ライフサイエンスコーパス: keratocyte

1 g motility and crescent morphology of a fish keratocyte.

2 lamellipodium of a migrating fish epidermal keratocyte.

3 vectors to treat diseases affecting corneal keratocytes.

4 the cleavage occurred beyond the last row of keratocytes.

5 o crucial to lamellipodia-based migration of keratocytes.

6 ively, 442% and 431%; P < 0.002) compared to keratocytes.

7 can trigger signaling events in neighboring keratocytes.

8 regulation in TGF-beta1- and FGF-2-activated keratocytes.

9 ir mRNAs were downregulated in the activated keratocytes.

10 ement oscillations in motile fish epithelial keratocytes.

11 TGF-beta1 concentrations than did posterior keratocytes.

12 the flat, fan-shaped lamellipodial domain of keratocytes.

13 has a significant role in the activation of keratocytes.

14 ession induced by TGFbeta1 in rabbit corneal keratocytes.

15 ated stroma containing isolated and enlarged keratocytes.

16 symmetry breaking and polarized motility of keratocytes.

17 role for CD18 in mediating PMN contact with keratocytes.

18 phologies reminiscent of rapidly moving fish keratocytes.

19 n-dense lamellar inclusions were observed in keratocytes.

20 pellets of several genes highly expressed by keratocytes.

21 of Ctnnb1(DeltaE3) mutant protein in corneal keratocytes.

22 g and motility initiation in fish epithelial keratocytes.

23 g and motility initiation in fish epithelial keratocytes.

24 a membrane of rapidly moving fish epithelial keratocytes.

25 xhibit enhanced oxidative stress compared to keratocytes.

26 n myofibroblasts (857 genes), exclusively in keratocytes (409 genes), or in both phenotypes (252 gene

27 ecent studies have shown that rabbit corneal keratocytes abundantly express two water-soluble protein

28 nanostructures, in combination with a model keratocyte actin meshwork.

29 in opposite directions, when traversing the keratocyte actin network.

30 ors, modifies their movement trajectories on keratocyte actin networks.

31 We also observed that the RI drops after keratocyte activation (RI = 1.365 +/- 0.003), leading to

32 al and biophysical cues interact to regulate keratocyte activation and contractility, we cultured pri

33 ences between anterior and posterior corneal keratocytes after stimulation with the profibrotic agent

34 Herein, we demonstrated that murine keratocytes also acquired a fibroblastic shape and lost

35 of MMC, especially with regard to decreased keratocyte and corneal endothelial cell populations note

36 rmation of, many proteins that may influence keratocyte and nerve growth cone behavior in the cornea.

37 orneal stroma involves close contact between keratocytes and collagen.

38 the paralimbus developed close contacts with keratocytes and collagen.

39 her cells with broad LP regions, namely fish keratocytes and Drosophila S2 cells.

40 ers expressed T4 receptor alpha (THRA) mRNA; keratocytes and endothelial cells expressed T4 receptor

41 IGF and PDGF BB stimulated elongation of keratocytes and extension of dendritic processes within

42 aracterized by a granular appearance of both keratocytes and extracellular matrix.

43 g on several different cell types, including keratocytes and fibroblasts, we discuss how dynamic cell

44 broblasts are derived primarily from stromal keratocytes and from BM-derived fibrocytes after epithel

45 s demonstrated that MT1-MMP was expressed in keratocytes and immortalized corneal fibroblast cell lin

46 To determine the role of keratocytes and leukocyte beta(2) (CD18) integrins in ne

47 utes total time), does not cause toxicity to keratocytes and may be used to stiffen corneas thinner t

48 The cell volume of calcein AM-loaded keratocytes and myofibroblasts was determined by using n

49 e NRF2-mediated antioxidant response in both keratocytes and myofibroblasts, and (3) modified the TGF

50 EphrinB1 was expressed in corneal-resident keratocytes and neutrophils.

51 tive levels of ECM components synthesized by keratocytes and secreted into the media were evaluated b

52 In protein-free media, both primary keratocytes and selected clonal cells aggregated to form

53 Embryonic corneal keratocytes and sensory nerve fibers grow and differenti

54 Serum-free cultured rabbit corneal keratocytes and TGFbeta (5 ng/mL) induced myofibroblasts

55 hing of refractive indices between quiescent keratocytes and the surrounding tissue, and that after s

56 tally measured values of the tension in fish keratocytes and their dependence on the number of adhesi

57 of corneal nerves, number of hyperreflective keratocytes, and corneal epithelial, endothelial, and ke

58 3 were each expressed by epithelium, stromal keratocytes, and infiltrated CD11b(+) cells in corneas.

