ライフサイエンスコーパス: hind

1 the homolateral LPN connections ensure fore-hind alternation in all gaits.

2 nation at high speeds without affecting fore-hind alternation.

3 ole they play in advancing theory, improving hind and forecasting, and enabling problem solving and m

4 However, the phasing between hind and forelimbs shows considerable variation.

5 Both approaches revealed asymmetries in hind- and forelimb step length in a unilateral PD model,

6 Significant hind-ankle swelling (>/=0.3 mm) occurred in DR4-IE-trans

7 ebrates has been knowledge of the pelvis and hind appendage of their closest fish relatives.

8 ot only in the forebrain but also in the mid-hind brain and spinal cords but excluded the cerebellum.

9 -25 did not activate c-fos expression in the hind brain or paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamu

10 ery striking pattern in the rhombencephalon (hind brain).

11 enting a different depositional environment: Hinds Cave (~8000 years B.P.) in the southern United Sta

12 The data from the Hinds Cave samples largely represented unknown sources.

13 transplants gained significantly better fore-hind coordination than those dogs receiving cell transpo

14 15-min occlusion/15-min release of the left-hind femoral artery.

15 x amputation of the third digit of the right hind foot and either treated with chemotactic ECM degrad

16 n and peripheral nociceptor sensitization in hind foot hairy skin, but not glabrous skin, rapidly act

17 nosaurs, eventually resulting in the reduced hind foot of these sauropods.

18 ipsilateral (left) and contralateral (right) hind foot pads were measured with laser Doppler flow per

19 sulted in inflammation and swelling of hairy hind foot skin in rats, a transient thermal hyperalgesia

20 r by injection of viable M. leprae into each hind footpad.

21 by modeling and explaining the influence of hind-fore limb phasing on mechanical work requirements.

22 While the unusual hind-fore phasing of primates does not match global work

23 ngle molecule sizing was performed on lambda Hind III digest DNA to obtain a size calibration curve.

24 erify our method by using restriction enzyme Hind III to cleave the fluorescent dsDNA.

25 citatory and inhibitory commissural and fore-hind inhibitory interactions within the cord.

26 nt commissural interneurons (CINs), (2) fore-hind interactions on each side of the spinal cord and (3

27 umping was generated by slow contractions of hind leg depressor muscles and then stored by bending sp

28 vels, muscle interstitial oxygen saturation, hind leg glucose extraction, and muscle insulin clearanc

29 Rats were trained to maintain a hind leg in a flexed position to avoid noxious stimulati

30 cic (T2) transection can learn to maintain a hind leg in a flexed position to minimize exposure to a

31 In addition, hind leg kick force, produced by stimulating the extenso

32 ogical and life history traits: body weight, hind leg length, parasite burden, horn length, horn grow

33 n of a well-studied model system: the locust hind leg tibial extensor muscle.

34 If one hind leg was cocked then the spikes only occurred in mot

35 with Poly:ICLC plus OVA protein in the neck, hind leg, or foreleg for drainage into the cervical, ing

36 ve, trip duration, presence of pollen on the hind legs and mass upon return to the hive, during the l

37 High-speed microscopy recordings of hind legs during the acceleration phase of jumps reveale

38 ividuals, we compared the front, middle, and hind legs of multiple flies using scanning electron micr

39 ergy and its quick release to accelerate the hind legs rapidly.

40 ting to jump from smooth glass, the insects' hind legs slipped, resulting in weak, uncontrolled jumps

41 raptorial front legs, and the two propulsive hind legs to produce a controlled jump with a precise la

42 Dytiscus marginalis simultaneously uses its hind legs to propel itself through the water.

43 ther than the middle legs, and also that the hind legs were able to generate a larger angular velocit

44 Second, we concluded that the hind legs were able to propel the beetle farther than th

45 First, both hind legs were moved into a cocked position by high-freq

46 ously, orienting behavior (rearing up on the hind legs) habituated across trials in normo-active cont

47 e's center of mass, pollen is carried on the hind legs, farther from the center of mass.

48 ere injected into the vastus medialis of one hind limb (INJ); the contralateral limb (NINJ) served as

49 Lymphedema was induced in the right hind limb after a single fraction of 20 Gy radiation, po

50 s demonstrate improved perfusion in ischemic hind limb after mobilization of bone marrow progenitor c

51 s therapeutically effective both in ischemic hind limb and wound-healing models, significantly improv

52 nitrite therapy completely restored ischemic hind limb blood flow compared with nitrate or PBS therap

53 holine uptake in the tumor and muscle and on hind limb blood flow.

