wzx (O-antigen flippase) and wzy (O-antigen polymerase) genes were E. c

95 d organization, aminophospholipid transport (flippase), and prothrombin converting activity.

96 ain synthesis, the putative Wzx transporter (flippase), and the putative Wzy polymerase, respectively

97 activating glycosyltransferase (Und-P GT), a flippase, and a polytopic glycosyltransferase (PolM GT)

98 e Golgi apparatus, lipid-synthesizing, lipid-flippase, and lipid-transport proteins (LTPs) collaborat

99 Lsg encodes a putative Wzx flippase, and mutation of Lsg affects only LPS; this fin

100 -phosphate (PI4P), a regulator of this lipid flippase, and specific to a phosphatidylserine substrate

101 Among 49 phospholipid scramblases, flippases, and floppases we analyzed, only SLC47A1 had m

102 hat butyrolactol A inhibits the phospholipid flippase Apt1-Cdc50, blocking phospholipid transport.

103 , except that specific transport proteins or flippases are required.

104 Specific ER membrane proteins, flippases, are proposed to facilitate lipid flip-flop, b

105 P4-ATPases, also known as phospholipid flippases, are responsible for creating and maintaining

106 is presumed that specific membrane proteins, flippases, are responsible for phospholipid flip-flop.

107 of the undecaprenyl phosphate aminoarabinose flippase arnE/F genes from Escherichia coli.

108 across the cytoplasmic membrane by the MurJ flippase, as well as the recent discovery of a novel cla

109 which is transported by the plasma membrane flippase at a rate equivalent to PS, is incapable of act

110 Here, we establish that MmpL3 is the MA flippase at the IM of mycobacteria and is the molecular

111 that genetic ablation of the membrane lipid flippase Atp11a causes severe deficits in this hormonal

112 mice lacking the putative phosphatidylserine flippase ATP11C showed a lower rate of PS translocation

113 A candidate PS flippase ATP8A1 (ATPase II), originally isolated from bo

114 s reveals that AP-3 targets the phospholipid flippase ATP8A1 to SVs; loss of ATP8A1 recapitulates the

115 ned the entire M5-M6 region of the mammalian flippase ATP8A2 to elucidate its possible function in th

116 and the cryo-EM structure of the human lipid flippase ATP8B1-CDC50A at 3.1 angstrom resolution.

117 -electron microscopy structures of the human flippase ATP8B1-CDC50A complex at 2.4 to 3.1 angstrom ov

118 Here we show that the disease-associated flippase ATPase class I type 8b member 1 (ATP8B1) enable

119 Flippases belong to the P4 family of ATPases (type IV P-

120 netic analyses implicated Rft1 as the M5-DLO flippase, but because biochemical tests challenged this

121 ane enzyme aminophospholipid-translocase (or flippase) by HNE and acrolein.

122 eover, we found that FtsW, but not the other flippase candidate MurJ, impairs lipid II polymerization

123 pase activity and the genetically identified flippase candidate Rft1.

124 ver, unlike the canonical P-type ATPases, no flippase cargos are transported in the phosphorylation h

125 , which encodes the canalicular phospholipid flippase, cause a wide spectrum of cholangiopathy phenot

126 pecifically abrogates PS recognition by this flippase causing PS exposure on the outer leaflet of the

127 These capsule flippases collectively transport more than 100 types of

128 However, for flippase-containing proteoliposomes, the initial rapid h

129 Inhibitors of these flippases could potentiate the activity of antibiotics t

130 yeast type IV P-type ATPase (P4-ATPase), or flippase, couples ATP hydrolysis to phosphatidylserine t

131 blase complexes as well as ATP-dependence of flippases, data analysis in its context has remained a t

132 tion of specific proteins in Drosophila: The flippase-dependent expression of GFP-tagged receptor sub

133 therefore, therefore, developed Flip-Flop, a flippase-dependent in vivo cassette-inversion method tha

134 Yeast S. cerevisiae has five flippases (Dnf1, Dnf2, Dnf3, Drs2, and Neo1), but their

135 kers SlaB(End4) and SagA(End3) and the lipid flippases DnfA and DnfB in the sub-apical collar region

136 h are not transported by the plasma membrane flippase, do not activate Atp8a1.

137 ibody M-C7.1 targeted a specific loop in the flippase domain that proved to be exposed at both sides

138 lytic domain and an N-terminal transmembrane flippase domain.

139 o binds and activates the phosphatidylserine flippase Drs2 and these functions may be related, althou

140 we show that the ATP-dependent phospholipid flippase Drs2 is required for efficient segregation of c

141 effector golgin, Imh1, but not via the lipid flippase Drs2.

