ライフサイエンスコーパス: microtubule binding

1 inding to soluble tubulin but do not prevent microtubule binding.

2 on and that its function is mediated through microtubule binding.

3 d centrosome positioning requires its direct microtubule binding.

4 tail, work together to promote high-affinity microtubule binding.

5 dues within the FH2 domain are important for microtubule binding.

6 activating domain functions independently of microtubule binding.

7 n the GKNDG motif, which participates in the microtubule binding.

8 nd is not essential for complex formation or microtubule binding.

9 ix the fraction of Hec1 molecules capable of microtubule binding.

10 ged alanine greatly reduced or abolished tau-microtubule binding.

11 x in a straightened form for higher affinity microtubule binding.

12 tributed rigosertib's mechanism of action to microtubule binding.

13 IF18A and KIF15 motor activity by preventing microtubule binding.

14 ht bending of the Ndc80 complex inhibits its microtubule binding.

15 n filaments in vitro, its actin assembly and microtubule binding activities likely require spatial an

16 One of the major microtubule-binding activities in the kinetochore is med

17 strophin/utrophin chimera completely lacking microtubule binding activity are surprisingly rescued fo

18 eficient Dam1 complex that retains wild-type microtubule binding activity is primarily defective in c

19 hemically compared the previously documented microtubule binding activity of dystrophin with utrophin

20 No microtubule binding activity was detected for the analog

21 he regulatory mechanism of the tau protein's microtubule binding activity.

22 of Smc5 and generated a mutant with impaired microtubule binding activity.

23 able to form an intact complex that retains microtubule binding activity.

24 However, separase lacks microtubule-binding activity, raising questions about me

25 endocytosis apparently independently of its microtubule-binding activity.

26 icacy of each ligand was consistent with the microtubule binding affinity, as was the trend in cytoto

27 that an individual MIND complex enhances the microtubule-binding affinity of a single Ndc80 complex b

28 t simulate the experimental data, unless the microtubule-binding affinity of kinesins on the endosome

29 The ATPase, microtubule-binding affinity, and processivity are uncha

30 We find that She1 affects the ATPase rate, microtubule-binding affinity, and stepping behavior of d

31 3A axon growth defects could be rescued with microtubule-binding agents, emphasizing the importance o

32 crucial for this protective effect and that microtubule binding alone is not sufficient.

33 of key functional elements, most notably the microtubule binding alpha4-alpha5, loop8 subdomain and a

34 couple cycles of ATP hydrolysis to cycles of microtubule binding and conformational changes that resu

35 uced by simulations of assembly with tighter microtubule binding and faster sliding.

36 motif in MDM1 that is required for efficient microtubule binding and found that these repeats are als

37 o, FTDP-17 mutant versions of tau can reduce microtubule binding and increase the aggregation of tau,

38 These results show that both microtubule binding and interaction with Eg5 contribute

39 inhibitory site, leading to increased GEF-H1 microtubule binding and loss of RhoA stimulation.

40 Microtubule binding and mitotic ER clearance from chromo

41 n the termini coupled with compaction of the microtubule binding and proline- rich regions.

42 Perturbation of both microtubule binding and protein phosphatase 1 docking at

43 - and C-terminal domains that is involved in microtubule binding and regulation of the spindle checkp

44 au acetylation, in particular, controls both microtubule binding and tau aggregation, thereby acting

45 fusions retain the TACC domain that mediates microtubule binding and the BAIAP2L1 fusion retains the

46 Dynein motility involves the coupling of microtubule binding and unbinding to a change in the con

47 Thus, KIF21B combines microtubule-binding and regulatory activities that toget

48 tics of histidine were both required for tau-microtubule binding, as substitutions with constitutivel

49 otubule-binding protein that participates in microtubule binding at kinetochores and in the mitotic r

50 The motor head of kinesin carries out microtubule binding, ATP hydrolysis, and force generatio

51 CDK1 phosphorylation site located within its microtubule-binding basic patch.

52 N-terminal portion of mPar3 exhibits strong microtubule binding, bundling, and stabilization activit

53 ted actin-microtubule cross-talk, we studied microtubule binding by Cappuccino (Capu), a formin invol

54 ition, the kinetochore complex MIND enhances microtubule binding by opposing the tightly bent, auto-i

55 y, and stepping behavior of dynein, and that microtubule binding by She1 is required for its effects

