ライフサイエンスコーパス: indirect pathway

1 issemination via the mesenteric lymph nodes (indirect pathway).

2 m (direct pathway) and globus pallidus (GPe, indirect pathway).

3 o address the functions of the NMDA-R in the indirect pathway.

4 neurons that serves as a simple relay in the indirect pathway.

5 direct pathway without affecting LTP in the indirect pathway.

6 irect pathway with the functionally opposing indirect pathway.

7 eas motor cortex preferentially targeted the indirect pathway.

8 in humans of the basal ganglia's inhibitory indirect pathway.

9 g the inhibitory output of the basal ganglia indirect pathway.

10 in exponentially growing cells via a second, indirect pathway.

11 motor structures prevents movements via the indirect pathway.

12 h reduced pallidothalamic inhibition via the indirect pathway.

13 ssed in medium spiny neurons involved in the indirect pathway.

14 sence of the living bacteria and followed an indirect pathway.

15 oduction is dependent on T-cell help via the indirect pathway.

16 m two main efferent pathways, the direct and indirect pathways.

17 monitor striatal output from the direct and indirect pathways.

18 mpact neural clusters in both the direct and indirect pathways.

19 t also in the macroenvironment via direct or indirect pathways.

20 l medium spiny neurons forming the direct or indirect pathways.

21 network tools by distinguishing direct from indirect pathways.

22 selective inhibition through both direct and indirect pathways.

23 f distinct terminal fields via the direct or indirect pathways.

24 e motor functions of the striatal direct and indirect pathways.

25 um spiny neurons of the accumbens direct and indirect pathways.

26 ribute cortical input between the direct and indirect pathways.

27 n pressures moving along multiple direct and indirect pathways.

28 emical and electrical synapses as well as by indirect pathways.

29 he striatopallidal neurons of the so-called 'indirect' pathway.

30 In the latter two-step indirect pathway, a non-discriminating aspartyl-tRNA syn

31 strengthening of El Nino conditions through indirect pathways, a consistent result in most estuaries

32 ); instead, Gln-tRNA(Gln) is produced via an indirect pathway: a glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS) fir

33 ation gives rise to stronger activity in the indirect pathway accompanied by decreased dendritic spin

34 ffects are associated with unbalanced direct/indirect pathway activations that may be reverted by CB1

35 ty while boundary height varied with overall indirect pathway activity.

36 striatal input and boosted cortically driven indirect pathway activity.

37 The indirect pathway allows an efficient time-based separati

38 Moreover, direct and indirect pathways also play distinct roles in timing.

39 ssed recipient alloantigen presented via the indirect pathway and not in response to cross-dressed MH

40 n alters neuronal activity in the direct and indirect pathways and leads to increased synchrony in th

41 n: one going through a CO* intermediate (the indirect pathway) and another that oxidizes methanol dir

42 way) or only as self-restricted allopeptide (indirect pathway) and then assessing the alloantibody re

43 xpression, by increasing excitability in the indirect pathway, and the increased propensity for tic l

44 cluster organization between the direct and indirect pathways, and cluster activities from both path

45 ect and indirect effects carried by multiple indirect pathways, and software code is provided to faci

46 ur findings indicate that the NMDA-Rs of the indirect pathway are essential for habituation, action s

47 in serial order, even though both direct and indirect pathways are active during movement initiation,

48 These observations of competing direct and indirect pathways are consistent with classical predicti

49 spiny neurons (MSNs), in both the direct and indirect pathways are generated in the lateral ganglioni

50 on tuning in MT neurons, suggesting that the indirect pathways are important in the recovery of depth

51 For instance, the direct and indirect pathways are modulated through dopamine D1 and

52 d midbrain targets similar to the direct and indirect pathways arising from the internal and external

53 fects is consistent with deactivation of the indirect pathway as predicted by preclinical studies; an

54 ration of anti-K(d)-specific T cells via the indirect pathway as well as of non-K(d)-reactive, recipi

55 rs of medium spiny neurons signaling via the indirect pathway, associated with behavioral inhibition.