142 ic recycling of Snc1 requires a phospholipid flippase (Drs2-Cdc50), an F-box protein (Rcy1), a sortin

143 Two yeast flippases, Drs2 and Neo1, have nonredundant functions in

144 hydrolysis and auto-inhibition of the yeast flippase Drs2p-Cdc50p.

145 to bind to and stimulate the activity of the flippase Drs2p.

146 We also identified a potential flippase encoded in the L. lactis genome (llnz_02975, cf

147 ow that (i) proteoliposomes generated from a flippase-enriched Triton X-100 extract of ER can flip an

148 : a collection of enhancer-trap recombinase, Flippase (ET-FLP), transgenic lines that provide inherit

149 ATP8B1 is a P4-ATPase phospholipid flippase expressed in the apical membrane of the epithel

150 CPS flippases fall into three groups: relaxed, type-specific

151 spermatozoa; it is about 62% similar to the flippase, FIC1.

152 We developed new Flippase (FLP) reagents using proneural gene promoters t

153 integration, a helper plasmid expressing the flippase (FLP) recombinase allows precise in vivo excisi

154 vating sequence (UAS) binary system with the Flippase (FLP) recombination technique, we were able to

155 suggest that activation of the Drs2p-Cdc50p flippase follows a multistep mechanism, with preliminary

156 y overexpression of MsbA, the inner membrane flippase for core-lipid A.

157 that RmP functions as an outwardly directed flippase for N-retinylidene-PE.

158 MurJ is the flippase for the lipid-linked peptidoglycan precursor Li

159 published x-ray structure of MsbA, a lipid A flippase from Escherichia coli with high sequence homolo

160 ducible dual-recombinase system by combining flippase-FRT (Flp-FRT) and Cre-loxP recombination techno

161 Moreover, we found that decreasing flippase function rescued the growth deficiency of four

162 therefore an indirect negative regulator of flippase function.

163 c strategy to rapidly and specifically block flippase function.

164 sed to facilitate lipid flip-flop, but no ER flippase has been biochemically identified.

165 e erythrocyte membrane and suggests that the flippase has broader specificity for substrates or that

166 Although the flippase has not been positively identified, a subfamily

167 Although a phospholipid flippase has yet to be identified, evidence supporting t

168 ces M5 and M6 in the transmembrane domain of flippases has, however, been sparse.

169 No biogenic membrane flippases have been identified and there is controversy

170 and the structures of several heterodimeric flippases have been reported.

171 Lipid translocases (flippases) have been implicated in vesicle formation thr

172 HfsF is predicted to be a flippase, HfsG is a glycosyltransferase, and HfsH is sim

173 e prior to reconstitution indicated that MPD flippase (i) is not a Con A-binding glycoprotein and (ii

174 ability of the DLO to be translocated by the flippase, (ii) glycan size per se does not dictate wheth

175 ification of an ATP-independent phospholipid flippase in any system.

176 as been proposed to function as the lipid II flippase in E. coli.

177 as a likely candidate for the peptidoglycan flippase in Escherichia coli.

178 hes to demonstrate that MurJ is the lipid II flippase in Escherichia coli.

179 is the only abundant P4-ATPase phospholipid flippase in human RBCs, whereas ATP11C and ATP8A1 are th

180 ng an inner membrane-associated mycolic acid flippase in M. tuberculosis Results from functional assa

181 ipped to the non-cytoplasmic face by a lipid flippase in order to nucleate glycosphingolipid synthesi

182 an inhibitor of the wall teichoic acid (WTA) flippase in Staphylococcus aureus.

183 studies identified Rft1 as the M5GN2-PP-Dol flippase in vivo but are at odds with biochemical data s

184 New work reveals that lipid flippases in Chlamydomonas shape the membrane during the

185 sm is employed widely across P4-ATPase lipid flippases in plasma membrane and endomembranes.

186 Phospholipid flippases in the type IV P-type ATPase (P4-ATPases) fami

187 ng that they likely do not serve as lipid II flippases in this organism.

188 and potential aminophospholipid translocase (flippase) in the Drs2p family.

189 Two of the P-type ATPases (flippases) in yeast, Dnf1 and Dnf2, translocate aminogly

190 ion for ATP11C, a putative aminophospholipid flippase, in B cell development.

191 -type ATPases, and it is unknown whether the flippases interact directly with the lipid and with coun

192 Aminophospholipid ATPases (ALAs) are lipid flippases involved in transporting specific lipids acros

193 The importance of this flippase is evident in the finding that loss-of-function

194 whether a DLO will be flipped, and (iii) the flippase is highly specific for M5-DLO.

