ライフサイエンスコーパス: graphene

1 s have shown potential for mass synthesis of graphene.

2 two rotated sheets of Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene.

3 the high specific surface area of the porous graphene.

4 erated is less than the plastic limit of the graphene.

5 with defect-free basal plane of single-layer graphene.

6 rbon, topologically distinct from disordered graphene.

7 g with a low energy input of 7.2 kJ per gram graphene.

8 n which graphite spontaneously exfoliates to graphene.

9 d in the confined region between cluster and graphene.

10 ronic, thermal, and mechanical properties of graphene.

11 ating yet challenging route to functionalize graphene.

12 lso the first realization of patterned Janus graphene.

13 ructive for future research on CVD growth of graphene.

14 contrasting interference physics compared to graphene.

15 tark contrast to magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene.

16 quired to fully utilize the unique nature of graphene.

17 temperatures in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene.

18 tube and lateral infinity of two-dimensional graphene.

19 nlarging the family of 2D-materials based on graphene.

20 nfrared, based on emerging materials such as graphene.

21 rconductivity in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene(1,2) has enabled the experimental investigation

22 lating states in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene(1-11) prompts fascinating questions about their

23 1), insulating surfaces(12-16), graphite and graphene(17,18) and under strong confinement(14,19-22).

24 the flat band of magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene(4-8) has sparked the exploration of correlated

25 ent polarizability of Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene(7,8).

26 Since graphene, a variety of 2D materials have been fabricated

27 lane of carboxylate functionalized graphene (graphene acid = GA) via amide bonds is reported.

28 servation of a QAH effect in twisted bilayer graphene aligned to hexagonal boron nitride.

29 changing the separation distance between the graphene and a metallic screening layer(12,13).

30 from broad structural analogies to hexagonal graphene and boron nitride, we demonstrate that such low

31 urrently not present in the state-of-the-art graphene and commercial mid-infrared detectors.

32 Controlling the structure of graphene and graphene oxide (GO) phases is vitally impor

33 hly discussed and are compared with those of graphene and its "cousins." Numerous frontline applicati

34 surements of electron viscosity in monolayer graphene and of umklapp electron-electron scattering in

35 sition metal hydroxides-based cocatalysts on graphene and other two-dimension platforms for artificia

36 or carbon atoms by studying twisted trilayer graphene and show that the result can be applied to stru

37 Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene and single layer covalent organic frameworks (s

38 red method used, can get diffused in between graphene and the substrate.

39 extends up to micrometer separations between graphene and the substrate.

40 at is comparable to, or better than, that of graphene and TMD nanoribbons prepared through convention

41 nducting materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and conducting polymers have been intensively

42 st defect concentrations reported so far for graphene, and confirms the turbostratic stacking of FG,

43 from polymer residues, the thickness of the graphene, and its adhesive strength with respect to the

44 ging from cuprate superconductors to bilayer graphene, and may arise from physics beyond the quantum

45 for electron hydrodynamics in systems beyond graphene, and presents experimental geometries to quanti

46 e that the diffusion length and viscosity in graphene are frequency-dependent.

47 Nanoporous graphenes are desirable for applications ranging from hi

48 poorly understood as the charge currents in graphenes are generally believed to be non-magnetic.

49 ibited by two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, are rooted in the underlying physics of the re

50 ic properties of magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene as a function of electron filling, determined u

51 Here, we evaluate ultraclean graphene as a material platform for high-performance Hal

52 ctron fluid in charge-neutral, high-mobility graphene at room temperature(4).

53 ve oscillator strength by tuning the bilayer graphene bandgap.

54 three-dimensional structure of laser-induced graphene based electrode, a single micro-supercapacitor

55 32.3%; this is highest reported value for a graphene based nanofluid.

56 eezing of microwave and optical fields using graphene based structure.

57 For the development of next generation graphene-based electronic components, electrical charact

58 (-1) , significantly higher than traditional graphene-based materials.

59 ronment to their extensively-studied analogs graphene-based membranes; however, challenges such as lo

60 observation of emergent ferroelectricity in graphene-based moire heterostructures.

