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1 detection limits of five trophozoites of G. lamblia.
2 in mice infected with the protozoan Giardia lamblia.
3 vel drugs with selective activity against G. lamblia.
4 ncoding a putative [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin of G. lamblia.
5 vacuoles in the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia.
6 ate of this event before the branching of G. lamblia.
7 tly diverged amitochondriate protist Giardia lamblia.
8 r machinery of the early diverging protist G.lamblia.
9 in initiating translation of GLV mRNA in G. lamblia.
10 ects the widespread enteric parasite Giardia lamblia.
11 O is cytostatic rather than cytotoxic for G. lamblia.
12 ion may constitute a host defense against G. lamblia.
13 ubunit from the diplomonad parasite, Giardia lamblia.
14 amitochondriate diplomonad protist, Giardia lamblia.
15 s absolutely required for protection from G. lamblia.
16 between 1 and 2 weeks postinfection with G. lamblia.
17 ion of acetate, a metabolic endproduct of G. lamblia.
18 merases from the primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia.
19 mples submitted for the detection of Giardia lamblia.
20 homolog from the diplomonad parasite Giardia lamblia.
21 s is a disease caused by the protist Giardia lamblia.
22 cap (DMG) as observed previously for Giardia lamblia.
23 of the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia.
24 family in the intestinal protozoan, Giardia lamblia.
25 , enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), and Giardia lamblia.
26 of the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia.
27 ry to a 15 nt sequence near the 3' end of G. lamblia 16 S-like ribosomal RNA (rRNA), was found to be
28 specificity results were as follows: for G. lamblia, 170, 95.9%, and 97.4%, respectively; for E. his
29 fewer positional identities to the POR of G. lamblia (34%) than to the POR of the enterobacterium Kle
30 hlii (8), Blastocystis hominis (19), Giardia lamblia (6), Dientamoeba fragilis (2), yeast (2), and le
31 ve predictive values were as follows: for G. lamblia, 93.5, 100, 100, and 95.5%, respectively; for C.
32 m spp., and E. coli O157:H7; 95% for Giardia lamblia; 94% for ETEC and STEC; 93% for Shigella spp.; 9
35 anine phosphoribosyltransferase from Giardia lamblia, a key enzyme in the purine salvage pathway, is
37 t was no more closely related to the Giardia lamblia acetyl-CoA synthetase than to those of archaea.
38 cayetanensis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, adenovirus F 40/41, astrovirus, norovirus GI/GI
42 pecies (the most frequent pathogen), Giardia lamblia, Aeromonas species, Campylobacter species, and r
43 phoribosyltransferase (GPRTase) from Giardia lamblia, an enzyme required for guanine salvage and nece
44 The genome of the eukaryotic protist Giardia lamblia, an important human intestinal parasite, is comp
46 btained by expression of ZK 896.9 in Giardia lamblia, an organism recently characterized as having en
47 tients (18 asymptomatically infected with G. lamblia and 12 with symptoms consistent with intestinal
49 eubacteria and also in the eukaryote Giardia lamblia and are only distantly related to typical eukary
50 rapid and quantitative detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum (oo)cysts in a field
52 at detects and distinguishes between Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in aqueous extracts o
54 ic to developed countries, including Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., using technologies tha
55 ly two Type I amitochondriate eukaryotes, G. lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica and from the archaebac
59 ot well understood, but in analogy to Gardia lamblia and rotavirus infections, secondary lactose mald
60 s, including the pathogenic protozoa Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, and the bacterial pat
61 ichDB house the genome databases for Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, respectively, and rep
62 ntervening sequences in the protists Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, which may represent t
65 ridium, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Giardia lamblia) and 90% or greater for 11/17 targets: adenoviru
66 gnostic testing for Giardia intestinalis (G. lamblia) and Cryptosporidium parvum, with a priority bei
69 ngs related to diarrhoea prevalence, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum were adjusted for se
71 i (EIEC), protozoa (Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica), and helminths (Asca
73 exual transmission of Campylobacter, Giardia lamblia, and Shigella (particularly antimicrobial-resist
74 A total of 24 positive patients (80%) had G. lamblia antigen detected by EIA in both submitted sample
76 poridium Microplate Assay, Cambridge Giardia lamblia Antigen Microwell ELISA, Meridian Premier Giardi
78 ns (VSPs) of the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia are not cytotoxic, inducing instead VSP clusteri
80 hood, indexed by stunting, and potentially G lamblia, are associated with poor cognitive function at
81 ons with the diarrheagenic pathogen, Giardia lamblia, are commonly treated with the 5-nitroimidazole
82 gs add insight into the potential role of G. lamblia as a "stunting" pathogen and suggest that, simil
84 between E. histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, G. lamblia assemblages A and B, and C. parvum types 1 and 2
86 fever (RR, 0.15 [95% CI, 0.02-0.98]), and G. lamblia-associated fever (RR, 0.27 [95% CI, 0.13-0.80]).