56 iber-optic cannulae were implanted above the indirect pathway axon terminal field in the dlVP, or the

57 ught to arise from increased efficacy of the indirect pathway basal ganglia circuit, relative to the

58 the gain on signals driving both direct- and indirect-pathway basal ganglia circuits.

59 e changes in synaptic strength of direct and indirect pathways between the cortex and spinal cord in

60 ies implicate preferential activation of the indirect pathway by host DCs.

61 n-wide effects of stimulating the direct and indirect pathway by optogenetic activation of D1 and D2

62 express FcgammaRs, there is likely to be an indirect pathway by which FcgammaRIII on some other cell

63 her, the results support the existence of an indirect pathway by which iBRB permeability is increased

64 Our model also allowed us to account for the indirect pathways by which climate and agriculture impac

65 However, the indirect pathway can also promote the generation of regu

66 Our results reveal that the direct and indirect pathways can each bidirectionally control movem

67 review studies and models of how direct and indirect pathways can modulate basal ganglia outputs to

68 allograft rejection.Although both direct and indirect pathway CD4 T cells appear active immediately a

69 y after transplantation, it has emerged that indirect pathway CD4 T cells are likely to be the domina

70 ocessed by recipient DCs for presentation to indirect pathway CD4(+) T cells, resulting in abortive a

71 Recipients reconstituted with indirect-pathway CD4 T cells developed long-lasting IgG

72 thway) allows linked help to be delivered by indirect-pathway CD4 T cells for generating destructive

73 hymal cells and suggest a mechanism by which indirect-pathway CD4 T cells provide help for generating

74 The ability of indirect-pathway CD4 T cells to provide this help remain

75 essed peptide alloantigen for recognition by indirect-pathway CD4 T cells.

76 cause this facilitates linked recognition by indirect-pathway CD4 Th cells.

77 ay performs fast action cancellation and the indirect pathway competitively constrains execution sign

78 nt while sparing the excitatory, potentially indirect pathway component of somatosensory responses.

79 Here, we found that the indirect pathway controls response initiation without af

80 Nr), where the basal ganglia (BG) direct and indirect pathways converge, contains among the highest e

81 whether by direct "off-target" effects or by indirect "pathway cross-talk" effects.

82 Potentiation of glutamatergic inputs onto indirect pathway D2-MSNs was associated with resilience

83 argue against a protective role of accumbal indirect pathway D2Rs in alcohol consumption but emphasi

84 medium spiny neurons belong to the direct or indirect pathways determines the form of spike timing-de

85 hyperdirect pathway cortical excitation and indirect pathway external globus pallidus (GPe) inhibiti

86 ion in which co-activation of the direct and indirect pathways facilitate appropriate, while inhibiti

87 ally, regions consistent with the inhibitory indirect pathway for which there is scant functional evi

88 over time in an imbalance between direct and indirect pathways for properly focusing movement.

89 tal projection systems--so-called direct and indirect pathways--form the functional backbone of the b

90 Instead, we describe an indirect pathway from Area X to midbrain dopaminergic ne

91 The indirect pathway from the amygdala to pOFC via MDmc may

92 ally, we provide evidence consistent with an indirect pathway from the cerebellum to the basal gangli

93 h an imbalanced activation of the direct and indirect pathways, have been linked to the hypokinetic m

94 s) in the striatum--the so-called direct and indirect pathways--have opposing effects on movement: ac

95 and striatopallidal MSNs to the inhibitory, indirect pathway (iMSNs).

96 The retention of the indirect pathway in B. subtilis and B. halodurans likely

97 ndosomal compartment at least in part via an indirect pathway in which it is internalized from the ce

98 central auditory synapses through direct and indirect pathways in an age-dependent fashion.

99 scribed to imbalances between the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia circuitry.

100 and opposing contributions of the direct and indirect pathways in the production and timing of reward

101 5940) on the balanced activity of the direct/indirect pathways in the SNr and its associated behavior

102 rough the differential control of direct and indirect pathways in the striatum that express D(1) and

103 ective optogenetic control of the direct and indirect pathways, in combination with single-unit recor

104 agrass seedlings through multiple direct and indirect pathways: increased stress, reduced establishme

105 puts onto individual MSNs of both direct and indirect pathway: individual EGFP-positive structures re

106 facilitates movement and activation of the 'indirect' pathway inhibits movement.