61 nsive review that summarizes the most recent graphene-based nanobiosensors and oral bioelectronics fo

62 ue and tunable physicochemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials make them ideal candidates

63 rce based on NPG, which will pave the way to graphene-based optical mid-IR communication, mid-IR colo

64 conversion pathway of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) in graphene-based polymer beads.

65 In this paper we fabricate a micrometer-size graphene-based sensor to measure oxygen permeation throu

66 the current state-of-the-art applications of graphene-based systems for sensing a variety of viruses,

67 The sensitivity and selectivity of graphene can be enhanced by its functionalization or com

68 Here, we use FETs with a deformed monolayer graphene channel for the detection of nucleic acids.

69 etallic conductor and also in a low-mobility graphene channel.

70 an amino moiety-bearing polymer layer on the graphene channel.

71 we developed a uniform, large-area, layered graphene composite of graphene oxide/graphene (GO/G) for

72 arly thin Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite using graphene contact exhibit electron mobilities ranging fro

73 Moreover, the deformed graphene could exhibit a band-gap, allowing an exponenti

74 pitaxy growth of WS(2) in ordered mesoporous graphene derived from nanocrystal superlattices.

75 ned positions along the hexagonal lattice of graphene-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is a c

76 s, which may pave a new way to design new 3D graphene devices with preserved 2D electronic properties

77 ucture facilitates gate tunability just like graphene does, but unlike graphene, TMDs have the advant

78 f other bacterial cells, distance between of graphene dot and graphene oxide is very low and graphene

79 t the thermal conductivity of this stable Ag-graphene/EG is significantly enhanced by a factor of abo

80 des a new degree of freedom to manipulate 3D graphene electrical properties, which may pave a new way

81 Laser-scribed graphene electrodes (LSGEs) have recently shown a potent

82 Thicker 10-layer graphene electrodes displayed only a small kinetic diffe

83 ination of an AlGaN/GaN heterostructure with graphene electrodes facilitates the development of a sin

84 3D printing of graphene electrodes with high mechanical strength has be

85 discuss the details of structural designs of graphene electronics, use cases of salivary biomarkers,

86 Yet the preparation of robust and ultraclean graphene EM grids remains challenging.

87 The exceptional mechanical properties of graphene enable the controlled, geometric transformation

88 We fabricate micrometer-scale devices from graphene encapsulated with hexagonal boron nitride and f

89 th exotic phase structures and properties in graphene-encapsulated confined cells.

90 Graphene-encapsulated Cu NPs showed the narrowest SLR li

91 2D materials, such as graphene, exhibit great potential as functional material

92 Magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene exhibits a variety of electronic states, includ

93 We initially cover the biodegradation of graphene family materials, followed by other emerging cl

94 Furthermore, by increasing the graphene Fermi energy through an external gate voltage,

95 In particular, by switching the graphene/ferromagnet interaction, spin transport reveals

96 EVD 10 times more sensitive than traditional graphene field-effect transistors.

97 The interlayer slips and wrinkles of the graphene film endow the robust protective skin with high

98 rove the mechanical stability of the printed graphene films compared with those of conventional molec

99 ction, and achieves the superclean growth of graphene films in a controllable manner.

100 onventional hot-wall CVD system, CVD-derived graphene films suffer from surface contamination origina

101 ng approach for the industrial production of graphene films with appealing controllability and unifor

102 ce for industrial production of high-quality graphene films, and the finding about the engineering of

103 In addition, it is predicted that graphene flakes can be efficiently used as a new-generat

104 one-dimensional (1D) nanowires (NWs) and 2D graphene flakes grown out-of-plane for highly controlled

105 ere, the true amphipathic nature of pristine graphene flakes is demonstrated through wet-chemistry te

106 ommonly used graphene oxide flakes, pristine graphene flakes possess well-defined hydrophobic and hyd

107 fundamental colloidal properties of pristine graphene flakes remain incompletely understood, with con

108 f weakly dispersive, 'flat' bands in bilayer graphene for certain 'magic' angles of twist between the

109 hological characteristics of the transferred graphene for industrial and research purposes.