56 Microtubule binding by Ska, rather than acting in force

57 itial lateral microtubule capture, inhibited microtubule binding by the Ndc80 complex, which ultimate

58 Ska3-Ska1 interactions negatively influences microtubule binding by the Ska complex in vitro and affe

59 the Ska3 subunit is required to modulate the microtubule binding capability of the Ska complex (i) by

60 We further show that Ska requires its microtubule-binding capability to promote Aurora B activ

61 The microtubule-binding capacity of the SAH domain is import

62 our results argue that sustained exposure of microtubule-binding chemotherapeutic agents in periphera

63 This suggests that mud, which encodes a microtubule-binding coiled-coil protein homologous to Nu

64 Levels of Ndc80 further depend on the Dam1 microtubule binding complex.

65 Two microtubule-binding complexes, the Ndc80 and Ska complex

66 The conserved Ndc80 complex is an essential microtubule-binding component of the kinetochore.

67 omponents, Mif2 and COMA, with the principal microtubule-binding component, the Ndc80 complex (Ndc80C

68 The Dam1 and Ndc80 complexes are the main microtubule binding components of the Saccharomyces cere

69 jacent microtubule protofilaments in a novel microtubule binding configuration and uses an ATP-promot

70 p150(glued) contains an N-terminal microtubule-binding cytoskeleton-associated protein glyc

71 Overexpression of a microtubule binding-defective CEP120-K76A mutant signifi

72 First, upon microtubule binding, dimeric Eg5 releases both bound ADP

73 R), and a decrease in positive charge in the microtubule binding domain (MBD).

74 lectrostatic funnel that guides the dynein's microtubule binding domain (MTBD) as it finally docks to

75 ngly, the proline-rich domain (PRD), not the microtubule binding domain (MTBD), drives LLPS and does

76 markable flexibility at a hinge close to the microtubule binding domain (the stalkhead) producing a w

77 e KIFC1, KIFC2 and KIFC3 lack the N-terminal microtubule binding domain and only have one microtubule

78 ts that the Mn modules represent each a full microtubule binding domain and that MAP6 proteins may st

79 helix sliding in the stalk which causes the microtubule binding domain at its tip to release from th

80 ubules, suggesting the existence of a second microtubule binding domain at the C terminus of ARK1.

81 ike structures, we demonstrate that the Ska1 microtubule binding domain can associate with soluble tu

82 d proline residues in repeats 2 and 3 of the microtubule binding domain have differential effects on

83 Thus, crowding by either dynein microtubule binding domain or Klp2, a kinesin-14, conver

84 d mutations on distinct surfaces of the Ska1 microtubule binding domain that disrupt binding to solub

85 d the tubulin-binding properties of the Ska1 microtubule binding domain.

86 sites exist in repeats two and three of the microtubule binding domain.

87 a intermediary proteins and directly via its microtubule-binding domain (MBD).

88 bind and release microtubules via a compact microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) at the end of a coiled

89 ement (linker) spanning over the ring, and a microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) that is separated from

90 nown glutamylase activity utilize a cationic microtubule-binding domain analogous to that of TTLL7.

91 nsists of an N-terminal projection domain, a microtubule-binding domain and a C-terminal domain.

92 stead, MIND binds Ndc80 complex far from the microtubule-binding domain and confers increased microtu

93 N-terminal, disordered region of HDAC6 as a microtubule-binding domain and functionally characterize

94 a C-terminal region outside NuMA's canonical microtubule-binding domain and is independent of minus-e

95 les requires two hexapeptides located in its microtubule-binding domain and is modulated by its proje

96 Importantly, a crosstalk between the microtubule-binding domain and the deacetylase domain wa

97 y requires the interaction between the FHDC1 microtubule-binding domain and the Golgi-derived microtu

98 ubules both directly, through the N-terminal microtubule-binding domain and unstructured linker regio

99 motor domain at its N-terminus and a second microtubule-binding domain at its C-terminus of unknown

100 ubnanometer-resolution structure of dynein's microtubule-binding domain bound to microtubules by cryo

101 HookA contains a putative N-terminal microtubule-binding domain followed by coiled-coil domai

102 Disruption of the microtubule-binding domain in a mouse model of LCA was s

103 The Ska1 microtubule-binding domain interacts with tubulins using

104 ver, we find that She1 directly contacts the microtubule-binding domain of dynein, and that their int