107 basal ganglia, the so-called hyperdirect and indirect pathways, interact within the subthalamic nucle

108 The indirect pathway is believed to be longlasting, and is g

109 It is concluded that activity of the indirect pathway is limited by the nonphotochemical redu

110 The indirect pathway is only evident when GABA(A) receptors

111 This indirect pathway is required for hippocampal theta synch

112 strate that activity in either the direct or indirect pathway is sufficient to produce specific and s

113 m spiny neurons (MSNs) in the direct and the indirect pathways is essential for normal striatal funct

114 ential dopamine modulation of the direct and indirect pathways is present in non-mammalian species.

115 ng dopaminergic modulation of the direct and indirect pathways is present in one of the phylogenetica

116 manipulation of the function of the striatal indirect pathway may be a useful therapeutic target for

117 This latter indirect pathway may be especially important for evoluti

118 Therefore, the indirect pathway measurements reflect a distinct aspect

119 sect the mechanisms underlying BG direct and indirect pathway-mediated control of the mesencephalic l

120 In contrast, effective indirect pathway-mediated motor suppression was most str

121 NAc direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs)

122 e differentially expressed in the direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs,

123 the opposing relationship between direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (MSNs), in additio

124 mpanied by decreased dendritic spines on the indirect pathway medium spiny projection neuron, indicat

125 ) receptors, depolarized both the direct and indirect pathway medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs).

126 time that a specific deletion of inhibitory, indirect pathway medium-sized spiny neuron (iMSN) NMDA-R

127 le-cell recordings from striatal direct- and indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs)

128 tive deletion of DA D2 receptors (D2Rs) from indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (iMSNs) is suffici

129 ate their regulation of striatal direct- and indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (MSNs).

130 tors, which are highly expressed by striatal indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (MSNs).

131 vo, using optogenetic control of direct- and indirect-pathway medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs),

132 When expressed virally in "indirect pathway" medium spiny neurons (iMSNs) in the ve

133 her G-protein or beta-arrestin signaling in 'indirect pathway' medium spiny neurons (iMSNs), because

134 nigral (direct pathway) and striatopallidal (indirect pathway) medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and its re

135 ion markers, suggesting that both direct and indirect pathways might contribute to the observed effec

136 n NAc in vivo and found that direct (but not indirect) pathway MSN expression enhances behavioral res

137 de feedforward inhibition to both direct and indirect pathway MSNs and are important in sculpting the

138 These findings demonstrate that direct and indirect pathway MSNs are similarly innervated by cortic

139 orylation at S563 was significantly lower in indirect pathway MSNs compared with those in the direct

140 Kv2.1 in both direct and indirect pathway MSNs exhibits markedly lower levels of

141 ine receptor subtypes, markers of direct and indirect pathway MSNs, respectively.

142 s of medium spiny neurons (MSNs): direct and indirect pathway MSNs.

143 t prominent juxtaposed Kv2.1:RyR clusters in indirect pathway MSNs.

144 ut not core, D2 dopamine receptor-expressing indirect pathway MSNs.

145 y of immature spines in D1 direct but not D2 indirect pathway MSNs.

146 for the increased GABA synaptic activity of indirect pathway MSNs.

147 BA synaptic activity impinges principally on indirect pathway MSNs.

148 terminals form synapses with both direct and indirect pathway MSNs.

149 and thalamus was similar for both direct and indirect pathway MSNs.

150 afferents in their innervation of direct and indirect pathway MSNs.

151 eous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the indirect pathway MSNs.

152 ression of GABA release onto both direct and indirect pathway MSNs.