59 keratocytes, increased presence of activated keratocytes, and inflammatory cells in the anterior stro

60 opodia, such as can be found in fibroblasts, keratocytes, and neuronal growth cones.

61 density of basal epithelial cells, anterior keratocytes, and posterior keratocytes did not show stat

62 density of basal epithelial cells, anterior keratocytes, and posterior keratocytes did not show stat

63 lantation were used to determine the role of keratocyte apoptosis in the failure of orthotopic alloge

64 Corneal keratocytes are able to differentiate normally and respo

65 Although keratocytes are normally characterized by the persistent

66 that, even at late embryonic stages, corneal keratocytes are not terminally differentiated, but maint

67 Quiescent keratocytes are thought to produce crystallins that matc

68 We developed embryonic zebrafish keratocytes as a model system for investigating establis

69 between corneal epithelial cells and corneal keratocytes as well as vascular endothelial cells.

70 NK2 levels via JNK1/2 DsiRNA transfection of keratocytes before their activation.

71 TPMDs result in Ca(++) waves in neighboring keratocytes both in culture and within ex vivo corneas.

72 MSC have successfully differentiated into keratocytes both in vitro and in vivo, and corneal epith

73 y relation, which has been measured for fish keratocytes but remains unexplained.

74 The bonding treatment was not toxic to keratocytes but slightly reduced the migration of cornea

75 ressed in the corneal epithelium and stromal keratocytes, but was more abundant in the epithelium (74

76 cell was similar between myofibroblasts and keratocytes, but was substantially reduced as a percenta

77 ar enhancer of wound healing and fibrosis in keratocytes by augmenting a limited subset of the cellul

78 cell membrane disruptions (TPMDs) in single keratocytes can trigger signaling events in neighboring

79 ins (ss-catenin and connexin 43), of stromal keratocytes (CD34), of apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleoti

80 es, and corneal epithelial, endothelial, and keratocyte cell densities were evaluated by in vivo slit

81 was also measured in a (donor-type) C57BL/6 keratocyte cell line after stimulation of Fas or via use

82 Knowledge of keratocyte cell properties, function, and origin is limi

83 The results show that injected stromal keratocytes change their phenotype, proliferate and migr

84 ly recovered the ability to express a robust keratocyte-characteristic marker, CD34, while still expr

85 e results indicate that low-glucose enhances keratocyte-characteristic phenotype above and beyond est

86 re, low-glucose enhanced their reversal to a keratocyte-characteristic phenotype.

87 Although PMN-keratocyte contacts require CD18 integrins, contact with

88 eatment with TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta2 increased keratocyte contractility, as indicated by stress fiber f

89 hether myofibroblast differentiation altered keratocyte crystallin protein concentration and increase

90 transformed myofibroblasts expressing human keratocyte crystallins was measured by reflectance confo

91 Keratocytes cultured in fetal bovine serum also become f

92 Keratocytes cultured in IGF or PDGF BB maintain a quiesc

93 essed in normal rabbit corneal stroma and in keratocytes cultured in serum-free and insulin-supplemen

94 Importantly, keratocytes cultured in the absence of TGF-beta1 showed

95 Keratocytes cultured on stiff (10 kPa) gels or collagen-

96 We previously showed primary keratocytes cultured under serum-free conditions to secr

97 Human keratocytes, cultured in a stable vitamin C derivative,

98 Using primary keratocyte cultures and various experimental approaches,

99 matrix, thus supporting the hypothesis that keratocyte cytoplasm does not scatter light in the norma

100 toxic to the cornea and entered into corneal keratocyte cytoplasm.