110 , is important in the physics of magic-angle graphene, forming the parent state out of which the more

111 layered graphene composite of graphene oxide/graphene (GO/G) for the detection of circulating miRNA-2

112 he basal-plane of carboxylate functionalized graphene (graphene acid = GA) via amide bonds is reporte

113 The same kind of hydrophilic graphene grid allows the formation of ultrathin vitrifie

114 cant improvements in image quality using the graphene grids and expand the scope of EM imaging.

115 Loading samples on such graphene grids enables the detection of single metal ato

116 Our graphene grids increase the density of examined soluble,

117 d for batch fabrication of robust ultraclean graphene grids through membrane tension modulation.

118 posome isolation, cryo-sample preparation on graphene grids, and an efficient particle selection stra

119 ss to use Cu NPs as catalytic substrates for graphene growth.

120 3D integration of graphene has attracted attention for realizing carbon-ba

121 Porous graphene has shown promise as a new generation of select

122 transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and graphene have attracted keen scientific interest due to

123 Recent experiments on twisted bilayer graphene have shown a high-temperature parent state with

124 The ABC-trilayer graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (ABC-TLG/hBN) moire sup

125 Graphene holds promise for thin, ultralightweight, and h

126 Furthermore, a more complex patterned graphene hybrid architecture was constructed, taking adv

127 rray that contains an organic-dye-sensitized graphene hybrid composite is reported to serve as an eff

128 sed on molybdenum disulfide/graphene (MoS(2)/graphene) hybrid nanostructure was proposed and fabricat

129 ic waste-can afford gram-scale quantities of graphene in less than one second.

130 ve, and environmentally friendly approach to graphene ink that is suitable for screen printing onto p

131 In particular, a graphene ink with superior colloidal stability is demons

132 show that the plane-contacted perovskite and graphene interface presents a lower barrier than gold fo

133 Twisted bilayer graphene is a key material in this regard because the su

134 Graphene is a lightweight, chemically stable and conduct

135 c components, electrical characterization of graphene is imperative and requires the measurement of w

136 A single nickel atom embedded in graphene is one of the most representative single-atom c

137 nteractions induce electronic band gaps when graphene is patterned at nanometer length scales.

138 The electron-hole plasma in charge-neutral graphene is predicted to realize a quantum critical syst

139 composite of polyetherimide and single-layer graphene is prepared and suspended on the centimeter sca

140 Most bulk-scale graphene is produced by a top-down approach, exfoliating

141 The differential conductance of graphene is shown to exhibit a zero-bias anomaly at low

142 (SAMs) of the wires in Au-SAM-Pt and Au-SAM-graphene junctions, from which the conductance per molec

143 ent of PbI(2) monolayers with the underlying graphene lattice occurs, leading to a phase shift from t

144 use the superlattice produced by the rotated graphene layers introduces a van Hove singularity and fl

145 lectrostatic repulsion between 4-ABA-grafted graphene layers.

146 Laser-derived graphene (LDG) technology is gaining attention as a prom

147 rough thermal-stress-induced welding between graphene-like nanosheets grown on the surface of copper

148 Accordingly, a graphene-like polyactic acid (PLA) layer serves as the h

149 we present the fabrication of a well-defined graphene-like t-COF on Au(111).

150 lizes in the planar hexagonal structure in a graphene liquid cell by a wet-chemistry approach.

151 Charge carrier insertion into the graphene makes the EEVD 10 times more sensitive than tra

152 cal character in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG) has created a unique opportunity to sea

153 ucting phases in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG)(1,2) crucially depend on the interlayer

154 on for 2D materials using carbon nitride and graphene materials as examples.

155 Beginning with the first isolation of graphene, mechanical exfoliation has been a key to provi

156 support the specimens, where atomically thin graphene membranes can serve as an ideal candidate.

157 ize due to fatigue and fracture of suspended graphene membranes.

158 arge threshold mediated by optically trapped graphene microparticles with the use of a laser beam of

159 in ultrahigh vacuum, requiring no aid of the graphene Moire pattern.