105 The microtubule-binding domain of MAP4 binds directly to the

106 -repeat region of tau, which flanks the core microtubule-binding domain of tau, contributes largely t

107 en receptor deletion mutants to identify the microtubule-binding domain of the androgen receptor, whi

108 with green fluorescent protein fused to the microtubule-binding domain of the mammalian microtubule-

109 ity or the tubulin contact sites of the Ska1 microtubule-binding domain perturbs normal mitotic progr

110 the isoforms with the same carboxyl-terminal microtubule-binding domain repeats, isoforms with four m

111 BuGZ also uses its microtubule-binding domain to enhance the loading of Bub

112 he microtubule rescue factor CLIP-170 in its microtubule-binding domain to increase its rescue-promot

113 angular probability distribution of a single microtubule-binding domain translation, the existence of

114 isoform 1B lacks 20 amino acids in the basic microtubule-binding domain).

115 e, CEP120 was found to contain an N-terminal microtubule-binding domain, a C-terminal dimerization do

116 ich autoinhibits the NLS and the neighboring microtubule-binding domain, and RhoA-GTP binding may rel

117 FTD-causing tau mutations are located in the microtubule-binding domain, but how these mutations alte

118 letion of dynein from plus ends requires its microtubule-binding domain, suggesting that motility is

119 ssociated with deletion of a majority of its microtubule-binding domain.

120 bule dynamics through a separable, non-motor microtubule-binding domain.

121 direction of the linker stroke is toward the microtubule-binding domain.

122 dence that microtubule binding of nonkinesin microtubule binding domains may be affected by adociasul

123 tains separable kinetochore localization and microtubule binding domains.

124 achment and, similar to CENP-E, contains two microtubule-binding domains at its termini.

125 pond anisotropically to tension, so that its microtubule-binding domains bind microtubules more stron

126 This property depends on non-motor microtubule-binding domains located in the stalk region

127 We show that the two microtubule-binding domains make distinct contributions

128 The microtubule-binding domains of MAPs are structurally div

129 We find that the microtubule-binding domains of the Ndc80 complex cluster

130 othesis that PRC1/Ase1 proteins use distinct microtubule-binding domains to control the spindle elong

131 (CENP-F) is part of the corona, contains two microtubule-binding domains, and physically associates w

132 ion of the separation vector between the two microtubule-binding domains, the angular probability dis

133 ause variations in the hematologic target of microtubule-binding drugs might alter their myelosuppres

134 At their MTDs, the microtubule-binding drugs paclitaxel and ixabepilone ind

135 ence, and the presence of both ESCRT-III and microtubule binding elements may underlie the recent fin

136 The Ska complex contains multiple microtubule-binding elements and promotes kinetochore-mi

137 formed stronger attachments and carried more microtubule-binding elements than kinetochores isolated

138 n of a conserved Ser residue adjacent to the microtubule-binding exon released Drp1-x01 from microtub

139 Here, we used molecular dynamics, microtubule-binding experiments, and live-cell microscop

140 The Ndc80 and Ska complexes are the major microtubule-binding factors of the kinetochore responsib

141 otubule, which suggests a precise balance of microtubule binding forces is required.

142 f the Ndc80 tail, which compromises in vitro microtubule binding, has no effect on kinetochore-microt

143 ersion from lattice diffusion to end-coupled microtubule binding in vitro.

144 Mutants show weak-ADP/tight-microtubule binding, instead of tight-ADP/weak-microtubu

145 thogenic effect of tau did not depend on its microtubule binding, interactions with Fyn, or potential

146 namic communication between the active site, microtubule-binding interface and neck-linker via loop7

147 80 complex (KMN) network acts as the primary microtubule-binding interface at kinetochores [3] and pr

148 sembly because it links centromeres with the microtubule-binding interface of kinetochores.

149 These and other data suggest that the microtubule-binding interface of the human kinetochore b

150 Using an in vitro assay, we show that microtubule binding is direct and identify a novel micro

151 uman Mps1 fragments for binding to the major microtubule-binding kinetochore element Ndc80c, suggesti

152 ved kinase Aurora B phosphorylates the major microtubule-binding kinetochore subcomplexes, Ndc80 and

153 DNA-binding complex that associates with the microtubule-binding KMN network via a short Mtw1 recruit

154 crotubule binding, instead of tight-ADP/weak-microtubule binding like wild type--they hydrolyze ATP f

155 ting the large, class-specific insert in the microtubule-binding loop 8 reverts Cin8 to one motor per

156 TOG5-microtubule binding maintained mitotic spindle formation

157 ified FHDC1 (also known as INF1) as a unique microtubule-binding member of the formin family of cytos

158 The novel microtubule-binding mode of Cin8 identified here provide

159 ore are added during anaphase, including the microtubule binding module Ndc80.

