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1 melanogaster and Saccoglossus kowalevskii (a hemichordate).
2 ns from it (ascidian, vertebrate, echinoderm/hemichordate).
3 min K-dependent carboxylase activity in this hemichordate.
4 n experimentally tractable representative of hemichordates.
5 e enteropneust body plan is ancestral within hemichordates.
6 p composed of the chordates, echinoderms and hemichordates(1), is still controversial, not least beca
7 ene in an indirectly developing enteropneust hemichordate, a representative of the sister group to th
8 te (amphioxus; Branchiostoma floridae) and a hemichordate (acorn worm; Saccoglossus kowalevskii) with
9 tional and expression studies in sea urchin, hemichordate and chordate embryos reveal striking simila
10 rvous system to the ventral ectoderm in both hemichordate and sea urchin larvae.
11 d theca, a muscular stalk reminiscent of the hemichordates and a pair of feeding appendages.
12 atterning may be shared between echinoderms, hemichordates and a putative ambulacrarian ancestor.
13       Domain topography is conserved between hemichordates and chordates despite the fact that hemich
14 e one major group of bilaterians composed by hemichordates and echinoderms (collectively called Ambul
15 uthors considered it variously as related to hemichordates and echinoderms owing to similarities of n
16 chordates and vertebrates) and Ambulacraria (hemichordates and echinoderms).
17 ology, embryology and genomics of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms, which together make up th
18 urbella is in fact a deuterostome related to hemichordates and echinoderms.
19 s to the animal-vegetal axis, in contrast to hemichordates and indirect-developing echinoderms.
20                                           In hemichordates and many direct-developing echinoderms, th
21 of disparate forms that include echinoderms, hemichordates and more problematic groups such as vetuli
22 ate more informed neural comparisons between hemichordates and other groups, contributing to broader
23 al-evidence clocks, date the origins of both hemichordates and pterobranchs to the earliest Cambrian
24  body plan is to become colonial, as seen in hemichordates and tunicates.
25  retained to pattern divergent structures in hemichordates and vertebrates.
26            Genomic comparisons of chordates, hemichordates, and echinoderms can inform hypotheses for
27 l echinoderm, but it also predates all known hemichordates, and is among the earliest deuterostomes.
28                                              Hemichordates are a deuterostome phylum, the sister grou
29                                              Hemichordates are an important group for investigating t
30 ith a bilaterally symmetric adult body plan, hemichordates are particularly informative for exploring
31 as enteropneust (literally, 'gut-breathing') hemichordates, are marine invertebrates that share featu
32 lacraria, we sequenced transcriptomes for 14 hemichordates as well as 8 echinoderms and complemented
33 blend morphological features of the two main hemichordate body plans, namely the tentacle-less entero
34                                 We show that hemichordate chromosomes (1N = 23) exhibit remarkable ch
35 een highly conserved within the echinoderm + hemichordate clade, nothing is known about these mechani
36 ned experimentally in several echinoderm and hemichordate classes.
37 e amphioxus have similar organization to the hemichordate cluster, but with different posterior genes
38 out the molecular mechanism underlying early hemichordate development.
39                    However, understanding of hemichordate diversity is poor, as evidenced by absence
40 osterior genes specific to Ambulacraria (the hemichordate-echinoderm clade), two forming an inverted
41 y trajectories leading from this ancestor to hemichordates, echinoderms and chordates.
42 hordates) and three other invertebrate taxa: hemichordates, echinoderms and Xenoturbella.
43 expressed in vertebrate-like arrangements in hemichordate ectoderm, and homologous genetic mechanisms
44 anscriptional and regulatory dynamics during hemichordate gastrulation, cephalochordate neurulation a
45 ains a 588 kb cluster of 11 orthologs of the hemichordate genes, ordered differently, plausibly refle
46                                          The hemichordate genomes exhibit extensive conserved synteny
47 nimals, we analyzed the Hox complexes of two hemichordate genomes.