89 oth specimens submitted were positive for G. lamblia by O&P examination for 66.7% (20 of 30) of the p
90 expression in the ancient eukaryote, Giardia lamblia, by taking advantage of assays developed recentl
91 cystation of the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia can be activated by multiple stimuli, which we h
92 trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Giardia lamblia, Chilomastix sulcatus, Dientamoeba fragilis, and
94 sed to treat chronic alcoholism, inhibits G. lamblia CK and kills G. lamblia trophozoites in vitro at
96 Here, we examine the structural basis for G. lamblia CK inhibition of disulfiram and its analog, thir
97 he metronidazole-resistant strain and the G. lamblia CK irreversible inactivation mechanism show that
101 dies to CD4 also prevented elimination of G. lamblia, confirming a role for T cells in controlling in
102 dern animals as well as the archezoa Giardia lamblia, confirming the presence of inhibitory prosequen
104 rect fluorescent-antibody (FA) assays for G. lamblia (Crypto/Giardia IF Test [Techlab] and Merifluor
105 c Clostridium difficile), parasites (Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba histolytica
109 biology, transcription and translation in G. lamblia demonstrate important differences from these pro
110 f 12) of patients in this category having G. lamblia detected in both samples, compared with 61% (11
112 c E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Giardia lamblia document heterogeneity among enteropathogen stra
113 e enzyme immunoassay for the detection of G. lamblia, E. histolytica/E. dispar, and C. parvum in fres
114 formed if parasitic infections other than G. lamblia, E. histolytica/E. dispar, or C. parvum are susp
115 ammes designed to prevent malnutrition and G lamblia early in life could lead to significant improvem
117 e show that the unicellular pathogen Giardia lamblia encodes an mRNA capping apparatus consisting of
120 sing the long (>60-kDa) enzymes from Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica pfk2, the spirochaetes Bo
121 s, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cyclospora cayetanen
122 Microaerophilic pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginali
123 say (EIA) panel for the detection of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, and Cryptospor
124 n virulence genes, Balantidium coli, Giardia lamblia, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Trichuris trichiur
125 aldolases, the results indicate that the G. lamblia enzyme is distinct in its evolutionary history f
126 PA employs an aspartic acid, Asp83 in the G. lamblia enzyme, which when replaced with an alanine resi
128 cognition, derived from comparison of the G. lamblia FBPA structure with Escherichia coli FBPA and wi
130 Seven specimens were positive for Giardia lamblia, four were positive for Entamoeba histolytica/E.
137 was an increase in the prevalence of Giardia lamblia genes, any E. coli virulence gene, and the speci
138 BLAST similarity searches of the Giardia lamblia genome identified all seven alpha proteasome gen
141 nomenon of bidirectional transcription in G. lamblia gives us insight into the interaction between tr
142 ponding locations in human HGPRT and Giardia lamblia GPRT, respectively, may explain their resistance
143 fied a corresponding threonine residue in G. lamblia GPRTase at position 70 by sequence alignment, an
145 tively identified the PPi-binding loop in G. lamblia GPRTase, and attributed the relatively higher ca
148 ast, eradication of the human strain Giardia lamblia GS/M, for which adaptive immunity is less IgA de
151 otif (amanitin binding site) of Rpb1 from G. lamblia has amino acid substitutions at six highly conse
153 es, as well as IEM, support the idea that G. lamblia has many of the endomembrane protein transport e
155 -specific surface proteins (VSPs) in Giardia lamblia-host interactions, antigenic variation during in
156 ne of the most primitive eukaryotes, Giardia lamblia, however, the mRNAs have 5'-UTRs mostly in the r
157 a [Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.]) to detect G. lamblia in 34 G. lamblia-positive and 44 G. lamblia-nega
158 nochromatographic assay that detects Giardia lamblia in aqueous extracts of human fecal specimens.