153 ion of collateral transmission from multiple indirect-pathway MSNs (iMSNs) potently inhibits action p

154 ast-spiking (FS) interneurons and direct- or indirect-pathway MSNs after dopamine depletion with 6-OH

155 athways mediating eCB production in striatal indirect-pathway MSNs and found that both pathways were

156 Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway MSNs elicited a parkinsonian state, dis

157 In contrast, deletion from indirect-pathway MSNs had no effect on any measure of be

158 striatum may lead to increased synchrony of indirect-pathway MSNs that contributes to pathological n

159 ase and induction of long-term depression at indirect-pathway MSNs, but not direct-pathway MSNs.

160 eferentially target direct-pathway MSNs over indirect-pathway MSNs, suggesting a potential mechanism

161 geted whole-cell recordings from direct- and indirect-pathway MSNs, we demonstrate that A(2A) recepto

162 idual FS cells doubled their connectivity to indirect-pathway MSNs, whereas connections to direct-pat

163 glutamate and DA transmission in direct and indirect pathway MSSNs.

164 nd that coordinated activities of direct and indirect pathway neural clusters are required for normal

165 s rapid production of excitatory synapses on indirect pathway neurons (iSPNs) required the activation

166 d GRK5 are similarly expressed in direct and indirect pathway neurons in the rat striatum.

167 calcium recordings of identified direct and indirect pathway neurons revealed similar speed tuning p

168 re selectively expressed in either direct or indirect pathway neurons, CNO did not change acute locom

169 tone, via D2 and A2a receptor, in direct and indirect pathway neurons, respectively, to have any sign

170 mbined actions of direct pathway neurons and indirect pathway neurons.

171 orally observed synergism between the direct/indirect pathway neurons.

172 ired the functionality of direct-pathway and indirect-pathway neurons and disrupted the behavioral pe

173 e Gq-protein activation in direct-pathway or indirect-pathway neurons produced an enhancement or a de

174 ating D2R expression selectively in striatal indirect-pathway neurons triggers a multitude of changes

175 (resulting in longer-lasting deactivation of indirect-pathway neurons).

176 tentiated in mice lacking striatal D2Rs from indirect-pathway neurons.

177 ssion of excitatory synaptic transmission in indirect pathway nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons.

178 irect Ag presentation and thereby favors the indirect pathway of alloreactivity.

179 pacity to present antigen to T cells via the indirect pathway of allorecognition and the generation o

180 activation of anti-donor CD4 T cells by the indirect pathway of allorecognition, a phenomenon that r

181 The indirect pathway of allorecognition, in which cells of t

182 antigens through the direct rather than the indirect pathway of antigen presentation promotes tolera

183 te the consecutive reactions of the two-step indirect pathway of Cys-tRNA(Cys) synthesis (tRNA-depend

184 t is similar in its structure to the classic indirect pathway of the basal ganglia that also targets

185 eurons that occupy a central position in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia.

186 cells provides a link between the direct and indirect pathways of alloantigen presentation and sugges

187 nderstanding the evolution of the direct and indirect pathways of allorecognition following tissue tr

188 fect of chronic aspiration on the direct and indirect pathways of allorecognition.

189 ncoherent simultaneous use of the direct and indirect pathways of Asn and Asn-tRNA(Asn) formation.

190 Direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia were concomitantly ac

191 input to the striatum between the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia (BG).

192 y impact the function of the hyperdirect and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia and movement cont

193 The direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia have been propose

194 nging to two neural circuits (the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia), subpopulations

195 titive behaviors analogous to the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia.

196 mediators independent, thereby deactivating indirect pathways of the mediators.

197 spiny neurons (MSNs) in both the direct and indirect pathways of the mouse nucleus accumbens (NAc) r

198 is differentially encoded in the direct and indirect pathways of the striatum.

199 The indirect pathway operates under normo- or hypercapnic co

200 to the classic theory emphasizing the direct-indirect pathways, our data suggest that deranged cortic

201 m plasticity capable of sculpting direct and indirect pathway output.

202 me destabilizes TPP1 through both direct and indirect pathways possibly involving TPP1-interacting pr

203 Selective deletion of D2Rs from indirect pathway-projecting medium spiny neurons (iMSNs)

204 ptogenetic activation of striatal direct and indirect pathway projection neurons produced diverse cel

205 ntingent from axon collaterals of direct and indirect pathway projection neurons.