48                                              Hemichordates had no meiofaunal representatives until th
49 hordates and chordates despite the fact that hemichordates have a diffuse nerve net, whereas chordate
50                       First, echinoderms and hemichordates have similar feeding larvae, but build a n
51 to the complex Ambulacraria (echinoderms and hemichordates) in a clade called the Xenambulacraria [3-
52 ms have either radial or bilateral symmetry, hemichordates include bilateral enteropneust worms and c
53 ice and a functionally equivalent element in hemichordates, indicating an ancient origin of the Shh z
54 of gene expression and chromatin dynamics in hemichordates is still lacking.
55 e early-diverged deuterostomes (echinoderms, hemichordates), it is uncertain whether the ancestral ce
56                         We found that in the hemichordate larva, BMP signaling is required for DV pat
57 e of a major difference in body plan between hemichordate larval and adult forms and confirm the hypo
58 ly reflecting rearrangements of an ancestral hemichordate-like ambulacrarian cluster.
59       These represent two of the three major hemichordate lineages, the third being the indirect deve
60 mal species, including vertebrate, ascidian, hemichordate, mollusc, annelid and arthropod, but not in
61                   A molecular description of hemichordate nervous system organization is important fo
62 n deuterostome and chordate evolution, adult hemichordate nervous systems have not been comprehensive
63                    Despite the importance of hemichordate neuroanatomy for testing hypotheses on deut
64 n and ciliary ultrastructure (also shared by hemichordates), or as among the most primitive of Bilate
65 an indirect-developing enteropneust from the hemichordate phylum, which together with echinoderms for
66                                     Notably, hemichordates possess a deuterostome-specific genomic cl
67 elopmental stages of the indirect-developing hemichordate Ptychodera flava.
68 soderm in the development of an enteropneust hemichordate, Ptychodera flava, and the expression of th
69 yos, on the indirect developing enteropneust hemichordate, Ptychodera flava.
70        Unlike echinoids, indirect developing hemichordates retain the larval body axes and major larv
71 d that the hh gene of a colonial pterobranch hemichordate, Rhabdopleura compacta, is expressed in a d
72  treatments ventralize the direct developing hemichordate, S. kowalevskii indicating that a common pa
73 ith putative NGFFFamide-like peptides in the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii (NGFWNamide and NG
74  of canonical Wnt and Notch signaling in the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii and reveal that bo
75 ort to resolve these issues, we examined the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii and studied the ex
76   Several pNPs were also identified from the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii and the cephalocho
77 describe the basic organization of the adult hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii nervous system usi
78 ica and isthmic organizer-are present in the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii.
79 ure similar to that of the direct developing hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii.
80 n of recent studies from a direct developing hemichordate (Saccoglossus kowalevskii), very little is
81 o its ortholog in a harrimaniid enteropneust hemichordate, Saccoglossus kowalevskii.
82 d adult body plans of an indirect developing hemichordate, Schizocardium californicum [2].
83                        Allied to pterobranch hemichordates, small colonial tube dwellers, modern ente
84  In this Primer, we introduce representative hemichordate species with contrasting modes of developme
85 rate chromosome-level genome assemblies of 2 hemichordate species, Ptychodera flava and Schizocardium
86 ogous amino acids, including new data from a hemichordate, starfish and Xenoturbella.
87                               The chordates, hemichordates (such as acorn worms) and echinoderms (suc
88                              Comparison with hemichordates suggests that anterior Otx and posterior G
89 iopod, annelid, onychophoran, priapulid, and hemichordate that represent major protostome lineages an
90 Acorn worms, or enteropneusts, are vermiform hemichordates that occupy an important position in deute
91 g the chordates (including vertebrates), the hemichordates (the vermiform enteropneusts and the colon
92 p ocean is home to a group of broad-collared hemichordates--the so-called 'lophenteropneusts'--that h
93 s will allow future comparative studies with hemichordates to take into account molecular differences
94 e latest common ancestor of echinoderms plus hemichordates used a maximal indirect mode of developmen
95 sequently split into 2 chromosomes in extant hemichordates, while this homologous ALG further fused w
96                      Indirect development of hemichordates, with larval phases similar to echinoderms
97 data place the Ambulacraria (echinoderms and hemichordates) within the Deuterostomia and as the siste