ライフサイエンスコーパス: formate

1 vent with the buffer modified with (15)NH(3)-formate.

2 nation of l-lactate, d-lactate, ethanol, and formate.

3 selective photoreduction of aqueous CO(2) to formate.

4 but not that of total dissolved nitrogen or formate.

5 ction of products beyond carbon monoxide and formate.

6 ptors generally increased in the presence of formate.

7 ations because of electroreduction of CO2 to formate.

8 al decomposition of an intermediate, such as formate.

9 for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to formate.

10 g methylthiopropionate, carbon monoxide, and formate.

11 tudies of the reversible reduction of CO2 to formate.

12 more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of formate.

13 ggested to greatly enhance the production of formate.

14 reduction reaction in the presence of 1.0 m formate.

15 ive electron donors, such as H2, acetate and formate.

16 anisms were mainly enriched with methanol or formate.

17 roduction of CO, CN(-), and (-):CO2H-derived formate.

18 terized pathway capable of converting CO2 to formate.

19 ereas an adaptation period was necessary for formate.

20 hers favour production of carbon monoxide or formate.

21 ng steps that start from the gem-diolate and formate.

22 dh), which catalyzes the reduction of CO2 to formate.

23 the product selectivity from CO to H(2) and formate.

24 butyrate biosynthesis from propionyl-CoA and formate.

25 sociation with cord plasma concentrations of formate.

26 versible and selective reduction of CO(2) to formate.

27 by tailoring photochemistry of nitrate with formate.

28 with a mobile phase of ACN: aqueous ammonium formate 1 mM with 0.1% formic acid (80:20, v/v).

29 xtended to the one-pot reactions of ammonium formate, 2-nitroacetophenone, and aldehyde for high yiel

30 Formate, a primary energy source for C. jejuni, inhibits

31 the contrary, a shift in selectivity toward formate accompanied by a suppression of multicarbon (C(2

32 Metabolite data confirmed the production of formate, acetate, 1,2-propanediol, lactate and cleaving

33 the access of TBA and the reaction with the formate/acetate ligands bound within the pores, whereas

34 An LC-MS/MS method using the formate adduct was developed, and it allowed quantitatio

35 ctra of GPL cations, UVPD of deprotonated or formate-adducted GPLs yields diagnostic fragment ions sp

36 Meanwhile, an intermediate of formate adsorbed on the Cu at 1350 cm(-1) is discovered

37 Formate also significantly increased C. jejuni's growth,

38 However, after removal of the formate and acetate ligands by reaction with methanol to

39 e-formate lyase (PFL) converting pyruvate to formate and acetyl-CoA.

40 Formate and amino acids were measured in plasma during e

41 Moreover, relative to ammonium formate and ammonium acetate in water-rich methanol modi

42 nium acetate (kosmotropic), whereas ammonium formate and bicarbonate (both chaotropic) caused structu

43 t step toward CO2 reduction products such as formate and CO.

44 e effect (KIE) observed for the oxidation of formate and deuterioformate by the Mo-containing FDH fro

45 terminal oxidases, which serve to metabolize formate and facilitate the use of oxygen as a terminal e

46 faradaic Pd-catalyzed CO(2) hydrogenation to formate and find that the reaction can be promoted by a

47 bacterial system for understanding anaerobic formate and hydrogen metabolism in general, and FHL-2 fu

48 the presence of the enzymatic repertoire for formate and hydrogen oxidation in the Rifle clades A and

49 h)@UiO-67 composite for CO(2) reduction into formate and hydrogen were evaluated.

50 coupling of two methanol molecules to methyl formate and hydrogen with a 100% selectivity below 180 d

51 trophica however led to the disappearance of formate and increased levels of acetate, which is propos

52 ermocellum can ferment cellulosic biomass to formate and other end products, including CO2 This organ

53 SE) layer, where electrochemically generated formate and proton were recombined to form molecular for

54 -ene (acireductone) and dioxygen to generate formate and the ketoacid precursor of methionine, 2-keto

55 alyses of BF-CM revealed elevated amounts of formate and the presence of Candida-derived farnesol, wh

56 transfer electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate and to methanol remains an open question.