54 as applied through intermittent occlusion of hind limb blood flow.

55 lumbar and sacral vertebrae, under-developed hind limb bones and a kinky, shortened tail.

56 ve neurologic phenotype including hunchback, hind limb clasp, reduced survival and brain and cortical

57 They also exhibited reduced body weight and hind limb clasping.

58 vessels of a reduced size osteomyocutaneous hind limb CTA were anastomosed to recipient common carot

59 Both doses alleviated hind limb digital sensory, but not sciatic motor, nerve

60 Comparing hind limb element length, midshaft width, and robusticit

61 we analysed how the dimensions of the major hind limb elements in subfossil and modern species scale

62 a keen predatory lifestyle, including robust hind limb elements modified for grip strength.

63 illary density, but the revascularization of hind limb following ischemic surgery was significantly i

64 This effect translates into reductions in hind limb functional impairment.

65 rivals by performing both vocalizations and hind limb gestural signals, called "foot flags." Foot fl

66 on, and fibrosis, and significantly improved hind limb grip strength in mdx mice.

67 rea, endomysial collagen III deposition, and hind limb grip strength.

68 At 6 and 12 wk postsurgery, the hind limb had significantly less bone mineral density th

69 Animals were divided to have one hind limb immobilized (n = 129) or sham-immobilized (n =

70 In the present study, we show that hind limb intramuscular (IM) injection of alphaS can ind

71 jury; and increased metabolic activity after hind limb IR injury in a murine model of type-II diabete

72 ion have deficient angiogenesis in models of hind limb ischaemia and tumour-implant growth.

73 (WT) and TNFR2/p75 knockout (p75KO) mice to hind limb ischemia (HLI) surgery.

74 We used a murine model of hind limb ischemia (HLI), coupled with laser Doppler per

75 nduced by four cycles of 5 minutes bilateral hind limb ischemia alternately with 5 minutes of reperfu

76 ce exhibited reduced revascularization after hind limb ischemia and tumor angiogenesis in oncogene-in

77 in distinct models of angiogenesis; namely, hind limb ischemia and tumor angiogenesis.

78 db/db mice underwent 1.5 hours of hind limb ischemia followed by 1, 7, or 24 hours of repe

79 Repetitive hind limb ischemia in rats-blood plasma transfers to iso

80 Hind limb ischemia led to an increase in MEK1 and JNK1 a

81 nalysis, enzyme and receptor inhibitors, and hind limb ischemia model in caspase-1 knock-out (KO) mic

82 , cells were directly implanted into a mouse hind limb ischemia model to test angiogenic-vasculogenic

83 w of this divergent receptor function in the hind limb ischemia model, AdipoR1- and AdipoR2-deficient

84 In a hind limb ischemia model, CD31(+) cell transplantation a

85 In a hind limb ischemia model, leukocyte accumulation in MK(-

86 In mouse hind limb ischemia model, local intramuscular delivery o

87 ngiogenesis in nonretinal models such as the hind limb ischemia model.

88 ypothesis that PARP inhibition will modulate hind limb ischemia reperfusion (IR) in a mouse model of

89 After hind limb ischemia surgery Glrx TG mice demonstrated imp

90 Immediately after hind limb ischemia surgery, the db/+ and db/db mice were

91 By applying unilateral hind limb ischemia to transgenic and wild-type mice, we

92 Unilateral hind limb ischemia was conducted in 12- to 14-week-old d

93 Mice with hind limb ischemia were divided into 6 groups: db/+, db/

94 c tissue VEGF-A levels, and flow recovery to hind limb ischemia were impaired in myeloid-specific Myh

95 n-deficient mice were analyzed in a model of hind limb ischemia where blood flow is surgically disrup

96 arly after myocardial ischemia but not after hind limb ischemia, indicative of an important role for

97 T imaging NPR-C receptor in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia-induced angiogenesis.

98 Here, using a model of hind limb ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) remote lung injury,

99 ndothelial cells (ECs) from ROS imbalance in hind limb ischemia-subjected ob/ob mice.