160 &P) examination for the detection of Giardia lamblia in preserved stool specimens were determined.
161 FIX compared to their abilities to detect G. lamblia in the same specimens preserved in formalin as t
162 sequence of the primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia indicated the presence of an archaeal prolyl-tRN
163 Two major genotypic assemblages of Giardia lamblia infect humans; the epidemiologic significance of
164 m and shown to be immunogenic in mice and G. lamblia-infected humans and confer protection against G.
166 tively addressing the association between G. lamblia infection and diarrhea in children in developing
168 cted humans and confer protection against G. lamblia infection upon intranasal immunization in rodent
170 ce could not eradicate either G. muris or G. lamblia infection, demonstrating that IgA is required fo
172 se of probiotic therapy for prevention of G. lamblia infections and may help explain some of the vari
174 nsidered to be potential sources for Giardia lamblia infections in humans, but the extent of zoonotic
177 deficient and scid mice failed to control G. lamblia infections, as has been shown previously for G.
180 in models of human intestinal epithelium, G. lamblia inhibited epithelial NO production by consuming
194 e the potent antigiardial activity of NO, G. lamblia is not simply a passive target for host-produced
198 rominent feature of transcription in Giardia lamblia is the abundant production of sterile antisense
204 e-susceptible and metronidazole-resistant G. lamblia isolates, and their efficacy in a mouse model of
206 veral pathogenic protozoa, including Giardia lamblia, Leishmania species, and Trichomonas vaginalis a
209 al to the initiation of infection by Giardia lamblia, little is known about the regulation of this im
212 in fact, within Metamonada, species like G. lamblia make use of a previously unrecognized auxiliary
213 Thus, the large number of VSP genes in G. lamblia may allow the parasite to infect multiple differ
214 tter understanding of the epidemiology of G. lamblia may be facilitated by a more effective means for
216 f the MDH protein family solidly position G. lamblia MDH within a eukaryote cytosolic MDH clade, to t
217 Giardia Test [Techlab], and Premier Giardia lamblia [Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.]) and two commercial
218 en Microwell ELISA, Meridian Premier Giardia lamblia, Meridian Premier Cryptosporidium, TechLab Giard
221 lamblia in 34 G. lamblia-positive and 44 G. lamblia-negative stool specimens (determined by traditio
222 candidate early-branching eukaryote Giardia lamblia occur in separate pieces, transcribed from non-c
223 tification in the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia of a novel class of small RNAs, which are derive
224 iasis) were determined to be positive for G. lamblia, of which 48 (88.9%) were positive by microscopy
225 e sensitivity of EIA for the detection of G. lamblia on a single stool specimen was somewhat higher t
226 vum) and four false negatives by O&P (two G. lamblia, one E. histolytica/E. dispar, and one C. parvum
228 seven distinct alpha proteasome genes in G. lamblia, one of the earliest-diverging eukaryotes, indic
231 on) is important for the survival of Giardia lamblia outside its human host, the molecular events tha
232 Children with more than one episode of G lamblia per year scored 4.1 points (0.2--8.0) lower than
233 sharing more recent common ancestry with G. lamblia POR than with POR of bacteria and the T. vaginal
234 ostics, Inc.]) to detect G. lamblia in 34 G. lamblia-positive and 44 G. lamblia-negative stool specim
236 ata were confirmed in vivo, as the cloned G. lamblia proS gene was able to complement a temperature-s
238 ut the extent of zoonotic transmission of G. lamblia remains controversial because of inadequate unde
239 us (GLV)-luciferase chimeric mRNA in Giardia lamblia requires the presence of the initial 264 nucleot
241 Therefore, we measured the sensitivity of G. lamblia RNAP II transcription to alpha-amanitin and foun
243 ampylobacter lari, Escherichia coli, Giardia lamblia, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytoge
244 ow the primitive protozoan parasite, Giardia lamblia, senses and responds to its changing environment
245 Searching genomic databases with the G. lamblia sequence, we also identified a potential telomer
246 In response to encystation stimuli, Giardia lamblia shifts the distribution of the cell cycle toward
247 opathogen exposures in these populations, G. lamblia-specific associations with persistent diarrhea,
248 ed the abilities of three commercial Giardia lamblia-specific enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (ProSpecT Gi
249 tes per PCR on fecal DNA isolated using a G. lamblia-specific oligonucleotide capture technique.