57 at (1) terminal node OH groups are formed as formate and/or acetate ligands present initially on the

58 the hydrogenation kinetics between adsorbed formates and carbonyls governs the selectivities to CH4

59 4-diazabutanal, formaldehyde, nitrous oxide, formate, and ammonia correspond to experimentally observ

60 ves (metal cyanide complexes, urea, ammonium formate, and formamide) were key reagents for the partic

61 The formation of acetate, formate, and lactate showed how the cell uses metabolite

62 nium acetate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium formate, and piperidine) was studied.

63 hyde detoxification in human cells generates formate, and thereby promotes nucleotide synthesis.

64 Chemical CO(2) reduction to the formate anion (HCOO(-)) was carried out in the absence o

65 for dispersion and elution with 70% ammonium formate aqueous buffer (50mmolL(-1), pH 9), representing

66 While electrochemical reduction into CO and formate are approaching industrial maturity, a current c

67 Dp3sam with chloride, acetate and formate as counter ions were employed to study the lipop

68 is only generated in the presence of either formate as electron donor or oxygen as electron acceptor

69 hydrogenation with aqueous, buffered sodium formate as the reducing agent, is catalyzed by a cyclome

70 catalytic activity for hydrogenating CO2 to formate at ambient temperature (3150 turnovers, turnover

71 ermining the hydricity of metal hydrides and formate at temperatures other than 298 K are developed,

72 alkane feed leads to formation of esters and formates at moderate yields (21 %).

73 methoxy CH(3)-O-Fe, to a bridging bidentate formate b-HCOO-Fe, to a monodentate formate m-HCOO-Fe, b

74 ss the apparent hydricity, which encompasses formate binding to the Mn, is considered.

75 mn using a mobile phase composed of ammonium formate buffer and acetonitrile.

76 e rate of nonfaradaic CO(2) hydrogenation to formate by nearly 3 orders of magnitude at modest potent

77 Formate can be used as reductant directly in the active

78 of 2 with excess CO(2), crystals of the bis-formate carbonate complex [K(2){[U(OSi(O (t)Bu)(3))(3)](

79 Unlike the formate channel from V. cholerae and the hydrosulphide c

80 We considered the formate channel from Vibrio cholerae, the hydrosulphide

81 aromatic compounds to acetate, CO2 , H2 and formate, combined metagenomics and metatranscriptomics s

82 stoichiometrically with CO2 to generate the formate complex LCuO2CH and the solvento complex LCu(MeC

83 The formate concentration was ~60% higher in the cord blood

84 The maternal formate concentrations did not differ between the early

85 The increased formate concentrations in cord blood may support the inc

86 r in pregnancy and at delivery and to relate formate concentrations to potential precursors and key f

87 catalysing key elementary processes (namely formate conversion and hydrogen molecule activation), th

88 latively Pb-rich and is active for CO(2) -to-formate conversion over a wide potential range; under an

89 30 days (r = 0.38; p = 0.03), while urinary formate correlated inversely with vasopressor requiremen

90 hydrolysis of the reagent was avoided with a formate counter ion and the expected product was achieve

91 Here, we couple formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from Desulfovibrio vulgaris

92 0 insertion library revealed that mutants in formate dehydrogenase (FDH) genes had the highest surviv

93 biosynthesis genes, and upregulation of fdh4 formate dehydrogenase (FDH) genes.

94 Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) has been studied in bacteria

95 formate hydrogenlyase (FHL) complex links a formate dehydrogenase (FDH) to a hydrogenase (H(2)ase) a

96 products, including CO2 This organism lacks formate dehydrogenase (Fdh), which catalyzes the reducti

97 cription and activity of the donor complexes formate dehydrogenase (FdhABC) and hydrogenase (HydABCD)

98 e activity, including nickel homeostasis and formate dehydrogenase activities as well as molybdopteri

99 ogenase FdsABG is a soluble NAD(+)-dependent formate dehydrogenase and a member of the NADH dehydroge

100 li strains as model organisms indicated that formate dehydrogenase and terminal oxidase genes provide

101 ampylobacter jejuni, possesses a periplasmic formate dehydrogenase and two terminal oxidases, which s

102 ron transfer could proceed via a periplasmic formate dehydrogenase and/or hydrogenase, allowing energ

103 an decrease the cellular pH, the addition of formate dehydrogenase could also maintain the cellular p

104 rode allowed the targeted orientation of the formate dehydrogenase enzyme from Rhodobacter capsulatus

105 By comparison, the formate dehydrogenase enzymes operate at relatively mild

106 The ability of the FdsABG formate dehydrogenase from Cupriavidus necator (formerly

107 lybdenum-containing, NAD(+)-dependent FdsABG formate dehydrogenase from Ralstonia eutropha.

