ライフサイエンスコーパス: galanin

1 release was the first reported activity for galanin.

2 ral excitability through a process involving galanin.

3 ding tyrosine hydroxylase, prodynorphin, and galanin.

4 roduced a complete reversal of the effect of galanin.

5 ivity prevented the proliferative effects of galanin.

6 nist counteracted MAPK activation induced by galanin.

7 etion postbacterial infection is mediated by galanin-1 receptors (Gal1-R).

8 whereas the galanin receptor antagonist M40 (galanin-(1-12)-Pro3-(Ala-Leu)2-Ala amide) prevented the

9 Galanin (10 microg) impaired DMTP performance in a delay

10 Finally, the effects of galanin (10, 20 microg i.c.v.) on delayed match-to-posit

11 The first experiment examined the effects of galanin (10, 20 microg i.c.v.) on the performance of a s

12 e second experiment looked at the effects of galanin (5, 20 microg i.c.v.) on the performance of non-

13 The galanin action is mediated by the galanin receptors (GAL

14 Galanin actions on K(ATP) and calcium currents were comp

15 Where and how galanin acts in the brain is poorly understood, but rece

16 Preclinical studies have demonstrated that galanin affects physical dependence and rewarding action

17 Given the availability of galanin agonists which inhibit seizures, our findings co

18 w chronically elevated noradrenergic-derived galanin, alone, alters anxiogenic-like responses to stre

19 e blood-brain barrier, we designed truncated galanin analogues in which nonessential amino acid resid

20 almitoyl, and cationization into a series of galanin analogues yielded systemically active anticonvul

21 y modulate the antiepileptic activity of the galanin analogues.

22 Pretreatment with intraplantar galanin and bradykinin, compounds known to sensitize TRP

23 sion of pain mediating sensory neuropeptides galanin and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in a

24 owed that glial NF-kappaB inhibition reduces galanin and CGRP expression, which are neuropeptides tha

25 view here what is known about the ability of galanin and galanin receptors to alter neuronal activity

26 Galanin and GALR1 also inhibit colony formation and tumo

27 in and LY294002 inhibition demonstrated that galanin and GALR1 induce ERK1/2 activation via Galphai,

28 Galanin and GalR3 mRNA were found in many noradrenergic

29 he PO, various neuronal subtypes (e.g., GABA/galanin and glutamate/NOS1) induce NREM sleep [20-22] an

30 tion of the transcripts for the neuropeptide galanin and its receptors (GalR1-R3), tryptophan hydroxy

31 scription factor 3 (ATF3), the neuropeptides galanin and neuropeptide Y (NPY), brain-derived neurotro

32 ated spontaneous locomotor activity, whereas galanin and nociceptin attenuated these behaviors.

33 In the brain and periphery, galanin and opioids signal through their respective GPCR

34 spino-thalamic neurons (LSt), which express galanin and other neuropeptides.

35 population of POA-AH neurons that coexpress galanin and the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid

36 parate populations of POA-AH neurons express galanin and the nonapeptides arginine-vasotocin or isoto

37 the terminals of RTN-Phox2b neurons contain galanin and VGLUT2 proteins, to identify the specific pr

38 ers) at 2 hours post-treatment with galanin, galanin antibody, or lidocaine.

39 differentiation and define the neuropeptide Galanin as a novel target of this transcription factor.

40 e for this behavior and a potential role for galanin as neuromodulator remains to be identified.SIGNI

41 d GalR3 largely recapitulates the pattern of galanin binding throughout the brain, some discrepancies

42 ibited no detectable affinity for the (125)I galanin-binding site of GalR2 receptor, an effect consis

43 ediates the inhibition of insulin release by galanin by regulating both K(ATP) and Ca(2+) channels in

44 distributions of met-enkephalin, vasotocin, galanin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, tyrosine hydro

45 Like a number of neuropeptides, galanin can alter neural activity in brain areas that ar

46 Galanin caused a significantly higher increase in the ne

47 in sciatic nerve and/or L4-L5 DRG tissue for galanin, CGRP and macrophage marker CD11b.

48 50%, in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus, where galanin coexists with serotonin.