100 RIC consisted of 4 x 5 min cycles of left hind limb ischemia.

101 demonstrate enhanced revascularization after hind limb ischemia.

102 in vivo revascularization in the setting of hind limb ischemia.

103 resulting in attenuated revascularization in hind limb ischemia.

104 ted neovascularization in an animal model of hind limb ischemia.

105 one, or vehicle alone were injected into the hind limb ischemic muscle one day after ligation of femo

106 ipoR1- and AdipoR2-deficient mice to chronic hind limb ischemic surgery.

107 mproves angiogenesis and blood flow in mouse hind limb ischemic tissues.

108 tail autotomy, characterized by more flexed hind limb joints.

109 ollateral flow restoration in a model of rat hind limb ligation.

110 no Shh activity in the fore limb, and in the hind limb low levels of Shh lead to a variant digit patt

111 emonstrate lymphatic isolation in a model of hind limb lymph node (LN) excision, consisting of ipsila

112 Hind limb maximum applied force was determined using a v

113 ation, and long-term OVL are detrimental for hind limb mdx mouse muscle, a murine model of Duchene mu

114 ectin-mediated vascular responses in a mouse hind limb model of vascular insufficiency.

115 To assess variation in hind limb morphology, we analysed how the dimensions of

116 he serotonergic agonist Quipazine, to enable hind limb motor functions following paralysis.

117 sion in M83 alphaS transgenic mice following hind limb muscle (intramuscular [i.m.]) injection of alp

118 e were anesthetized and exposed to bilateral hind limb muscle contractions (both concentric and eccen

119 ermanent female gravidity and increased male hind limb muscle mass.

120 utively active form of HIF-1alpha into mouse hind limb muscle was sufficient to increase plasma IL-10

121 rus serotype 6 (AAV6) expressing siPTEN into hind limb muscles at postnatal day 1 in SMNDelta7 mice l

122 we measured electromyogram (EMG) activity in hind limb muscles of SOD1G93A mice.

123 function index (SFI), and sciatic nerves and hind limb muscles were harvested for histomorphological

124 HX), implantation of EMG wires into selected hind limb muscles, and/or injections of tracer dyes into

125 o unstressed diaphragm is higher compared to hind limb muscles, which is probably attributable to con

126 erent shRNAs were injected one time into the hind limb muscles.

127 on, in contrast to what has been reported in hind limb muscles.

128 type, in which androgen receptor (AR) in the hind limb musculature is expressed at levels approximate

129 increased androgenic sensitivity within the hind limb musculature.

130 e Committee were used to examine ex vivo the hind limb of a rat and the toe of a pig.

131 d soft-tissue trauma was applied on the left hind limb of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats.

132 one of two parallel lymphatic vessels in the hind limb of sheep and the evaluation of structural and

133 l imaging are achieved at 1-3 mm deep in the hind limb owing to the beneficial NIR-II optical window

134 tional knockout mice suffer from progressive hind limb paralysis and ataxia and die around 6 weeks af

135 dbrain lesioning, and a cohort with complete hind limb paralysis due to T8 spinal cord transection.

136 trated that PMSCs have the potential to cure hind limb paralysis in the fetal lamb model of SB via a

137 time, and exhibit an increased incidence of hind limb paralysis that is linked to productive HSV-2 i

138 of Foxo1 resulted in exocrine pancreatitis, hind limb paralysis, multiorgan lymphocyte infiltration,

139 se muscle and that are associated with fatal hind limb paralysis.

140 intercepts with lower scaling exponents than hind limb parameters.

141 ated human endothelial cells, which enhanced hind limb perfusion (P<0.05 at day 7 and 14 after transp

142 hNF-L(E397K) mice, and consisted of aberrant hind limb posture, digit deformities, reduced voluntary

143 paired EC migration in Matrigel implants and hind limb revascularization after femoral artery ligatio

144 ncluding spastic paresis, fore limb tremors, hind limb rigidity, and a reduced life span (60-65 days

145 Histologic analysis of hind limb sections revealed severe necrotizing myositis,

146 morphology (XROMM) to image and animate the hind limb skeleton of a chicken-like bird traversing a d

147 After hind limb skin incision, Adm messenger RNA expression wa

148 their axons causes neuropathy that leads to hind limb spasticity and premature death.

149 re subjected to either synergist ablation or hind limb suspension for two weeks.