108 the FdsBG subcomplex of the cytosolic FdsABG formate dehydrogenase from the hydrogen-oxidizing bacter

109 d this by including the gene (fdh), encoding formate dehydrogenase from Xanthobacter sp. 91 (XaFDH),

110 Molybdenum-containing formate dehydrogenase H from Escherichia coli (EcFDH-H)

111 e, itself linked to an unusual selenium-free formate dehydrogenase in the final complex.

112 rinsic kinetic isotope effects of the enzyme formate dehydrogenase is used to examine the distributio

113 necessary for gauging the ability of a given formate dehydrogenase or other CO2-utilizing enzyme to c

114 echanistic proposals for hydride transfer in formate dehydrogenase proceed through a classic metal hy

115 In analogy to the well-known formate dehydrogenase to promote NADH-dependent reaction

116 ies, we conjugated mannitol dehydrogenase to formate dehydrogenase with the defined active site arran

117 doxins from Acetobacterium and hydrogenases, formate dehydrogenase, and cytochromes of Desulfovibrio

118 framework (MOF), termed NU-1006, containing formate dehydrogenase, on a fluorine-doped tin oxide gla

119 te dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and formate dehydrogenase, respectively).

120 homologs of fdhF encoding hydrogenase-linked formate dehydrogenases (FDHH ) and all other components

121 Metal-dependent formate dehydrogenases (FDHs) catalyze the reversible co

122 that all molybdenum- and tungsten-containing formate dehydrogenases and related enzymes likely operat

123 ts, which catalyze the reduction of CO(2) to formate during hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, constitu

124 xtorquens AM1 produces formaldehyde, and not formate, during growth with methanol.

125 hest resistance to PGRP-induced killing, and formate enhanced PGRP-induced killing and H(2)O(2) produ

126 complexes for the catalytic production of a formate equivalent surpasses that of the parent monomeri

127 Ruminococcus bromii produces formate, ethanol and acetate in approximately equal mola

128 nation of CO(2) in the presence of amines to formate, formamides, and methanol (MeOH) is a promising

129 However, linker displacement during formate formation is energetically disfavored, in line w

130 e, additional Zr sites must be available for formate formation.

131 HPTLC plates with a solvent mixture of ethyl formate, formic acid, water, toluene 30/4/3/1.5 (v/v/v/v

132 esses for the direct hydrogenation of CO2 to formate/formic acid, methanol, and dimethyl ether are th

133 ransferase/hydrolase complex (Fhc) generates formate from formyl-H(4)MPT in two consecutive reactions

134 mary assumption is that XoxF enzymes produce formate from methanol oxidation, which could impact orga

135 ry chain impairs mitochondrial production of formate from serine, and that in some cells, respiratory

136 the functions of a CO(2) electrolyzer and a formate fuel cell is a new option for carbon-neutral ene

137 at can switch between the CO(2) electrolyzer/formate fuel cell modes and can stably operate for 12 da

138 establish a membrane-free, room-temperature formate fuel cell that operates under benign neutral pH

139 The one-carbon donor formate generally rescues cells from SHMT inhibition, bu

140 find parallel utilization of diverse H2 and formate generating pathways to facilitate interactions w

141 gh precision, were attributed to terminating formate groups.

142 ts for the CO(2) electroreduction (CO2RR) to formate (HCOO(-) ).

143 ate its high electrocatalytic efficiency for formate (HCOO(-)) formation from CO(2) reduction reactio

144 the initial reaction pathways to form CO and formate (HCOO(-)) from CO2 through free energy calculati

145 e key in the enhanced activity and stable CO/formate (HCOO(-)) selectivity.

146 The biological formate hydrogenlyase (FHL) complex links a formate dehy

147 The formate hydrogenlyase (FHL) enzyme from Escherichia coli

148 In contrast, expression of the formate hydrogenlyase 1 (fhl1) operon increased with add

149 ed to motility, maltodextrin metabolism, the formate hydrogenlyase complex, and the general stress re

150 orly understood membrane-bound enzyme termed formate hydrogenlyase-2 (FHL-2), which has fascinating e

151 is MR-1 during co-utilization of lactate and formate (i.e., while the lactate was mainly metabolized

152 s in the photochemical reduction of CO(2) to formate in acetonitrile (CH(3)CN).