206 neural activities in the striatal direct and indirect pathways promote and inhibit movement, respecti

207 d phosphorylation between MSNs in direct and indirect pathways provide a cell- and circuit-specific m

208 In the indirect pathway, reduced O2 reacts with H(+) and additi

209 activating bitter-sensitive cells versus the indirect pathway represented by the inhibition of sugar

210 se from the NAc, and most likely involves an indirect pathway requiring alpha3beta4 nAChR.

211 e 2 routes are referred to as the direct and indirect pathways, respectively.

212 n be opened or closed by striatal direct and indirect pathways, respectively.

213 role of 2-AG signaling in striatal direct or indirect pathways, respectively.

214 ne D1 or D2 receptors, which form direct and indirect pathways, respectively.

215 ation and suppression through the direct and indirect pathways, respectively.

216 Indirect pathway responses were heterogeneous.

217 ast, loss of ERK/MAPK signaling in D2R-MSNs (indirect pathway) resulted in a profound hyperlocomotor

218 Cross-sectional analysis of the indirect pathway revealed a spectrum in T-regulatory:T-e

219 We find no evidence that the indirect pathways selectively target different functiona

220 athway (non-self HLA on donor cells) and the indirect pathway (self-restricted presentation of donor

221 cells, suggesting that B cells contribute to indirect pathway sensitization.

222 hether these neurons belong to the direct or indirect pathways.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We examined the

223 basal ganglia circuits, affecting direct and indirect pathways simultaneously.

224 1-Cre (direct-pathway-specific) and A2A-Cre (indirect-pathway-specific) mice.

225 ectively increased excitability of NAc shell indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (iSPNs) and al

226 pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs) and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (iSPNs) is dis

227 to impaired synaptic activation of striatal indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (iSPNs).

228 ns differentially affect striatal direct vs. indirect pathway spiny projection neurons, their reduced

229 Activity in striatal direct- and indirect-pathway spiny projection neurons (SPNs) is crit

230 ance in the activity of striatal direct- and indirect-pathway spiny projection neurons (SPNs).

231 of D(1) and D(2) DA receptors in direct- and indirect-pathway spiny projection neurons.

232 atially compact, organization of direct- and indirect-pathway SPN activity that maps action space ind

233 o method to specifically measure direct- and indirect-pathway SPN activity, using Cre-dependent viral

234 functional connectivity of PFn neurons with indirect pathway SPNs (iSPNs) was selectively enhanced b

235 and synaptic adaptations specifically within indirect pathway SPNs (iSPNs).

236 unction of individual synapses on direct and indirect pathway SPNs is unknown and may reveal pre-clin

237 Indirect pathway SPNs, which are more vulnerable in HD,

238 promoting direct pathway SPNs to fire before indirect pathway SPNs.

239 ectively measure the activity of direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs in freely moving animals.

240 disparity in the excitability of direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs in the on state, rather than by di

241 to facilitate movement, whereas activity of indirect-pathway SPNs is presumed to inhibit movement.

242 eases in neural activity in both direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs when animals initiated actions, bu

243 ivity was increased similarly in direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs, and action potential-dependent ac

244 ffects on "direct pathway" SPNs (dSPNs) and "indirect pathway" SPNs (iSPNs); their firing rates becam

245 vered that a select population of so-called "indirect pathway" SPNs not only fire at abnormally high

246 /Scgn- interneurons preferentially targeted 'indirect pathway' SPNs.

247 thway stimulation initiates licking, whereas indirect pathway stimulation suppresses licking and resu

248 ting of the internal timing process, whereas indirect pathway stimulation transiently paused timing,

249 icantly modulated neural coupling within the indirect pathway, strengthening MD thalamus-OFC connecti

250 via activation and inhibition of direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons, respectively.

251 Despite reduced ENK expression in indirect pathway striatal perikarya, ENK-immunostained t

252 -expressing direct pathway and D2-expressing indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (SPNs) are

253 -expressing direct pathway and D2-expressing indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (SPNs).