150 ipedal but retained ape-like features in the hind limb that would have limited their walking economy

151 clonal analysis of individual cells of mouse hind limb tissues devoid of nerve supply during regenera

152 presumed tissue stem/progenitor cells within hind limb tissues remain largely intact independent of n

153 The ORT hind limb transplant model seems to be best suited to st

154 s for orthotopic (ORT) and heterotopic (HET) hind limb transplantation.

155 Ultrasound-mediated gene delivery to mouse hind limb tumors was performed in vivo (n = 24) with ins

156 o neutral MBs in both cell culture and mouse hind limb tumors.

157 hypothesis that GH treatment will rescue the hind limb unloading (UL)-induced skeletal deficit in TBI

158 creased alcohol consumption impairs ischemic hind limb vascular repair.

159 o real-time epifluorescence imaging of mouse hind limb vasculatures in the second near-infrared regio

160 ilateral ACL transection (ACLT) of the right hind limb was performed in Lewis rats (n = 56).

161 hich a portion of the sciatic nerve from one hind limb was transected at postnatal day 8 to cause par

162 rience, using only rats that never developed hind limb weight bearing.

163 UL (right hind limb) and treatment (3 mg/day GH or vehicle) began

164 flow restoration in the previously ischemic hind limb, consistent with the development of angiogenes

165 density of microcirculation in the ischemic hind limb, suggesting the mechanism of efficacy of this

166 abbits underwent ACLT or sham surgery on one hind limb, while each contralateral limb was the nonoper

167 age of tetrapods and, indeed, a trend toward hind limb-based propulsion have antecedents in the fins

168 s research revealed that OPN is critical for hind limb-unloading induced lymphoid organ atrophy throu

169 completely interrupts lymphatic flow of the hind limb.

170 virtually a complete absence of axons in the hind limb.

171 during development of angiogenesis in mouse hind limb.

172 ibrils on the tissue level and ultimately in hind limb/segment paralysis.

173 ies assessment of upper/fore- limb and lower/hind- limb motor units using objective electrophysiologi

174 howed motor dysfunctions such as weakness of hind-limb and gait abnormality in an age-dependent manne

175 Rats were injected with bilateral hind-limb biosensors and were simultaneously subjected t

176 tionally, Kcne3(-/-) mice exhibited abnormal hind-limb clasping upon tail suspension (63% of Kcne3(-/

177 enic mouse (2D2(+) mouse) that presents with hind-limb clasping upon tail suspension and is associate

178 ce exhibited a relapsing-remitting course of hind-limb clasping with the development of progressive m

179 pid levels, and a neuromuscular abnormality (hind-limb clasping).

180 e have myotonia and suffer from intermittent hind-limb immobility attacks.

181 In vivo, hind-limb immobilization of Sprague-Dawley rats up-regul

182 ic mice but recovered to normal levels after hind-limb injection of bone marrow-derived EPCs.

183 Transection of the sciatic nerve prior to hind-limb inoculation diminished viral spread to the spi

184 ice survived at a higher frequency following hind-limb inoculation with sigma1s-null virus than when

185 ls were higher than WT in eNOS KO tissues in hind-limb ischemia and cutaneous wounds.

186 In contrast, hind-limb ischemia failed to induce Rac1 farnesylation a

187 Hind-limb ischemia induced Rac1 farnesylation and activa

188 When evaluated in a mouse hind-limb ischemia model, the nanofibers increased tissu

189 Hind-limb ischemia was produced in mice by iliac artery

190 In a mouse model of hind-limb ischemia, delivery of these matrices resulted

191 hown to significantly block tissue damage in hind-limb ischemia-reperfusion injury by up to 30% in co

192 al vessel growth and blood flow in models of hind-limb ischemia.

193 -) mice compared with WT mice in response to hind-limb ischemia.

194 ly Met81 or Ile81, and subjected the mice to hind-limb ischemia.

195 s, following the surgical induction of mouse hind-limb ischemia.

196 1Met) segregates with tissue protection from hind-limb ischemia.

197 (+) cells isolated from ischemic muscle in a hind-limb ischemic C57BL/6 mouse model play a role in ve

198 e metastasis and shortens the time window to hind-limb locomotion deficit from spinal cord compressio

199 contractile force with repetitive stimuli of hind-limb muscle, both in vivo and in vitro, this was ab

200 ed motor neurons not only reinnervated lower hind-limb muscles but also enabled their function to be

201 -like macrophages in the proximal and distal hind-limb muscles.