101 The mean anterior and posterior stromal keratocyte densities were significantly lower in the man

102 The anterior and posterior stromal keratocyte densities were statistically lower and stroma

103 a significant decrease in the mean anterior keratocyte density 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively (P

104 al transparency is associated with decreased keratocyte density and quiescence and the expression of

105 A sustained reduction in keratocyte density does not affect vision or optical pro

106 Keratocyte density in the flap decreased by 20% during t

107 LASIK flap does not influence the changes in keratocyte density in the flap.

108 to be pronounced and long lasting as far as keratocyte density of the anterior and mid stroma is con

109 There was no significant change in posterior keratocyte density or endothelial density at any postope

110 The anterior mid-stromal keratocyte density showed a significant decrease (P < 0.

111 eoperative values, and the posterior stromal keratocyte density showed a significant increase at 1 an

112 6 months and 1, 3, and 5 years after LASIK, keratocyte density was measured using confocal microscop

113 Keratocyte density was measured with the Heidelberg Reti

114 in-situ keratomileusis demonstrated that the keratocyte density within the laser in-situ keratomileus

115 density, endothelial cell density, anterior keratocyte density, posterior keratocyte density, sub-ba

116 sity, anterior keratocyte density, posterior keratocyte density, sub-basal nerve density, sub-basal n

117 ll density; mean anterior, mid and posterior keratocyte density; qualitative analysis of stromal back

118 An R124H mutation in primary human corneal keratocytes derived from a GCD2 patient was corrected by

119 study, to strengthen the notion that corneal keratocyte-derived Wnt/beta-catenin signaling regulates

120 bryonic stem (hES) cells could elucidate the keratocyte developmental pathway and open a potential fo

121 l cells, anterior keratocytes, and posterior keratocytes did not show statistical significance betwee

122 l cells, anterior keratocytes, and posterior keratocytes did not show statistical significance betwee

123 ctor (TGF)-beta-dependence of feline corneal keratocyte differentiation into alpha-smooth muscle acti

124 ilms also expressed lower levels of putative keratocyte differentiation markers and higher levels of

125 nt cells produce different protrusions, from keratocytes dominated by lamellipodia, to growth cones c

126 PDGF induced keratocyte elongation without inducing stress fiber form

127 Gene expression profiles of the 12 samples (keratocytes +/- EP +/- TGF-beta1 for three preparations)

128 nts show that anterior and posterior corneal keratocytes exhibit different sensitivities to the profi

129 To test this model, we apply it to fish keratocytes, fast moving cells that maintain their morph

130 ology, multimodal imaging allowed additional keratocyte features to be observed.

131 lenge due to its sophisticated structure and keratocyte-fibroblast transformation.

132 notopographic cues assist in stabilizing the keratocyte/fibroblast phenotype while pathologic microen

133 ng and initiation of actin-based motility in keratocytes (fish epithelial cells).

134 Keratocyte fragments [9, 10] are the simplest motile uni

135 We found that keratocyte fragments are the smallest motile electric fi

136 front and the rear of the cell are found in keratocyte fragments that lack a cell body.

137 We observed that, although keratocytes from 2 d postfertilization (dpf) embryos res

138 resembled canonical fan-shaped keratocytes, keratocytes from 4 dpf embryos often formed multiple pro

139 caused in part by the activation of corneal keratocytes from a native mechanically quiescent state t

140 determine the protein expression pattern of keratocytes from different species and different culture

141 Derivation of keratocytes from human embryonic stem (hES) cells could

142 The keratocytes from three normal and three KC corneas were

143 tin polymerization, switches highly adherent keratocytes from waving to persistent protrusion.

144 and suggests a role for the ZEB1 protein in keratocyte function.

145 tocyte nuclei, suggesting a role for ZEB1 in keratocyte function.

146 folding-free pellet culture of hCSSC induces keratocyte gene expression patterns in these cells and s

147 Transcripts for these keratocyte genes -- FLJ30046, KERA, ALDH3A1, CXADR, PTGD

148 ically (SEM) and were used as substrates for keratocyte growth in vitro.

149 Motile cells - fan-like keratocytes, hand-shaped nerve growth cones, polygonal f

150 of glucose in the behaviour of human corneal keratocytes has been overlooked.

151 Corneal keratocytes have a remarkable ability to heal the cornea

152 orneal stromal cells (PLCSCs), which contain keratocytes, have a complex phenotype.