49 A significant increase in the number of galanin containing neurons expressing c-fos in the media

50 t study examined whether genetic deletion of galanin could affect the locomotor and reinforcing effec

51 l1R ligands: a negative cross talk, by which galanin counteracted MAPK activation induced by the endo

52 More specifically, galanin counteracts the behavioral effects of the system

53 cture and expression and the consequences of galanin deficiency in developing zebrafish are unknown.

54 The results also point to galanin-dependent circuitry as a potential substrate for

55 Together, these data suggest that galanin does not produce perseveration, but are consiste

56 The results suggest that galanin does not regulate the development of these key m

57 ptors alone is not sufficient to mediate the galanin effect on resting membrane potential and spontan

58 f GABA(B) receptors by baclofen restored the galanin effect under low Ca (2+) conditions.

59 ular and molecular mechanisms underlying the galanin effect.

60 des, including substance P, neurotensin, and galanin, emerged as important mediators in the developme

61 o report of pathogenic mutations in GAL, the galanin-encoding gene, and therefore its role in human e

62 increased expression of orexigenic peptides, galanin, enkephalin, and dynorphin, in the paraventricul

63 d inhibition of dorsal raphe cell firing and galanin-evoked hyperpolarizing currents.

64 SNAP 398299 partially reversed the galanin-evoked inhibition of dorsal raphe cell firing an

65 tudies, SNAP 37889 partially antagonized the galanin-evoked reduction in hippocampal serotonin (5-hyd

66 ave shown that the endogenous peptide ligand galanin exerts powerful anticonvulsant effect through ac

67 se key markers of specific neurons, although galanin-expressing fibers were in a close spatial proxim

68 Our study integrates galanin-expressing LHA neurons into our current understa

69 Here we ask whether these galanin-expressing neurons are the same cells as the rec

70 Furthermore, we uncover a subset of galanin-expressing neurons in the medial preoptic area (

71 cally from both male morphs in the number of galanin-expressing somata and in the distribution of fib

72 eel running) increases stress resilience and galanin expression in the LC of male and female mice.

73 ce increases stress resilience and increases galanin expression in the LC.

74 This was not due to a generalized higher galanin expression in the male since fluorescent L4 DRG

75 In teleost fish, increased galanin expression is associated with territorial, repro

76 Galanin expression is elevated in the LC by chronic exer

77 In control animals, galanin expression was present in specific regions of th

78 r damage, and inflammation, whereas blocking galanin expression with specific vivo-morpholino sequenc

79 ce display dramatically altered NPY, but not galanin, expression in response to injury.

80 expression of both neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin following peripheral nerve injury.

81 for NPY as a more appropriate candidate than galanin for future gene therapy trials in pharmacoresist

82 sm of this effect driven by the neuropeptide galanin from the main noradrenergic nucleus, the locus c

83 Correcting abnormal galanin function in depression could prove to be a novel

84 Fibers immunoreactive (ir) for galanin, GABA, TRH, or methionine-enkephalin (mENK) were

85 Here we report that variants in genes for galanin (GAL) and its receptors (GALR1, GALR2, GALR3), d

86 nt experiments suggest that the neuropeptide galanin (GAL) and its three G protein-coupled receptors,

87 that co-contain cholecystokinin-8 (CCK) and galanin (GAL) are sexually dimorphic.

88 ificant interaction between genotypes of the galanin (GAL) gene with anxiety and alcohol abuse in dif

89 quantitative PCR revealed markedly enhanced galanin (GAL) in the paraventricular nucleus and reduced

90 We show that the neuropeptide galanin (GAL) initiates nerve-tumour crosstalk via activ

91 Galanin (Gal) is a peptide with a role in neuroendocrine

92 The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) is widely distributed in the central and p

93 IP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), galanin (GAL), and somatostatin (SOM).

94 wild-type (GAL-WT) and knockout mice lacking galanin (GAL-KO) maintained on the 129/OlaHsd background

95 heteromerization of mu-opioid receptors with galanin Gal1 receptors, rendering a profound decrease in

96 published, high-affinity antagonists of the galanin GAL3 receptor.

97 /centimeters) at 2 hours post-treatment with galanin, galanin antibody, or lidocaine.