153 NMR analysis showed the production of (13)C-formate in C. thermocellum culture, indicating the prese

154 hanced chemoattraction to and respiration of formate in comparison to other organic acids.

155 s designed to determine the concentration of formate in cord blood in comparison with maternal blood

156 for visible-light-driven CO(2) reduction to formate in the absence of a soluble redox mediator with

157 in organic solvents, can hydrogenate CO2 to formate in water with bicarbonate as the only added reag

158 Growth on formate increased fhl1 expression but decreased expressi

159 This formate intermediate exhibits fast hydrogenation convers

160 a significant energy barrier decrease in the formate intermediate formation step.

161 hydride transfer to CO(2) to form the bound formate intermediate, and dissociation of formate ion pr

162 face that facilitates methanol synthesis via formate intermediates.

163 (FDHs) catalyze the reversible conversion of formate into CO(2), a proton, and two electrons.

164 nd formate intermediate, and dissociation of formate ion product.

165 radaic efficiency (FE) for the production of formate is 81 %.

166 2) into a metal hydride bond to form a metal formate is a key elementary step in many catalytic cycle

167 Formate is a key player in one-carbon metabolism.

168 Besides the desired product, only methyl formate is formed, which can be transformed to dimethoxy

169 se conditions, suggesting that metabolism of formate is important during infection.

170 om 525 to 575 kelvin, conditions under which formate is not stable on the catalyst surface.

171 In the human colon, formate is produced by many bacterial species but is nor

172 to performing direct hydrogenation of CO2 to formate is to use chemical catalysts in homogeneous or h

173 Formic acid (or formate) is suggested to be one of the most economically

174 ly 36 kcal/mol), favoring proton transfer to formate, is offset by the gain in intermolecular interac

175 mode, the application of 10 mmol/L ammonium formate led to the best findings, while the use of 0.02%

176 y of pushing the reduction beyond the CO and formate level and catalytically generate products such a

177 Dysbiosis was accompanied by increased formate levels in the gut lumen.

178 the displacement of endohedrally coordinated formate ligands (HCO(2)(-)) by 1,2-hydroxyl-functionaliz

179 ociative" mechanism proceeding via a surface formate-like intermediate.

180 tivating enzyme (coded by pflA) and pyruvate formate lyase (coded by pflB).

181 s shown to depend upon two enzymes, pyruvate:formate lyase (PFL) and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreducta

182 bstrate and generates pyruvate, and pyruvate-formate lyase (PFL) converting pyruvate to formate and a

183 Pyruvate formate lyase (PFL) is a crucial enzyme for mixed acid f

184 ires the activities of two enzymes: pyruvate formate lyase activating enzyme (coded by pflA) and pyru

185 Pyruvate formate-lyase activating enzyme (PFL-AE) is a radical S-

186 ch photoinduced ET in the RS enzyme pyruvate formate-lyase activating enzyme cleaved the S-C5' bond t

187 Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate formate-lyase enabled 2-ketobutyrate biosynthesis from p

188 yruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase / pyruvate-formate-lyase-dependent (rPFOR/Pfl) pathways.

189 tically essential glycyl radical on pyruvate formate-lyase.

190 identate formate b-HCOO-Fe, to a monodentate formate m-HCOO-Fe, before CO(2) is eventually formed via

191 complexes modified by P (t)Bu(2)Me catalyze formate-mediated aldehyde-vinyl bromide reductive coupli

192 um catalysts modified by (t)Bu(2)PMe, sodium formate-mediated reductive coupling of aryl iodides with

193 stigated, demonstrating roles for cj1377c in formate metabolism, nuoK in aerobic survival and oxidati

194 Here, we hypothesized that formate might affect both energy metabolism and microaer

195 Taken together, formate might play a role in optimizing C. jejuni's adap

196 )(-) , where the platinum atom is bound to a formate moiety on one side and two hydrogen atoms on the

197 r to the eventual production of methanol and formate, much more so than (13)C NMR, which can even be

198 Microbial formate-nitrite transporter-type proteins (FNT) exhibit

199 employ a mechanism similar to the family of formate-nitrite transporters for weak monoacids.