153 study was to determine whether human corneal keratocyte (HCKs) in culture synthesize these chemokines

154 xidative stress levels between human corneal keratocytes (HCKs), fibroblasts (HCFs) and keratoconus c

155 n corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and human keratocytes (HKs) cultured on the optimal hybrid constru

156 enovirus type 2 (CAV-2) vectors to transduce keratocyte in vivo in mice and nonhuman primates, and ex

157 ium (P < .001) and higher density of stromal keratocytes in anterior and posterior stroma (P < .0001)

158 Corneal keratocytes in basal media within compressed matrices ha

159 ta gene transcription, can be used to expand keratocytes in culture without the use of AM in the futu

160 This separates along the last row of keratocytes in most cases performed with the BB techniqu

161 al nerve plexus and loss of anterior stromal keratocytes in the early postoperative period, with comp

162 The progressive loss of keratocytes in the flap and anterior portion of the resi

163 oxsackievirus adenovirus receptor-expressing keratocytes in the four species and, compared to mock-in

164 sis of stroma components indicated a loss of keratocytes in the upper stroma of keratoconic corneas a

165 rneal epithelial cells were found to fuse to keratocytes in vitro and to induce myofibroblast transfo

166 Apoptosis was induced in keratocytes in vitro by dual stimulation with agonistic

167 s of this study show that insulin can expand keratocytes in vitro, maintain their phenotype, and prev

168 S cells can be induced to differentiate into keratocytes in vitro.

169 und to be non-toxic to human corneal stromal keratocytes in vitro; however, they did induce productio

170 notypic change associated with activation of keratocytes in vivo and in vitro.

171 corin was retained in the cytoplasm of mouse keratocytes in vivo and of transfected human embryonic k

172 demonstrated cell-cell junctions typical of keratocytes in vivo.

173 thelial genes in the corneal endothelium and keratocytes, including the basement membrane component C

174 sity of the basal membrane; lower density of keratocytes, increased presence of activated keratocytes

175 itional overexpression of Ctnnb1(DeltaE3) in keratocytes inhibited corneal epithelial stratification

176 ant beta-catenin accumulation in the corneal keratocytes inhibited corneal epithelial stratification

177 the transition of quiescent corneal stromal keratocytes into contractile myofibroblasts.

178 g that attenuation of the differentiation of keratocytes into myofibroblast can significantly enhance

179 Keratocytes isolated from rabbit corneal stroma and plat

180 Keratocytes isolated from rabbit corneal stroma by colla

181 Keratocytes, isolated from rabbit corneal stroma, and cu

182 n in the absence of a cytoskeleton, while in keratocytes, it is tightly connected to cytoskeletal dyn

183 (dpf) embryos resembled canonical fan-shaped keratocytes, keratocytes from 4 dpf embryos often formed

184 ctly determine the polarity of the extracted keratocyte lamellipodium from the cell periphery to the

185 ctosyl glycoconjugates were found in corneal keratocytes, lens fibers, and retinal vascular endotheli

186 ich actin filled protrusions come and go, to keratocyte-like, characterized by a stable morphology an

187 migration modes, including amoeboid-like and keratocyte-like, naturally emerge through transitions de

188 ferentiation of pluripotent hES cells to the keratocyte lineage.

189 Some crawling cells, such as fish keratocytes, maintain a roughly constant shape and veloc

190 a significant decrease in RNA levels for the keratocyte markers ALDH1A1, lumican, and keratocan and a

191 lls were cultured as substratum-free pellets keratocyte markers AQP1, B3GNT7, PTDGS, and ALDH3A1 were

192 Expression of myofibroblast and keratocyte markers was determined by real-time PCR and W

193 ical feedbacks underlying wave generation in keratocytes may constitute a general module for establis

194 que extracellular matrix secreted by stromal keratocytes, mesenchymal cells of neural crest lineage.

195 platform for investigating the mechanics of keratocyte migration after exposure to specific wound-he

196 Both 10% FBS and PDGF stimulated significant keratocyte migration through the uncompressed outer matr

197 nce microscopy was used to assess changes in keratocyte morphology, as well as to quantify the dynami

198 The keratocyte motif is caused by optimal recycling of the c

199 In fibroblasts and keratocytes, motility is actin dependent, while microtub

200 can inhibit TGFbeta1-induced rabbit corneal keratocyte-myofibroblast transformation.

201 Fundamentally, PMN migration along keratocyte networks constitutes the beginning of a new e

202 smission electron microscopy revealed intact keratocyte networks within the paralimbus that were morp

203 trastructural morphometric analysis of PMNs, keratocyte networks, and collagen.