160 These improvements stem from the use of a graphene monolayer with extremely low specific heat(14)

161 raction between ferromagnetic electrodes and graphene monolayers is shown to fundamentally control th

162 stor biosensor based on molybdenum disulfide/graphene (MoS(2)/graphene) hybrid nanostructure was prop

163 cs, to ceramics and even 2D materials (e.g., graphene, MoS(2) ).

164 Rational design and fabrication of graphene nanoarchitectures with multifunctionality and m

165 fermions are essentially preserved in the 3D graphene nanoarchitectures, while the 3D curvature can e

166 a remarkably enhanced photoresponse in PNCs/graphene nanohybrid photodetectors using the AuCu/CsPbCl

167 ynes 3a,b into the fjord-edge nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbon structures 1a,b (fjord-edge N(2)[8]G

168 ing linkers and as precursors for controlled graphene nanoribbon synthesis, they have seldom been use

169 ronic states within the bulk band gap of the graphene nanoribbon that hybridize to yield a dispersive

170 A magnetic graphene nanoribbon-boronic-acid-based immunosensor was

171 and fabrication of robust metallic states in graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are challenging because late

172 Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have attracted much interest

173 The synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) that contain site-specifical

174 Magnetic graphene nanoribbons (MGNRs) were modified with boronic

175 trical parameters and properties of wrinkled graphene nanoribbons.

176 of parallelly stacked few-layer defect-free graphene nanosheets, which can deform to remain ultracon

177 creases the electron-tunneling width between graphene nanostructures (~ 38 nm) by only 0.19 A reduces

178 Twisted bilayer graphene near the magic angle(1-4) exhibits rich electro

179 to construct a three-dimensional continuous graphene network architecture in a copper matrix through

180 Three-dimensional graphene network is a promising structure for improving

181 zer, hierarchical Ni(OH)(2) nanosheet arrays-graphene (Ni(OH)(2)-GR) composites exhibit superior phot

182 ive biosensing system using iron nanoflorets graphene nickel (INFGN) as the transducer and a specific

183 thermal mid-IR source based on nanopatterned graphene (NPG) with a typical mobility of CVD-grown grap

184 (T(NP)) for sets of individual graphite and graphene NPs.

185 rmal stimulation using NW-templated 3D fuzzy graphene (NT-3DFG) is flexible due to its broadband abso

186 n, a novel strategy to obtain micropatterned graphene on polymer substrates using a direct curing pro

187 r and few-layer WS(2) was grown on epitaxial graphene on SiC by sulfurization of WO(3-x) thin films d

188 However, graphene-only devices are limited in size due to fatigue

189 ce studies on the MPO-catalyzed oxidation of graphene oxide (GO) and surfactant-coated pristine (6,5)

190 photoluminescence quenching capabilities of graphene oxide (GO) and the versatile format offered by

191 In this study, graphene oxide (GO) is conjugated with ZOL, and the nano

192 charge storage and membrane applications of graphene oxide (GO) materials are dictated by its intrin

193 Controlling the structure of graphene and graphene oxide (GO) phases is vitally important for any

194 The direct treatment of graphene oxide (GO) with the commercially available Lawe

195 lactone (PCL) and various amounts of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) at 0.5, 1, and 3 wt.%.

196 ntial chemical treatment to generate reduced graphene oxide (rGO) within 3D-printed polylactic acid (

197 mposed of polymers and particulates, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and metal-organic frameworks.

198 rites, is achieved on self-assembled reduced graphene oxide (rGO).

199 drogel, silver nanowires (AgNW), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO).

200 t a tyrosinase-conjugated zinc oxide-reduced graphene oxide (Tyr/ZnO-rGO) nanocomposite system as a b

201 ode system combines the high surface area of graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes, and the superior ho

202 a new fluorescence immunosensor with use of graphene oxide and graphene quantum dot for detection Ca

203 from an oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by graphene oxide and including a silicate precursor to gro

204 carbon nanotubes during the self-assembly of graphene oxide and M13, and a similar porous macro-struc

205 a nanocomposite based on the functionalised graphene oxide and poly(carbonate-urea)urethane with the

206 mensional self-assembled heterostructures of graphene oxide and polyamine macromolecules, forming a n

207 tion of hydrogel prevents the aggregation of graphene oxide and significantly promotes their excellen

208 udy demonstrates the development of flexible graphene oxide coatings (GOCs) by the screen-printed tec

209 fied with Au nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide flakes, exhibits a LOD of 0.088 mg L(-1).