200 Formate/nitrite transporters (FNTs) selectively transpor

201 ible hydrogen electrode (RHE), with a FE for formate of 96 % and current density of 8.87 mA cm(-2) at

202 associative mechanism with the formation of formate or carboxyl intermediates.

203 allow AOM, likely by employing intermediate (formate or H2)-dependent inter-species electron transpor

204 ooded animals, C. jejuni depends on at least formate or hydrogen as donor (in the anaerobic lumen) or

205 thylated compounds as electron acceptors and formate or hydrogen as electron donors.

206 and stable interconversion between CO(2) and formate over a single catalyst electrode.

207 pendent reactions, we here propose employing formate oxidase (FOx) to promote H(2) O(2) -dependent en

208 s able to efficiently catalyze, not only the formate oxidation (kcat of 543 s(-1), Km of 57.1 muM), b

209 Metagenomic sequencing revealed bacterial formate oxidation and aerobic respiration to be overrepr

210 Noteworthy, both Dd FDH-catalyzed formate oxidation and carbon dioxide reduction are compl

211 and a different mechanism is here suggested: formate oxidation and carbon dioxide reduction are propo

212 tor concentrations, we demonstrate that both formate oxidation and CO2 reduction are inhibited by sel

213 plications of our data for the mechanisms of formate oxidation and CO2 reduction.

214 This work identifies bacterial formate oxidation and oxygen respiration as metabolic si

215 evelopment of efficient electrocatalysts for formate oxidation as well as for CO(2) capture and utili

216 protein film electrochemistry, we show that formate oxidation by EcFDH-H is inhibited strongly and c

217 Formate oxidation to carbon dioxide is a key reaction in

218 is reoxidized at a different rate following formate oxidation, significantly affecting the observed

219 ssigned to the C-H bond cleavage step during formate oxidation.

220 nine (p <= 0.011), tyrosine (p <= 0.014) and formate (p <= 0.011) were also elevated in NF tumors but

221 Coupling with a high activity (formate partial current densities ~450 mA cm(-2)), selec

222 to methanol on the CZZ catalysts follows the formate pathway.

223 Our results establish the accessibility in formate perovskites of novel structural degrees of freed

224 B-site vacancies as a new type of defect in formate perovskites, with important chemical, structural

225 By affecting oxidase activity, formate possibly facilitates shuttling electrons to alte

226 Plasma concentrations of 4 formate precursors (serine, glycine, tryptophan, and met

227 Maternal supplementation with formate prevented both ventriculomegaly, as assessed at

228 Cross-feeding between formate-producing species and acetogens may be a signifi

229 n of H(13)COO(-) by CO(2) reduction with the formate product characterized by (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR

230 e bacteria SHA-98, suggesting a link between formate production and blood pressure.

231 Formate production from H2/CO2 was observed as an import

232 dy-state cell concentrations decreased while formate production rates increased when T. paralvinallae

233 n Faradaic efficiency and 3-fold increase in formate production relative to Au foil.

234 We indeed observed formate production under these conditions.

235 lux balance analysis showed H2 oxidation and formate production using FHL became an alternate route f

236 The formate production was doubled when compared with that o

237 ect of alternative electron donors (lactate, formate, pyruvate, or hydrogen) was found to be signific

238 rtially oxidized formate to highly reductive formate radical (CO(2)(*)(-)).

239 Formate, rather than H2, might have been used as the mai

240 e electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO or formate - reactions that are very challenging at the che

241 However, formate reduced oxidase activity under microaerobic cond

242 methanol to form dimethoxymethane and methyl formate, respectively.

243 ctional theory calculations suggest that the formate route is more favourable on SA-Rh/CN.

244 rmylated via an in situ formed alkylammonium formate salt (with consumption of 1 equiv of H(2)).

245 Bicarbonate and formate salts were hydrogenated to methanol with high yi

246 ction at zero overpotential and achieve high formate selectivity close to 100% and great stability ev

247 In vivo, formate served as electron donor in conjunction with oxy

248 e demonstrated that the conversion of CO2 to formate serves as a CO2 entry point into the reductive o

249 We demonstrate that the use of deuterated formate shifts the mass of PCs and provides a direct met

250 e between the Pt NPs and defect Zr nodes via formate species attached to the Zr nodes.

251 spectroscopy detect the presence of surface formate species during WGS.