204 ons from amoeboid cells into cells mimicking keratocytes, neurons, or fibroblasts.

205 Keratocytes normally express high levels of aldehyde deh

206 stoperatively, there was complete absence of keratocyte nuclei in 86% of corneas.

207 Staining of keratocyte nuclei with 4',6-diaminido-2-phenylindole dih

208 ZEB1 is present in keratocyte nuclei, suggesting a role for ZEB1 in keratoc

209 Scattered, presumed fragmented keratocyte nuclei, were observed at 1 and 3 months, but

210 stochemistry demonstrated ZEB1 expression in keratocyte nuclei.

211 and lumican expression in activated corneal keratocytes observed during corneal stromal wound healin

212 The results show that corneal keratocytes occupy a significantly greater tissue volume

213 Keratocytes of the corneal stroma produce transparent ex

214 ty was significantly elevated in the corneal keratocytes of the Dox-induced mutant mice, compared to

215 actility, we cultured primary rabbit corneal keratocytes on flexible substrata of varying stiffness i

216 d of 5 to 11 collagen lamellae that revealed keratocytes on their anterior surface and in between.

217 sked which of the proteins that may regulate keratocytes or corneal nerve growth cone immigration int

218 ferentiation of limbal stromal stem cells to keratocytes or fibroblasts and the phenotype maintenance

219 ed by induction of neural cells, adipocytes, keratocytes, or TM cells.

220 We present a physical description of keratocyte oscillation in which periodic retraction of t

221 n optimal environment for the maintenance of keratocyte phenotype and the regeneration of damaged cor

222 human corneal stromal stem cells to assume a keratocyte phenotype and to organize extracellular matri

223 The normal monkey keratocyte phenotype can be maintained in a low-calcium,

224 roma that maintain the potential to assume a keratocyte phenotype even after extensive replication.

225 The stability of the keratocyte phenotype was examined by switching KSFM to D

226 Keratocyte phenotype was induced by substratum-independe

227 dritic morphology, indicative of a quiescent keratocyte phenotype.

228 ase 3A1, and keratocan, molecular markers of keratocyte phenotype.

229 Different rabbit keratocyte phenotypes also showed different levels of ex

230 ferent species and different cultured rabbit keratocyte phenotypes and to assess differences in light

231 e proteoglycans were degraded in cultures of keratocytes plated at low density and cultured in the ab

232 eflectivity and rounded/ellipsoid aspects of keratocytes, presence of small intracellular vacuoles, a

233 ver, JNK inhibition during the activation of keratocytes, pretreated with the JNK inhibitor, suppress

234 In KSFM, monkey keratocytes proliferated while maintaining the expressio

235 te coatings caused comparable enhancement of keratocyte proliferation compared with unmodified PMMA s

236 s also show abnormal corneal endothelial and keratocyte proliferation, corneal thickening, and corneo

237 Rabbit corneal keratocytes (RCKs) were treated with EGF, TGF-beta1, or

238 generation of the sub-basal nerve plexus and keratocyte repopulation by 12 months postoperatively.

239 observed at 1 and 3 months, but by 6 months, keratocyte repopulation of the anterior stroma was appar

240 This heterogeneity of keratocyte response may impact wound closure after mecha

241 ic deletion of beta-catenin in mouse corneal keratocytes resulted in precocious corneal epithelial st

242 The RI of quiescent keratocytes (RI = 1.381 +/- 0.004) matched the surroundi

243 Keratocytes sense electric fields and migrate to the cat

244 The keratocytes showed intracytoplasmatic vesicles, whereas

245 Mechanics of motility is simplest in fish keratocytes, so we turned to keratocytes to investigate

246 rum-free media upregulated the expression of keratocyte-specific genes and secreted substantial ECM c

247 rs neurofilament, beta-tubulin III, GFAP; or keratocyte-specific markers keratan sulfate and keratoca

248 pes and movements that are characteristic of keratocytes, suggesting that these mechanisms may serve

249 The very rapid induction of HA expression in keratocytes suggests a functional role of this molecule

250 % of the PMN surface was in contact with the keratocyte surface, and this value decreased to 10% in C

251 hanges in the light-scattering properties of keratocytes that are possibly linked to the abundant exp

252 In stationary keratocytes, the actin network flow was inwards and radi

253 In nonactivated keratocytes, the expression of alpha3(IV) collagen was d

254 yed thin and finely vacuolated lamellae, and keratocytes throughout the stroma were immunopositive fo

255 These results show HA secretion by keratocytes to be initiated by a rapid transient increas

256 and interindividually variable distances of keratocytes to Descemet's membrane.