210 In contrast to commonly used graphene oxide flakes, pristine graphene flakes possess

211 Pyrocatechol violet impregnated magnetic graphene oxide hybrid material (PV-MGO) was prepared as

212 e freestanding transition-metal carbides and graphene oxide hybrid membranes as high-performance PRO

213 r was coated with a nanometric thin layer of graphene oxide in order to provide functional groups for

214 The optical response of a graphene oxide integrated silicon micro-ring resonator (

215 cells, distance between of graphene dot and graphene oxide is very low and graphene quantum dot fluo

216 The printed graphene oxide microelectrodes were electrochemically re

217 ble extracellular electron acceptors such as graphene oxide or electrodes in microbial electrolysis c

218 On another layer, graphene oxide paper was applied as an LDI-MS substrate

219 e specific cases of molybdenum disulfide and graphene oxide particles, dispersed in a nematic liquid

220 ions: a colloidal nematic phase comprised of graphene oxide platelets and a nematic phase formed by a

221 FIA) with amperometric detection and reduced graphene oxide sensor for ascorbic acid determination in

222 Herein, graphene oxide was used for creating disordered macro an

223 through constructing a heterostructure with graphene oxide, ion selectivity of the BP membrane incre

224 two Raman bands of molybdenum disulfide and graphene oxide, we demonstrate that an accurate position

225 duction of soluble fumarate and heterogenous graphene oxide, with electrons from an external power so

226 iosensors were developed by using commercial graphene oxide-based screen-printed electrodes and varyi

227 Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide-multiwall carbon nanotubes (3DrGO-MWCNTs)

228 t, structural nanocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide.

229 m, large-area, layered graphene composite of graphene oxide/graphene (GO/G) for the detection of circ

230 lution-processed 2D-molybdenum disulfide and graphene-oxide (GO) that can be deposited on to stainles

231 ting the electrodes by nanoflakes of reduced-graphene-oxide (rGO), and immobilizing specific viral an

232 The strategy involves graphene-oxide/I(2)-catalyzed nitrene insertion using Ph

233 on the NPG sheet, partially hybridized with graphene phonons and surface phonons of the neighboring

234 on, we show that the coherence length of the graphene plasmons and the thermally emitted photons can

235 rough an external gate voltage, we find that graphene plasmons mediate the optical nonlinearity and m

236 graphene sheet and improves the alignment of graphene platelets, resulting in much higher compactness

237 highly concentrate mid-infrared light into a graphene pn-junction.

238 (CNS) with wide a range of high surface area graphene potential usages including batteries, supercapa

239 In this study, titania-ceria-graphene quantum dot (TC-GQD) nanocomposite was synthesi

240 phene dot and graphene oxide is very low and graphene quantum dot fluorescence emission was OFF.

241 immunosensor with use of graphene oxide and graphene quantum dot for detection Campylobacter jejuni

242 tion of poly clonal antibody conjugated with graphene quantum dot with surface protein in Campylobact

243 a glassy carbon electrode (GC) modified with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and Nafion (NF) has been de

244 Here we show that graphene quantum dots (GQDs) can assemble into complex s

245 y MPO/H(2)O(2)/Cl(-) due to the formation of graphene quantum dots (GQDs).

246 t can also be regarded as atomically precise graphene quantum dots, as a new class of fluorophores fo

247 erein, a 3D printed bioinspired electrode of graphene reinforced with 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (3DP

248 forward method for covalent 2D patterning of graphene remains challenging.

249 inent and robust hysteretic behaviour of the graphene resistance with an externally applied out-of-pl

250 f molecular hydrogen at catalytically active graphene ripples, followed by adsorbed atoms flipping to

251 Graphene samples transferred via four different methods

252 le, transparent, well-defined self-activated graphene sensor arrays, capable of gas discrimination wi

253 c polarization through a non-local monolayer graphene sensor.