98 on increases sleep and induces expression of galanin (galn), a hypothalamic sleep-inducing peptide.

99 -regulated kinase (pERK) identified preoptic Galanin (Galn)-expressing neurons as selectively active

100 us to neuropeptide FF2, neuropeptide Y2, and galanin GalR1 receptors.

101 Galanin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and thyrotropin

102 - and amphetamine-related transcript (CART), galanin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuropeptide Y

103 We cloned the galanin gene and analyzed its expression by using in sit

104 The single zebrafish galanin gene encoded for a single amidated galanin pepti

105 in in the nervous system of vertebrates, the galanin gene structure and expression and the consequenc

106 In forebrain regions the ranking was GalR1 > galanin > GalR2.

107 ranscripts in the following order in the LC: galanin >> GalR3 >> GalR1 > GalR2; in the DRN the rankin

108 >> GalR1 > GalR2; in the DRN the ranking was galanin >> GalR3 >> GalR1 = GalR2.

109 d 55%, respectively) via Y2 receptors, while galanin had no significant effect.

110 The neuropeptide galanin has been implicated in stress-related neuropsych

111 Like Brn-3a, the neuropeptide Galanin has been implicated in the development of sensor

112 Galanin has been shown to disrupt the performance of maz

113 Galanin has been shown to enhance GnRH secretion, but it

114 The neuropeptide galanin has been shown to interact with the opioid syste

115 Galanin has gained increased attention because of the de

116 Recently, galanin has received attention as a regulator of social

117 To test whether NPY and galanin have antiepileptic actions in human epileptic ti

118 ments based on viral vectors encoding NPY or galanin have been shown to effectively suppress seizures

119 Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin have both been implicated in the regulation of b

120 se-activating polypeptide, nitric oxide, and galanin), hormonal (e.g. gastrin, cholecystokinin, and g

121 ck), calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), galanin, hypocretin, and nociceptin.

122 Noncatecholaminergic galanin-immunoreactive (ir) neurons within a region of t

123 Individuals with more galanin-immunoreactive intermediate nucleus neurons had

124 try and stereology to quantify the number of galanin-immunoreactive intermediate nucleus neurons in e

125 Moreover, they demonstrate that a paucity of galanin-immunoreactive intermediate nucleus neurons is a

126 In histamine-ir fibers TRH and galanin immunoreactivities were also detected in the ven

127 Here, we investigate possible differences in galanin immunoreactivity in the brain of both male morph

128 nucleotides caused complete disappearance of galanin immunoreactivity in the brain until 7 dpf and di

129 atomical studies have shown the existence of galanin immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata, but a

130 Galanin immunoreactivity was detected in cholangiocytes,

131 The total capsaicin-induced galanin immunoreactivity was higher in rostral versus ca

132 Furthermore, capsaicin increased galanin immunoreactivity with predominant staining in ce

133 nd many BDA-ir boutons were found to contain galanin immunoreactivity.

134 AL-KO mice does not support a major role for galanin in cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion and self-admi

135 ter understand this potential involvement of galanin in executive control, the present study tested t

136 role for chronically increased noradrenergic galanin in mediating resilience to stress.

137 role for chronically increased noradrenergic galanin in mediating resilience to stress.SIGNIFICANCE S

138 xt, we used transgenic mice that overexpress galanin in noradrenergic neurons (Gal OX) to determine h

139 more, we show that genetic overexpression of galanin in noradrenergic neurons causes resilience to a

140 NPS was found co-localized with galanin in the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus of the lateral para

141 Despite the known importance of galanin in the nervous system of vertebrates, the galani

142 atment of sham and BDL rats with recombinant galanin increased cholangiocyte proliferation and intrah

143 In transfected cells, galanin induced activation of the extracellular-regulate

144 uce perseveration, but are consistent with a galanin-induced decrease in reinforcer strength.

145 1/2-specific inhibitor U0126 prevented these galanin-induced effects.

146 e., nonmatching) was critical to observing a galanin-induced impairment in this task.

147 the present study tested the hypothesis that galanin induces perseveration.

148 n human islets, so that it reads (GALR3) and galanin inhibited insulin secretion only from mouse isle

149 neuronal NOS, thus suggesting a potential NO-galanin interaction in these neurons.