252 PS) analysis was affected by the presence of formate species on the catalyst surface.

253 , molecular dynamics studies showed that the formate substrate was unable to enter the vestibule regi

254 withdrawal that are rescuable with purine or formate supplementation.

255 rse reaction, the decarboxylation of a metal formate to form a metal hydride and CO(2), is important

256 r and allow for the reversible conversion of formate to H(2) and CO(2) under ambient temperature and

257 d from nitrate photolysis partially oxidized formate to highly reductive formate radical (CO(2)(*)(-)

258 oduction by converting an unused by-product, formate, to a reductant that can be used by ADO.

259 rich and gains stable catalytic activity for formate-to-CO(2) conversion.

260 itrite, and ammonia) and organic carbon, the formate-to-nitrate stoichiometry was determined as 3.1 +

261 from Bacillus thuringiensis is a functional formate transporter.

262 ng the reversible interconversion of CO2 and formate under the appropriate experimental conditions.

263 c growth and supports the ability to utilize formate under these conditions, suggesting that metaboli

264 otocatalyst for carbon dioxide conversion to formate under visible light irradiation.

265 not sufficiently hydritic to reduce CO(2) to formate, unless the apparent hydricity, which encompasse

266 nt the competitive formation of hydrogen and formate upon reduction of hydrogenocarbonate ions on met

267 siological reaction, the reduction of CO2 to formate utilizing NADH as electron donor, has been inves

268 e (H(2)ase) and produces H(2) and CO(2) from formate via mixed-acid fermentation in Escherichia coli.

269 is proposed to occur through the routing of formate via the Wood Ljungdahl pathway of B. hydrogenotr

270 s to child outcomes, with a key finding that formate was at the intersection of several paths.

271 Formate was of microbial origin since no formate was detected in germ-free mice.

272 tron transfer from acyl-CoA intermediates to formate was detected.

273 Cord blood formate was influenced by fetal genotype, being ~12% hig

274 % of gaseous CO2 to formic acid, and >500 mM formate was observed to accumulate in solution.

275 Formate was of microbial origin since no formate was det

276 metabolized to support the cell growth, the formate was oxidized to release electrons for higher ele

277 When the electron donor formate was supplied at substoichiometric concentrations

278 When the electron donor formate was supplied in stoichiometric excess to TCE, bo

279 n product at high catalyst loadings, whereas formate was the dominant CO2 reduction product at low ca

280 786 for dimethoxymethane and 1290 for methyl formate were achieved with remarkable selectivities of o

281 phosphite oxidation and for CO2 reduction to formate were found in the genome of Ca. P. anaerolimi, b

282 etabolites hippurate, 4-cresol sulphate, and formate were reduced in critical illness compared with h

283 tion at 3 months, metabolites propionate and formate were secondary pathways to child outcomes, with

284 r CO formation is the conversion of adsorbed formate, whereas that for CH4 formation is the hydrogena

285 preventable by maternal supplementation with formate, which acts as a 1-carbon donor.

286 counts, should readily donate its proton to formate, which has much higher proton affinity.

287 In this pathway, CO(2) is first reduced to formate, which is reduced and condensed with a second CO

288 aerolimi whereby DPO drives CO2 reduction to formate, which is then assimilated into biomass via the

289 t in vivo "rPFOR-PFL shunt" to reduce CO2 to formate while circumventing the lack of Fdh.

290 rocatalyst which triggers CO(2) reduction to formate, while the high overpotential and low Faradaic e

291 is catalyst is known to hydrogenate CO(2) to formate with a mild base, we show that MeOH is produced

292 T. paralvinellae also grew on formate with an increase in H2 production rate relative

293 catalyst enables carbon dioxide reduction to formate with excellent activity, selectivity and stabili

294 henyl) that catalyzes CO(2) hydrogenation to formate with faster rates at lower temperatures.

295 ion of conditions for CO(2) hydrogenation to formate with high activity (up to 364 h(-1) at 1 atm or

296 nterface sites for CO(2) electroreduction to formate with high efficiency.

297 erial for electrochemical CO(2) reduction to formate with high Faradaic efficiency near the equilibri

298 on demand by interconverting CO(2)/H(2) and formate with minimal bias in either direction.

299 n to liquid products is realized, generating formate with nearly 100 % selectivity and a current dens

300 the reductive half-reaction (the reaction of formate with oxidized enzyme).

301 The highest formate yield of 66% was obtained in the presence of pot