195 ylated in LpxM mutants by LpxF when the MsbA flippase is inactivated, indicating that LpxF faces the

196 e, in a purified system, that a phospholipid flippase is subject to auto-inhibition by its C-terminal

197 Apt1-butyrolactol A complex reveals that the flippase is trapped in a dead-end state.

198 ecular identity of the MPD translocator (MPD flippase) is not known.

199 coli MsbA, the proposed inner membrane lipid flippase, is an essential ATP-binding cassette transport

200 ally, TMEM30a, an essential subunit of lipid flippases, is required for MNV replication in vitro.

201 -Dol in vivo, but the Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol flippase itself remains to be identified.

202 -related ROS, controlled by the phospholipid flippase kinase Fpk1 and sphingolipids, and by mitochond

203 iated in large part through the phospholipid flippase kinases Fpk1 and Fpk2, whereas the slow signali

204 membrane, under control of the phospholipid flippases Lem3-Dnf1 and Lem3-Dnf2.

205 These findings support a flippase-less mechanism for maintaining membrane lipid a

206 ATP8A2 is a P(4)-ATPase ("flippase") located in membranes of retinal photoreceptor

207 The class 4 P-type ATPases ("flippases") maintain membrane asymmetry by translocating

208 the detergent-solubilized and purified yeast flippase may result in more than 1 order of magnitude in

209 e acid transport, including the phospholipid flippase MDR2.

210 g transporter (MDR1) and phosphatidylcholine flippase (MDR2).

211 These results favor a flippase mechanism with strong resemblance to the ion pu

212 and that the transport is probably protein (flippase)-mediated.

213 se was followed by a slower phase reflecting flippase-mediated translocation of phospholipids from th

214 chanisms that could modulate the function of flippase might be important in phospholipid asymmetry di

215 Results with a small molecule phospholipid flippase mimetic suggest azPC acts intracellularly and t

216 ch were suppressed by overexpressing the LPS flippase MsbA (BCAL2408), suggesting that lipid A molecu

217 We studied the bacterial lipid flippase MsbA by luminescence resonance energy transfer

218 e have determined the structure of the lipid flippase MsbA from Escherichia coli by x-ray crystallogr

219 e have determined the structure of the lipid flippase MsbA from Vibrio cholera (VC-MsbA) to 3.8A.

220 sed on three crystal structures of the lipid flippase MsbA, envisions a large-amplitude motion that d

221 ble substrate for the Escherichia coli lipid flippase MsbA.

222 nct from that observed for the E. coli lipid flippase MsbA.

223 x-ray structures of the bacterial ABC lipid flippase, MsbA, trapped in different conformations, two

224 s destabilize the complex formed between the flippase MurJ and lipid II, implying the potential for a

225 Turning to the lipid flippase MurJ, we find that addition of the natural subs

226 We also used a combination of flippase mutants that either gain or lose the ability to

227 The protein appears to function as a flippase of all-trans-retinaldehyde and/or its derivativ

228 at opsin is the ATP-independent phospholipid flippase of photoreceptor discs.

229 resistance factor (MprF) is the synthase and flippase of the phospholipid lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol

230 genesis and homologous to known and putative flippases of the MOP (multidrug/oligo-saccharidyl-lipid/

231 Flippases of the P4-ATPase family are associated with fl

232 nyl pyrophosphate synthase (UppS) or the OGC flippase (OgcX) restores viability, while expression of

233 y; (c) the eukaryotic oligosaccharidyl-lipid flippase (OLF) family and (d) the bacterial mouse virule

234 was recently shown to be an ATP-independent flippase (or scramblase) that equilibrates phospholipids

235 Phospholipid flippases (P4-ATPases) utilize ATP to translocate specif

236 P4-ATPases, also known as flippases, participate in creating and maintaining this

237 ophospholipid ATPase3 (ALA3), a phospholipid flippase predicted to function in vesicle formation.

238 unctionally critical sulfhydryl group in the flippase protein is buried in a hydrophobic environment

239 e periphery of the transmembrane part of the flippase protein.

240 strate that the ER has at least two distinct flippase proteins, each specifically capable of transloc

241 e ABC1 may act as a phospholipid/cholesterol flippase, providing lipid to bound apoA-I, or to the out

242 R-Cas9-mediated genome editing to generate a flippase recognition target (FRT)-dependent conditional

243 Homologous recombination was used to insert flippase recognition target recombination sites around e

244 ble isoprenyl monophosphates showed that MPD flippase recognizes the dolichol chain of MPD, preferrin

245 Here, we report that aminophospholipid flippases regulate the lipid composition of the outer le

246 pecific transport proteins; (iii) functional flippases represent approximately 1% (w/w) of ER membran

247 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, targets MurJ, the flippase responsible for lipid II export, previously sho