150 However, little is known about galanin involvement in higher cognitive processes, espec

151 the L4-L6 segments except for an increase in galanin-IR in the dorsal commissure in the L4 segment.

152 centage of bladder afferent cells expressing galanin-IR significantly increased (4-19-fold) after chr

153 Changes in galanin-IR were not observed at the L4-L6 segments excep

154 In contrast, decreases in galanin-IR were observed in the L1 segment.

155 Galanin is a 29/30 amino acid neuropeptide that has been

156 Galanin is a neuroendocrine factor responsible for regul

157 Galanin is a neuropeptide extensively coexisting with no

158 Galanin is a neuropeptide implicated in the regulation o

159 Galanin is a neuropeptide with a wide variety of biologi

160 Galanin is a peptide that regulates pituitary hormone re

161 Galanin is a stress-inducible neuropeptide and cotransmi

162 Furthermore, the hyperglycemic effect of galanin is also blunted in G(o)2(-/-) mice.

163 Galanin is an endogenous neuropeptide that modulates sei

164 Galanin is highly expressed in the noradrenergic system,

165 Galanin is implicated in numerous physiological function

166 Because the anticonvulsant activity of galanin is mediated by the receptors located in hippocam

167 hether the relationship between exercise and galanin is species specific.

168 alternative reproductive tactics, show that galanin is upregulated in the preoptic area-anterior hyp

169 Galanin knockdown did not alter the expression of tyrosi

170 Our results indicate that wild-type and galanin knockout mice on a congenic 129/OlaHsd backgroun

171 ABA) neurons that coexpress the neuropeptide galanin (LHA (Gal) ).

172 Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is produced in a small popul

173 In addition, galanin-like peptide is a further member of the galanine

174 This is a missense mutation in the galanin-like peptide precursor gene (P = 0.00005, OR = 1

175 These data suggest that galanin may affect a subpopulation of GnRH neurons throu

176 Galanin-mediated modulation of the arcuate nucleus (Arc)

177 , and thus can be targeted to manipulate the galanin-mediated physiological and behavioral responses.

178 ng that GalR1 may play a predominant role in galanin-mediated regulation of dopamine neurotransmissio

179 The neuropeptide galanin mediates its effects through the receptor subtyp

180 for a single amidated galanin peptide and a galanin message-associated peptide.

181 physical activity in rats upregulates prepro-galanin messenger RNA levels in the locus coeruleus.

182 Galanin modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission in the

183 Galanin modulates seizures in the brain through two gala

184 rgic Phox2b(+)/TH(-) neurons of the RTN, but galanin mRNA identifies only half of these putative cent

185 a running wheel in their home cage increased galanin mRNA in the LC of mice, which was correlated wit

186 In conclusion, galanin mRNA is a very specific marker of the glutamater

187 d that 14 days of FLX treatment up-regulated galanin mRNA levels by 100% and GalR2-binding sites by 5

188 gic nuclei: Electroconvulsive shock elevated galanin mRNA levels in dorsal raphe nucleus, whereas sle

189 nucleus, whereas sleep deprivation increased galanin mRNA levels in the locus coeruleus, further unde

190 Galanin mRNA was increased in the hypothalamus of NPY(-/

191 Galanin mRNA was maternally expressed and found in devel

192 Translation inhibition of galanin mRNA with morpholino oligonucleotides caused com

193 ctivity marker phospho-S6, we show increased galanin neuron activation in courting type I males durin

194 dexmedetomidine-induced sedation require PO galanin neurons and likely share common mechanisms.

195 We show that galanin neurons are activated by fasting and that prodyn

196 Taking advantage of this trait, we show POA galanin neurons are specifically active during mating in

197 Thus, MPOA galanin neurons emerge as an essential regulatory node o

198 Here, we show that mice with lesioned PO galanin neurons have reduced sleep homeostasis: in the r

199 Together, the results indicate that galanin neurons in midshipman fish likely modulate brain

200 a deep, phylogenetically shared role for POA galanin neurons in reproductive-related social behaviors

201 argely because of studies demonstrating that galanin neurons in the preoptic area (POA) promote matin

202 attention because of the demonstration that galanin neurons in the preoptic area (POA) promote matin

203 Genetic ablation of MPOA galanin neurons results in marked impairment of parental

204 netically shared behavioral function for POA galanin neurons.