160 ubule binding is direct and identify a novel microtubule-binding motif encompassed within amino acids

161 Finally, the ATP-independent microtubule-binding motif is required for cargo localiza

162 We show that the microtubule-binding motif spans two positively charged p

163 ly the auto-inhibitory IAK and the auxiliary microtubule-binding motifs, are crucial for transport by

164 Kinesin is part of the microtubule-binding motor protein superfamily, which ser

165 nkages between centromeric chromatin and the microtubule-binding Ndc80 complex at the human kinetocho

166 ts: the plus end-directed kinesin CENP-E and microtubule-binding Ndc80 complex, combined on the surfa

167 at individual kinetochores detect changes in microtubule binding, not in spindle forces that accompan

168 iously unidentified mechanism for regulating microtubule binding of an outer kinetochore component by

169 We also report evidence that microtubule binding of nonkinesin microtubule binding do

170 e of Drosophila Pins (LGN), which blocks the microtubule binding of NuMA and competes with Astrin for

171 Interaction with CMUs did not affect microtubule binding or motility of the FRA1 kinesin but

172 with different HSP mutations, independent of microtubule-binding or severing activity.

173 at bind to centromeres in the absence of the microtubule-binding outer kinetochore sub-complexes duri

174 Nuc), thereby coupling the centromere to the microtubule-binding outer kinetochore.

175 This preference is mediated by dynactin's microtubule-binding p150 subunit rather than dynein itse

176 Our results show that RASSF1A uses a unique microtubule-binding pattern to promote site-specific mic

177 also enriched for gene ontologies related to microtubule binding processes.

178 In both motors, microtubule binding promotes ordered conformations of co

179 ontains a motor homology domain that retains microtubule binding properties but lacks a nucleotide bi

180 esidue-wise determinants of distinct kinesin-microtubule binding properties.

181 hemically and structurally characterized the microtubule-binding properties of the amino- and carboxy

182 ATP-binding pocket underlie Kif7's atypical microtubule-binding properties.

183 lopmental Cell, Ambrose et al. show that the microtubule binding protein CLASP regulates PIN2 auxin t

184 e have found that 14-3-3epsilon binds to the microtubule binding protein doublecortin preventing its

185 The microtubule binding protein EB1 specifically targets the

186 reviously unreported interaction between the microtubule binding protein end-binding 1 (EB1) and the

187 -box protein FSN-1 and functions through the microtubule binding protein RAE-1.

188 Extensive phosphorylation of the microtubule binding protein tau has been implicated in n

189 The microtubule binding protein tau is strongly implicated i

190 The microtubule binding protein tau may mediate the effects

191 Tau is a microtubule binding protein that forms pathological aggr

192 The microtubule binding protein TRIM46 localizes to the AIS

193 ugh its direct downstream effector ninein, a microtubule binding protein.

194 identified microtubule-associated protein 4 microtubule-binding protein as a novel SKAP-binding part

195 tes centrosome maturation by stabilizing the microtubule-binding protein ch-TOG, defining a novel rol

196 We identify a novel function for both the microtubule-binding protein CLAMP and members of the mic

197 Miller et al. find that a TOG domain microtubule-binding protein imparts intrinsic tension se

198 r and spindle-associated protein NUSAP1 is a microtubule-binding protein implicated in spindle stabil

199 Recently, the microtubule-binding protein tau has been implicated in t

200 Misfolding of the microtubule-binding protein tau into filamentous aggrega

201 Accumulation of the microtubule-binding protein tau is a key event in severa

202 We find that the major GSK3 substrate, the microtubule-binding protein tau, is required for this sp

203 TANGLED1 (TAN1) is a microtubule-binding protein that localizes to the divisi

204 CENP-F is a nonmotor microtubule-binding protein that participates in microtu

205 Recently we found that the microtubule-binding protein TRIM46 localizes to the AIS,

206 rtin on the X-chromosome (DCX) is a neuronal microtubule-binding protein with a multitude of roles in

207 ation factor like-2 (Arl2) and Msps, a known microtubule-binding protein, control cell polarity and s

208 P is an actin-binding protein, rather than a microtubule-binding protein, in IECs.

209 899-depleted cells and identify the neuronal microtubule-binding protein, TPPP/p25, as a target of li

210 e repeats are also present in CCSAP, another microtubule-binding protein.