248 In mammalian cells, depletion of flippases results in fewer and shorter cilia.

249 It has been unclear whether monomeric flippases retain the architecture and transport mechanis

250 hree phospholipids is likely due to the same flippase(s) rather than distinct, phospholipid-specific

251 This aminophospholipid "flippase" selectively transports PS to the cytosolic lea

252 TMEM30A, encoding CDC50A-beta-subunit of the flippase shuttling phospholipids in the plasma membrane,

253 cted to be facilitated by membrane proteins (flippases) since transport across protein-free membranes

254 a previously unrecognized role for the lipid flippase solute carrier family 47 member 1 (SLC47A1) as

255 Recent flippase structures have revealed multiple conformationa

256 The phosphatidylserine (PS) flippase TAT-1/ATP8A functions with glial PS-receptor PS

257 rotein PAD-1 and its associated phospholipid flippase TAT-5/ATP9A that restore normal neuronal morpho

258 s and is the first example of a phospholipid flippase that belongs to the major facilitator superfami

259 The identity of the flippase that catalyses transport has remained unknown.

260 omycin resistance and encodes a phospholipid flippase that establishes membrane asymmetry.

261 holipid ATPase10 (ALA10) is a P4-type ATPase flippase that internalizes exogenous phospholipids acros

262 c eukaryotic Drs2p-Cdc50p complex is a lipid flippase that maintains cell membrane asymmetry.

263 e AMINOPHOSPHOLIPID ATPASE 3 (ALA3), a lipid flippase that plays a critical role in vesicle formation

264 sis are known, the identity of the essential flippase that translocates it across the cytoplasmic mem

265 rom the oligosaccharide-diphosphate dolichol flippase that translocates Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichol,

266 s of peptidoglycan; what was missing was the flippase that translocates the lipid-anchored precursors

267 P4 ATPases are lipid flippases that are phylogenetically grouped into P4A, P4

268 ymmetry occurs despite the presence of other flippases that flip PS and/or PE.

269 Flippases that operate at the plasma membrane of eukaryo

270 TPases are a family of putative phospholipid flippases that regulate lipid membrane asymmetry, which

271 itated by well characterized ER phospholipid flippases that remain to be identified at the molecular

272 ase and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, also phospholipid flippases that transfer phospholipids between membrane l

273 Fpk1 phosphorylates and stimulates flippases that translocate aminoglycerophospholipids fro

274 he other hand, ATP-independent bidirectional flippases that translocate lipids in biogenic compartmen

275 haride) exporter superfamily, which includes flippases that translocate undecaprenyl diphosphate-link

276 es, has been devised to identify protein(s) (flippases) that could mediate the thermodynamically unfa

277 ) are putative phospholipid translocases, or flippases, that translocate specific phospholipid substr

278 adhesion kinase, the H(+)/K(+) ATPase beta (flippase), the hematopoietic cell multidrug resistance p

279 250-nm diameter vesicles containing a single flippase, the half-time was 3.3 min.

280 al membrane proteins called translocases or "flippases." The bacterial genes proposed to encode these

281 ranslocation of lipid II must be assisted by flippases thought to shield the disaccharide-pentapeptid

282 generate a lipid-linked donor, a MATE-family flippase to transport the donor to the periplasm, and a

283 roteins that function as lipid transporters (flippases) to accelerate flipping to a physiologically r

284 P4 ATPase flippases translocate primarily phosphatidylserine and,

285 P4-ATPases (flippases) translocate specific phospholipids such as ph

286 ility that antagonists of the canonical MurJ flippase trigger expression of an alternate translocase

287 id substrate has stimulated speculation that flippases use a different transport mechanism.

288 and we isolated additional gain-of-function flippase variants that can substitute for the peptidogly

289 preparations with a higher average number of flippases/vesicle.

290 e promise for future attempts to isolate the flippase via an affinity approach.

291 idence supporting the existence of dedicated flippases was recently obtained through biochemical reco

292 g a framework to guide the purification of a flippase, we now describe an assay to measure the transb

293 o Escherichia coli mviN, a putative lipid II flippase, which F. tularensis uses to evade activation o

294 porters is the erythrocyte aminophospholipid flippase, which selectively transports phosphatidylserin

295 opping of the carrier lipid is mediated by a flippase, which would provide a mechanism for the recycl

296 These proteins are likely to be the flippases, which are required to translocate natural pho

297 ALA1 and ALA2 are flippases, which are transmembrane lipid transporter pro

298 era in our understanding of eukaryotic lipid flippases with a rapidly growing number of high-resoluti

299 the P4B ATPases, which function as monomeric flippases without a B-subunit.

300 ts that can substitute for the peptidoglycan flippase YtgP (MurJ).