205 delta rebound is reduced in mice lacking PO galanin neurons.

206 A role for the galanin neuropeptide in the regulation of epileptic seiz

207 cystokinin, corticotropin releasing hormone, galanin, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, preproenkephalin a

208 anin-concentrating hormone (MCH), orexin, or galanin; neuropeptides that regulate both food-induced a

209 y by attenuating the inhibitory influence of galanin on 5-HT transmission at the level of the dorsal

210 mechanisms that may underlie the effects of galanin on behaviors involved in responses to stress and

211 i/o) proteins, lose the inhibitory effect of galanin on insulin release.

212 In more details, the effect of galanin on the membrane properties of Arc neurons is blo

213 Yet the mechanism responsible for this galanin-opioid interaction has remained elusive.

214 xplain previous results showing antagonistic galanin-opioid interactions and offers a new therapeutic

215 The effects of exercise were phenocopied by galanin overexpression in noradrenergic neurons, and Gal

216 The results suggest that the galanin pathway plays an important role in the pathogene

217 h galanin gene encoded for a single amidated galanin peptide and a galanin message-associated peptide

218 We previously reported that galanin perfusion significantly hyperpolarized the resti

219 versus caudal DRN, and a high proportion of galanin-positive cells in the midline also contained NAD

220 in situ hybridization, we found that pre-pro-galanin (PPGal) mRNA is expressed by an isolated cluster

221 of Nmb, but low levels of Kcnk5/Gpr4/pre-pro-galanin/pre-pro-enkephalin, and do not respond to hyperc

222 monstrate that the RA-mediated activation of Galanin promoter activity and Brn-3a N-terminal transcri

223 rgistically with RA treatment to up-regulate Galanin promoter activity; that the activity of the N-te

224 sion of fluorescent protein is driven by the galanin promoter.

225 elopment of anticonvulsant therapy using the galanin R2 receptor as target.

226 There are three known galanin receptor (GALR) subtypes (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR

227 d showed marked regional variations, GAL and galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) being most abundant.

228 Variants in the galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) gene have been associated wit

229 Galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) maps to a common region of 18

230 The G-protein-coupled receptor, galanin receptor 1 (GALR1), maps to this region of chrom

231 mutant showed antagonistic activity against galanin receptor 1 (GalR1)-mediated response, and decrea

232 ve effects of galanin were via activation of galanin receptor 1 expressed specifically on cholangiocy

233 different models of chronic pain requires a galanin receptor 1-triggered depression of excitatory sy

234 Galanin receptor affinity, serum stability, lipophilicit

235 riment indicated that galnon, a nonselective galanin receptor agonist, did not affect cocaine-induced

236 Direct activation of galanin receptors by a galanin receptor agonist, galnon, was found to produce a

237 ) neurons, inhibited OX neurons, whereas the galanin receptor antagonist M40 (galanin-(1-12)-Pro3-(Al

238 cid following either an injection of M-40 (a galanin receptor antagonist) or saline.

239 Furthermore, a galanin receptor antagonist, M40, attenuated the antidep

240 reover, use of intracerebroventricular (ICV) galanin receptor antagonists in prior studies precluded

241 For example, GalR3 seems to be the important galanin receptor in both the human LC and DRN versus Gal

242 To generate systemically active galanin receptor ligands that discriminate between GalR1

243 g was only detected for NPY, suggesting that galanin receptor signaling may be impaired.

244 ese MORs form functional heteromers with the galanin receptor subtype Gal1 (Gal1R), which modulate th

245 or selective heteromerization of MOR and the galanin receptor subtype Gal1 (Gal1R).

246 modulates seizures in the brain through two galanin receptor subtypes, GalR1 and GalR2.

247 discrepancies exist, suggesting that another galanin receptor(s) may be present in some brain areas.