202 tor expressing follistatin (rAAV:Fst) to the hind-limb musculature of mice two weeks prior to denerva

203 nd Ca(2+) in dystrophic muscle fibers of the hind-limb musculature predicts a net Ca(2+) influx state

204 nsgene induced dystrophy-like disease in all hind-limb musculature, as well as exacerbated the muscle

205 ractivity, beginning at 16 days, followed by hind-limb paralysis and death.

206 59]) developed severe encephalomyelitis with hind-limb paralysis and succumbed within 7 days.

207 neurological symptoms including tremors and hind-limb paralysis.

208 eletion of the Slc8a1 (NCX1) gene diminished hind-limb pathology in Sgcd(-/-) mice.

209 athic pain model, LC(:SC) activation reduced hind-limb sensitisation and induced conditioned place pr

210 At day 7, unilateral hind-limb surgery with excision of the left femoral arte

211 ectrotransfer (IVE) to knock down the VDR in hind-limb tibialis anterior (TA) muscle for 10 days.

212 oxygenation challenges, including transient hind-limb tourniquet occlusion.

213 active hyperoxia occurs following release of hind-limb tourniquet occlusions.

214 Orthotopic hind-limb transplantations were performed in male Lewis

215 imaging, using two morphologically different hind-limb tumor models and drug-induced alterations in a

216 g, pennaceous feathers attached to the lower hind limbs (that is, 'hindwings').

217 es including a clasping abnormality of their hind limbs and a habituation deficit.

218 ear, the C-/- mice exhibited weakness of the hind limbs and progressive ataxia.

219 y show well-developed flight feathers on the hind limbs as well as the front limbs.

220 als distributed their weight equally between hind limbs compared to PBS-treated or untreated animals

221 enhanced diabetic BMC retention in ischemic hind limbs followed by improved blood perfusion, capilla

222 tocyte-specific Phd2 knockout also protected hind limbs from ischemia injury.

223 o U46619 was attenuated in isolated perfused hind limbs from mutant mice.

224 No modern vertebrate has hind limbs functioning as independent, fully developed w

225 Forelimbs and hind limbs in conditional knockout (CKO) mice were short

226 At day 5, hind limbs injected with ECFC + MPC showed greater blood

227 forelimb-dominated swimmers that used their hind limbs mainly for maneuverability and stability.

228 ar CD68(+) cell infiltration in the ischemic hind limbs of diabetic mice.

229 operation, showed exacerbated disease in the hind limbs of NCX1 TG mice, similar to treatment with th

230 umor model with VX2 tumors implanted on both hind limbs of rabbits and investigated the feasibility t

231 BALB/c hind limbs were transplanted to BALB/c or C57BL6 recipie

232 Australopithecus evinced longer hind limbs, extended limb posture, and a stiff midfoot,

233 including our large linear bodies, elongated hind limbs, large energy-expensive brains, reduced sexua

234 uding truncated forelimbs and the absence of hind limbs, largely phenocopying existing knockouts in w

235 letion occurred earlier in forelimbs than in hind limbs, leading additionally to soft tissue syndacty

236 ular survival and arteriogenesis in ischemic hind limbs, leading to the accelerated recovery of hindl

237 instem, peripheral nerves from both fore and hind limbs, stifle synovium and perisynovial adipose tis

238 teolytic tumors throughout the vertebrae and hind limbs, using biodistribution studies and small-anim

239 165b inhibited revascularization of ischemic hind limbs, whereas treatment with an isoform-specific n

240 for nitrite-mediated reperfusion of ischemic hind limbs.

241 duced perfusion and angiogenesis in ischemic hind limbs.

242 from a flaccid tail to complete paralysis of hind limbs.

243 FSS-induced collateral vessel growth in rat hind limbs.

244 persisted for 14 days in ECFC + MPC-injected hind limbs.

245 e showed better ability to stand up on their hind limbs: a typical exploratory behavior seen in healt

246 preted differently by the fore limbs and the hind limbs; in the absence of the second domain there is

247 bacilli were found in the DDS-sensitive mice hind pads.

248 ts develop hyperalgesia and allodynia in the hind paw after L5 spinal nerve ligation.