254 Contrary to expectation, direct and indirect pathway striatal spiny projection neurons respo

255 s, bidirectionally controlled by direct- and indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons (dSPNs and

256 action potential firing in both direct- and indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons through ves

257 f neurons that form synapses with direct- or indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons.

258 To investigate the role of donor-specific indirect pathway T cells in renal transplant tolerance,

259 The antidonor indirect pathway T effector response increased across pa

260 ONO < SI < CR; p < 0.0001) whereas antidonor indirect pathway T regulatory response decreased (TOL >

261 intravenously, they decrease the direct and indirect pathway T-cell responses and prolong heart allo

262 rons, respectively, revealed that 47% of the indirect pathway terminals and 36% of the direct pathway

263 ous nodes of the TPN and DMN, and through an indirect pathway that links the TPN and DMN through node

264 n is conveyed to the pallium through complex indirect pathways that originate in the nucleus electros

265 icipate in two parallel circuits, direct and indirect pathways that subserve distinct behavioral func

266 hus, differs markedly from the "direct" and "indirect" pathways that regulate the pallidal (e.g., glo

267 In the indirect pathway, the GABA(B) receptor antagonist reduce

268 ogeneous structure in the motor-suppressing "indirect-pathway," the GPe consists of a number of disti

269 urons giving rise to the striatopallidal or "indirect" pathway, they have been implicated in sleep, a

270 ion of D2R-expressing neurons suppresses it (indirect-pathway), this suggests that cocaine's rewardin

271 thway and decreasing the excitability of the indirect pathway, this organization may be conserved as

272 ists reduce excitatory synaptic drive on the indirect pathway through CB(1) receptor signaling, thus

273 all-cause mortality could be explained by an indirect pathway through EGFR mutations (percent mediate

274 direct effects through thermoregulation and indirect pathways through trophic interactions.

275 ulation of chromatin structure represents an indirect pathway to downregulate transcription, and thei

276 athway to facilitate intended locomotion and indirect pathway to inhibit unwanted locomotion.

277 interpersonal skills emerge as the strongest indirect pathway to reduce these harmful behaviors.

278 t that low-value signals are sent by the CDt-indirect pathway to suppress saccades to valueless objec

279 he NAcore and NAcore projections through the indirect pathway to the dlVP as critical for cocaine-plu

280 Inhibiting the indirect pathway to the dlVP, but not the direct pathway

281 ated cocaine seeking include outputs via the indirect pathway to the dorsolateral subcompartment of t

282 Overall, our findings suggest that the indirect pathways to MT primarily convey modality-specif

283 he selective contributions of the direct and indirect pathways to striatal motor behaviors.

284 ediated predominantly by the hyperdirect and indirect pathways to subthalamic nucleus, respectively,

285 striatonigral (direct) and striatopallidal (indirect) pathways to these functions remain unclear.

286 tic learning, by shifting plasticity in the indirect pathway toward long-term potentiation (and poss

287 The indirect pathway transporting uncontrolled releases of P

288 are 'direct' effects of light on affect, an 'indirect' pathway via altered sleep-wake timing has been

289 The indirect pathway was active in all groups except twins b

290 sion, the rate of hydrogen production by the indirect pathway was increased in conditions, such as nu

291 ry items, the connectivity of the direct and indirect pathway was predictive of WMC.

292 tion, such adverse reactions can occur by an indirect pathway when the TCR interacts with self-MHC mo

293 ' HRQoL through a direct pathway, but via an indirect pathway where self-management was a mediator (-

294 by tRNA-dependent mechanism using a two-step indirect pathway, where O-phosphoseryl-tRNA synthetase (

295 ation of the signal-to-baseline ratio in the indirect pathway, which better account of known electrop

296 lamus and forms the origin of the direct and indirect pathways, which are distinct basal ganglia circ

297 , of MLR glutamatergic neurons by direct and indirect pathways, which is required for bidirectional c

298 basal ganglia, in parallel to the direct and indirect pathways, which select actions.

299 ganglia output nuclei via the "direct" and "indirect" pathways, which can be distinguished by their

300 In addition, an indirect pathway with a relay in the central amygdala wa