248 The galanin action is mediated by the galanin receptors (GAL1/2/3R).

249 -NH(2) motif and exhibited high affinity for galanin receptors (K(i) = 3.5 nM and 51.5 nM for GalR1 a

250 We found that activation of galanin receptors alone is not sufficient to mediate the

251 All three galanin receptors are found in the VTA, SN, NA, and LC;

252 data further implicate brain and spinal cord galanin receptors as drug targets and provide an example

253 The pharmacological exploitation of the galanin receptors as drug targets for treatment of epile

254 Direct activation of galanin receptors by a galanin receptor agonist, galnon,

255 Accordingly, drugs that target galanin receptors can alter behavioral responses to drug

256 Similarly, mRNAs encoding the galanin receptors GAL1 (GALR1), GAL2 (GALR2) and GAL3 GA

257 at is known about the ability of galanin and galanin receptors to alter neuronal activity, and we dis

258 Galanin receptors type 1 (GalR1) and/or type 2 (GalR2) r

259 ew nonpeptide ligands, capable of activating galanin receptors, are available today.

260 tivity for the three identified neuropeptide galanin receptors, GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3, was determin

261 inding revealed the presence of both NPY and galanin receptors, while functional receptor binding was

262 and in vivo for its affinity and efficacy at galanin receptors.

263 and in vivo for its affinity and efficacy at galanin receptors.

264 Galanin reduced the rate of trial completion in all the

265 The neuropeptide galanin regulates numerous physiological activities in t

266 Our findings provide insight into galanin's action in glucose homeostasis.

267 Understanding the mechanisms underlying galanin's effects on neuronal function in brain regions

268 e not known because of the lack of available galanin-selective ligands.

269 may also be relevant to the understanding of galanin signaling in other biological systems, especiall

270 suggest that the p.A39E mutant could impair galanin signaling in the hippocampus, leading to increas

271 together, these data suggest that targeting galanin signaling may be effective for the maintenance o

272 In this study, we investigated galanin signaling mechanisms in beta cells using cell bi

273 receptors may serve as a molecular gate for galanin signaling, and thus can be targeted to manipulat

274 al evidence that the mutant protein disrupts galanin signaling, strongly supports GAL as the causal g

275 Galanin signalling suppresses insulin secretion in anima

276 cluded defining a causal role for LC-derived galanin specifically.

277 The bioactive peptides galanin, spexin and kisspeptin have a common ancestral o

278 Therapeutic interventions targeting galanin, spexin and/or kisspeptin signalling pathways co

279 CYM2503 potentiated the galanin-stimulated IP1 accumulation in HEK293 cells stab

280 Galanin stimulation mediated decreased expression of cyc

281 In vitro, Galmic, like galanin, suppresses long-term potentiation in the dentat

282 , especially rat, in the distribution of the galanin system and some other transmitter systems.

283 ate analysis revealed a greater relevance of galanin system genes in highly stressed subjects compare

284 Using the same method, the effect of the galanin system genes was stronger than the effect of the

285 near models demonstrated that interaction of galanin system genes with life stressors explained more

286 Previous studies have demonstrated that the galanin system modulates responses to drugs of abuse suc

287 with special relevance for the neuropeptide galanin that also revealed DNA methylation changes at it

288 However, the neuropeptide galanin, the ATP-gated ion channel P2X3, and calcium cha

289 ivation of GABA(B) receptors is required for galanin to accomplish its modulation on the membrane pro

290 tide selectively counteracted the ability of galanin to block the dendritic dopamine release in the r

291 the LC by chronic exercise, and blockade of galanin transmission attenuates exercise-induced stress

292 Galanin treatment increased cholangiocyte proliferation

293 UM-SCC-1-GALR1 and UM-SCC-1-mock cells after galanin treatment.

294 After CCI, we observed galanin upregulation in DRG and sciatic nerve, which was

295 ts via bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery, and galanin was increased in serum and liver homogenates fro

296 (ATP)) and inhibition of calcium currents by galanin were disrupted by anti-G(o)2alpha antibodies.

297 The proliferative effects of galanin were via activation of galanin receptor 1 expres

298 Although Nts did not alter OX activity, galanin, which is coexpressed in LepRb(Nts) neurons, inh

299 pes (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3), which bind to galanin with different affinities and have their own uni

300 olism genes (ELOVL fatty acid elongase 3 and galanin), with parallel reductions in extracellular lipi