249 cegepant produced a significant reduction in hind paw and orofacial mechanical withdrawal thresholds

250 n of TLQP-21-stimulated macrophages into rat hind paw caused mechanical hypersensitivity.

251 the lymph nodes, liver, kidneys, spleen, and hind paw containing the injection site were removed and

252 cell line) and using the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model on rats.

253 Hind paw edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and oste

254 We induced unilateral inflammation of the hind paw in mice, and directly compared expression and f

255 Hind paw incision was used in separate groups of animals

256 The injection of carrageenin into the rat hind paw induced a decrease in the mechanical nociceptiv

257 ted an antinociceptive effect in rats with a hind paw inflammation, without exhibiting characteristic

258 e, reversible, dose-dependent attenuation of hind paw mechanical allodynia for up to 1h after adminis

259 orepaw steps were classified as exploratory, hind paw movement as locomotive.

260 ) was implanted subcutaneously on the dorsal hind paw of C57 mice while the tumor-free contralateral

261 l), but local injection of PGE(2)-G into the hind paw of HbAA-BERK mice produced sensitization of noc

262 sponse when injected subcutaneously into the hind paw of mice.

263 thermal hyperalgesia when injected into the hind paw of mice.

264 Arthritis was induced in the right hind paw of six rats; the left hind paw served as an int

265 that challenging the skin of the calf of the hind paw or the cheek of previously sensitized mice with

266 Periorbital and hind paw sensory thresholds were measured to detect cuta

267 in the right hind paw of six rats; the left hind paw served as an internal control.

268 to IL-17 partially inhibited the significant hind paw swelling and histopathological changes observed

269 alysis, and immunohistochemistry; plasma and hind paw tissue levels of cytokines and chemokines (incl

270 ts were injected subcutaneously in the right hind paw with (99m)Tc-SPIONs (25-50 MBq, approximately 0

271 bar (L5)-DRG induced hyperalgesia in the rat hind paw with a profile similar to that of intraplantar

272 inal cord, rats displayed markedly decreased hind paw withdrawal thresholds, indicative of below-leve

273 carrageenan (2%) into genital or nongenital (hind paw, tail, cheek) regions.

274 chanical hypersensitivity in the ipsilateral hind paw.

275 light-evoked nociceptive stimulation to the hind paw.

276 n (50muL, 10%) in the plantar surface of the hind paw.

277 IM elicited robust facial and hind-paw allodynia, which peaked within 3 hours.

278 Rats that experience hind-paw incision injury at 3 days of age, display an in

279 cal- and thermal-pain hypersensitivity after hind-paw inflammation compared with wild-type littermate

280 Cre (+) Ppara (-/-) mice did not demonstrate hind-paw perfusion recovery after feeding fenofibrate.

281 yographic responses to graded suprathreshold hind-paw stimuli in the 4 weeks following adult incision

282 ar junctions of the lumbrical muscles of the hind-paw were vulnerable in both SMA and ALS, with a los

283 onse to graded mechanical stimulation of the hind paws (brush, pressure, and pinch).

284 fied by measurement of ankle swelling in the hind paws and histologic examination.

285 domly assigned to five groups; each had both hind paws immersed in water at different temperatures (n

286 ng complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the hind paws of rats.

287 V1-lineage afferents in the epidermis of the hind paws of the reporter mice showed that EGTA and MDL2

288 Relative to hind paws, forepaws performed ~4 times more steps, they

289 onse to mechanical or thermal stimulation of hind paws, in comparison to Taxol(R) administration at t

290 erkeratotic calluses on Krt16(-/-) front and hind paws, which severely compromise the animals' abilit

291 or rat glabrous skin blood perfusion in both hind paws, while a simultaneous heart rate (HR) and DRRs

292 ts following noxious heat stimulation of the hind paws.

293 nded to the proximal joints of the front and hind paws.

294 ulas, and sensory thresholds of the face and hind-paws were characterized.

295 Fore and hind RGs mutually inhibited each other.

296 licks perpetually; a striated patch in their hind wing clicks as the beating wing rotates and bends.

297 sence of a brown oval pattern on the ventral hind wing.

298 Parapolycentropus and Dualula exhibit hind-wing reduction that would precede haltere formation

299 rax, elongate legs, and dramatically reduced hind wings in adults, and larvae have extremely elongate

300 otor system is provided by halteres, reduced hind wings that evolved into gyroscopic sensors.