250 heat-shocked whole organisms of E. coli, G. lamblia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Cryptosporidium muri
251 ch (Anisakis), proximal small bowel (Giardia lamblia, Strongyloides stercoralis, Mycobacterium avium-
254 e the L-arginine pathway is essential for G. lamblia survival and absent in high eukaryotes including
256 ic to developed countries, including Giardia lamblia (syn. G. intestinalis/G. duodenalis) and Cryptos
259 s Schizosaccharomyces pombe Tgs1 and Giardia lamblia Tgs2 catalyze methylation of the exocyclic N2 am
260 e less susceptible to infection with Giardia lamblia than were isogenic mice from another facility.
261 identified in the protozoan pathogen Giardia lamblia that is similar to the core sequence of BIVM, su
262 to identify 23 novel surface antigens of G. lamblia that show >90% amino acid sequence identity betw
263 a that the Diplomonida (as represented by G. lamblia), the Kinetoplastida, the Parabasalia, and the M
265 eadly parasite Entamoeba histolytica;Giardia lamblia, the most common cause of waterborne disease out
266 stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus infecting Giardia lamblia, the most common protozoan pathogen of the human
268 anging from 0.4 (95% CI 0.2-0.6) for Giardia lamblia to 54.1 (95% CI 7.4-393.5) for Vibrio cholerae.
269 a ribozyme targeted at a specific mRNA in G. lamblia to reduce the expression of a specific gene.
270 They were introduced into GLV-infected G. lamblia trophozoites by electroporation and stablized in
271 oholism, inhibits G. lamblia CK and kills G. lamblia trophozoites in vitro at submicromolar IC50 valu
275 The intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia undergoes surface antigenic variation whereby on
276 that the deeply branching eukaryote Giardia lamblia uses a distinct hexamer (AGURAA) and lacks any k
277 ing proteins, the prevalent parasite Giardia lamblia uses an alternative mechanism for cytokinesis.
278 an pathogens (Trypanosoma brucei and Giardia lamblia) using a new hybrid vector, pTARBAC1, containing
281 e determined the virion structure of Giardia lamblia virus, obtaining new information relating to its
284 phoribosyltransferase (APRTase) from Giardia lamblia was co-crystallized with 9-deazaadenine and sulf
286 cryo-electron microscopy structure of the G. lamblia (WB strain) ribosome determined at 2.75 angstrom
287 To better understand transcription in G. lamblia, we identified 10 of the 12 known eukaryotic rpb
288 ter pylori, Salmonella enterica, and Giardia lamblia were detected in sewage, as well as MST markers
291 amitochondriate protozoan parasite, Giardia lamblia, were sequenced, and their phylogenetic position
293 active form of the enzyme Dicer from Giardia lamblia, which is capable of accurately processing doubl
294 nce in a group previously exposed to Giardia lamblia with a control group; secondly, to explore the r
295 t detection of a foodborne pathogen, Giardia lamblia, with high sensitivity (the detection limit of 2
297 f the waterborne protozoan parasite, Giardia lamblia, with polymeric materials was investigated by mi
298 (ADP-forming) in such human pathogens as G. lamblia, Yersinia pestis, Bordetella pertussis, Pseudomo