257 In culture, TGFbeta caused cat corneal keratocytes to differentiate into alphaSMA-positive myof

258 F-beta-induced activation of corneal stromal keratocytes to fibroblast- or myofibroblast-phenotype, r

259 s study found HA secretion by primary bovine keratocytes to increase rapidly in response to TGFbeta,

260 implest in fish keratocytes, so we turned to keratocytes to investigate their migration in EFs.

261 aling is an important mechanism for cultured keratocytes to maintain a normal phenotype while continu

262 modified the TGF-beta1-driven transition of keratocytes to myofibroblasts by inhibiting the upregula

263 er, enhancing specific fibrotic responses of keratocytes to TGFbeta.

264 of this molecule in the fibrotic response of keratocytes to wound healing.

265 atively simple cell type-the fish epithelial keratocyte-to define a set of mechanochemical feedback l

266 Keratocyte TPMDs and their associated signaling events a

267 d to enhanced inflammatory response, stromal keratocyte transactivation, fibrosis, increased p38 mito

268 eal stroma appeared as a region where normal keratocytes transitioned into elongated, hyper-reflectiv

269 lular pattern of force generation in corneal keratocytes treated with TGF-beta1.

270 Primary human corneal keratocytes under serum-free conditions were used as a m

271 In fish keratocytes undergoing motility, myosin II is concentrat

272 healing corneal wounds, and in vitro corneal keratocytes up-regulate expression of several fibrosis-r

273 tween Descemet's membrane and most posterior keratocytes varied from 2 to 10 and the diameter of coll

274 -catenin mutant (Ctnnb1(DeltaE3)) in corneal keratocytes via a doxycycline (Dox)-inducible compound t

275 ation in GCD patient-derived primary corneal keratocytes via homology-directed repair (HDR).

276 thelial cell migration on treated amnion and keratocyte viability after bonding were also measured.

277 RGX did not decrease keratocyte viability.

278 decreased and the number of hyperreflective keratocytes was significantly increased in NK eyes compa

279 Viable keratocytes were counted on H&E-stained sections 24 hour

280 Primary isolated rabbit corneal keratocytes were cultured in serum-free medium.

281 When keratocytes were cultured on AM, the promoter activity o

282 Collagenase-isolated keratocytes were cultured with or without insulin with o

283 ts on the synthesis of collagen and KSPGs by keratocytes were determined.

284 nd ECM production by primary cultured bovine keratocytes were evaluated.

285 Human corneal stromal keratocytes were expanded in transwell culture in the pr

286 In other experiments, keratocytes were fixed after 5 days of culture and stain

287 Rhesus monkey keratocytes were isolated from central corneal buttons b

288 Stromal keratocytes were observed at variable distances from Des

289 Rabbit corneal keratocytes were plated within standard bovine or rat ta

290 transcription of alpha-SMA mRNA in activated keratocytes were reduced by Rho or ROCK inhibition durin

291 Rabbit corneal keratocytes were seeded within collagen matrices that we

292 In another set of experiments, keratocytes were transfected with JNK1/2 Dicer-substrate

293 On the TGF-beta2 background, the keratocytes were treated with IGF-1, and suberoylanilide

294 e independent preparations of cultured human keratocytes were treated with TGF-beta1, to elicit a phe

295 d basal epithelial cells, as well as stromal keratocytes, were assessed by 2 masked observers.

296 We focus on fragments from fish epithelial keratocytes, which are essentially stand-alone motile la

297 pregulated in the absence of beta-catenin in keratocytes, which further triggers ERK1/2 (Mapk3/1) and

298 , in part, by specialized fibroblasts called keratocytes, which reside in the fibrous lamellae of the

299 microscopy showed the presence of activated keratocytes, while the nerve pattern was normal.

300 Similarly, brief treatment of keratocytes with hyaluronidase reduced TGFbeta responses