254 nd AD molecules reduces the voids within the graphene sheet and improves the alignment of graphene pl

255 rbed atoms flipping to the other side of the graphene sheet with a relatively low activation energy o

256 anus-binding were periodically weaved on the graphene sheet, leading to four different types of zones

257 n nitride (hBN)(7,8) used to encapsulate the graphene sheets indicates the importance of the microsco

258 Atomically thin graphene sheets serve as folding hinges during a process

259 On single-layer graphene (SLG) we observed a shift in the onset of H(2)O

260 The result is a viscous graphene stabilized water-in-oil emulsion-based ink.

261 Direct growth of uniform, large area TMDs on graphene substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) i

262 Here we overview their applications beyond graphene, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, mono

263 ity of graphene, we develop a superconductor-graphene-superconductor Josephson junction(8-13) bolomet

264 In quantizing magnetic fields, graphene superlattices exhibit a complex fractal spectru

265 d of umklapp electron-electron scattering in graphene superlattices.

266 Experiments have shown that graphene-supported Ni-single atom catalysts (Ni-SACs) pr

267 ayer purity) and deposit them onto suspended graphene supports to enable atomic structure study of Pb

268 port how aryl groups that can migrate over a graphene surface.

269 near-free-standing condition afforded by the graphene surface.

270 Compared to established methods for graphene synthesis, LDG provides many advantages such as

271 based on small-angle twisted bilayer-bilayer graphene (TBBG), consisting of two rotated sheets of Ber

272 Magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (TBG), with rotational misalignment close to 1.

273 s heterostructures of twisted double bilayer graphene (TDBG), we demonstrate a flat electron band tha

274 measurements of the electrical properties of graphene that ranges from nano- to macro- scales, while

275 d region, leads to the selective reaction of graphene, thereby completing direct laser writing on gra

276 rinted carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with graphene/titanium dioxide (G/TiO(2)) nanocomposite to im

277 nability just like graphene does, but unlike graphene, TMDs have the advantage of a sizable band gap

278 f a series of transition metal hydroxides on graphene to act as a cocatalyst ensemble for efficient C

279 , thereby completing direct laser writing on graphene toward a spatially resolved 2D-patterned archit

280 Post-growth graphene transfer to a variety of host substrates for ci

281 Following a 15-year-long investigation on graphene, two-dimensional (2D) carbon-rich conjugated fr

282 e (NPG) with a typical mobility of CVD-grown graphene (up to 3000 [Formula: see text]), ensuring scal

283 electronic band structure of twisted bilayer graphene using a back-gated device architecture for angl

284 Achieving precise nanopore topologies in graphene using top-down lithographic approaches has prov

285 n, the formation of unique mesoporous WS(2) @graphene van der Waals heterostructures ensures the read

286 e a route to synthesize a broad range of TMD/graphene van der Waals heterostructures with novel prope

287 s consisting of ~ 25 concentric, cylindrical graphene walls at a high yield of > 90% CNTs.

288 nd, easily exfoliated and highly crystalline graphene was produced from abundant carbon-containing sp

289 Ferrocene adsorbed on graphene was strategically chosen as the vdW heterojunct

290 s observed that during the growth process of graphene, water molecules, sourced from ambient humidity

291 layer embedded most protein particles at the graphene-water interface, which facilitates cryo-EM 3D r

292 ic specific heat and thermal conductivity of graphene, we develop a superconductor-graphene-supercond

293 dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite and graphene, we show that the plane-contacted perovskite an

294 p to 10(-4.37) G(0) (Pt) and 10(-3.78) G(0) (graphene) were measured, despite limited electronic coup

295 ass, and low-cost production of high-quality graphene, which is alluring, remains a great challenge,

296 ates and extrinsic anisotropy induced by the graphene window.

297 The electronic properties of 3D nanoporous graphene with a curvature radius down to 25-50 nm are sy

298 ) successfully scans ~1 mm(2) of transferred graphene with a vertical resolution of ~0.1 nm.

299 ts is the use of a functionalized conductive graphene with enhanced biocompatibility, anti-oxidation,

300 superlattice potential (via aligning bilayer graphene with the top and/or bottom boron nitride crysta