211 for X-linked lissencephaly, which encodes a microtubule-binding protein.

212 2 and KIFC3 need to interact with additional microtubule binding proteins to connect two microtubules

213 Several microtubule binding proteins, including end-binding prot

214 ons of the mechanisms of action of different microtubule-binding proteins and drugs, thereby enabling

215 ificant gaps in our knowledge concerning how microtubule-binding proteins bind to microtubules, how d

216 We found that DNA-binding and microtubule-binding proteins can diffuse on each other's

217 Thus, although both DNA-binding and microtubule-binding proteins can diffuse on the negative

218 ted calcium entry, regulates the dynamics of microtubule-binding proteins EB1/EB3, coupling ER to mic

219 By contrast, the lower net charge on microtubule-binding proteins enables them to diffuse mor

220 Septins are membrane- and microtubule-binding proteins that assemble into filament

221 TAN1) and AUXIN-INDUCED-IN-ROOTS9 (AIR9) are microtubule-binding proteins that localize to the divisi

222 charged C-terminal tails that interact with microtubule-binding proteins, thus supporting their diff

223 n are believed to regulate interactions with microtubule-binding proteins.

224 f the motor tether length, and the intrinsic microtubule binding rate of the motor.

225 version of the CPC lacking the INCENP/Sli15 microtubule binding region (residues Glu-91 to Ile-631)

226 over, phosphorylation of INCENP/Sli15 on its microtubule binding region also negatively regulates CPC

227 -range contacts between both termini and the microtubule binding region that characterize its compact

228 Moreover, the individual repeats within the microtubule binding region that directly interface with

229 region is a requisite for compaction of the microtubule binding region upon binding.

230 rons is C-terminally truncated and lacks the microtubule-binding region (MTBR) thought necessary for

231 diated by sites distributed throughout Tau's microtubule-binding region (MTBR), resulting in heteroge

232 We mapped the microtubule-binding region of Smc5 and generated a mutan

233 The phosphorylation site is located in a microtubule-binding region that is variable for two isof

234 The microtubule-binding region, spanning residues 244-372, r

235 ppresses tau hyperphosphorylation within the microtubule-binding region.

236 We found that while the proline-rich and microtubule binding regions both contain polyP binding s

237 gregation-competent tau (i.e., contained the microtubule-binding regions) and this material appears t

238 titrations mapped 3-O-S binding sites to the microtubule binding repeat 2 (R2) and proline-rich regio

239 roach to site-specifically phosphorylate the microtubule binding repeat domain of tau (K18) at single

240 nteraction with cyanine was localized to the microtubule binding repeat region.

241 ndent on the presence or absence of a fourth microtubule binding repeat.

242 auopathy characterised by deposition of four microtubule-binding repeat (4R) tau with minimal Abeta p

243 However, truncated tau species lacking the microtubule-binding repeat (MTBR) domains essential for

244 stidine residues near the C terminus of each microtubule-binding repeat are pH sensors that can modul

245 d residues include motifs located within the microtubule-binding repeat domain on tau (Ser-262, Ser-3

246 phospho-epitopes (PHF1, CP13, AT100, pS262), microtubule-binding repeat domains (3R, 4R), truncation

247 auto-acetylation; and as residues within the microtubule-binding repeat region are important not only

248 d LRP1 is mediated by lysine residues in the microtubule-binding repeat region of tau.

249 rming region to a hexapeptide from the third microtubule-binding repeat resulted in a peptide that ra

250 Self-assembly is mediated by the microtubule binding repeats in tau.

251 ptide corresponding to the first of the four microtubule binding repeats of Tau.

252 -length tau or truncated tau containing four microtubule binding repeats resulted in rapid induction

253 hat contain either three (3-R) or four (4-R) microtubule binding repeats.

254 ibrillized 2N4R tau, which contains all four microtubule-binding repeats (4R), was recently found to

255 atios of tau isoforms with 3 (3R) and 4 (4R) microtubule-binding repeats are expressed in the adult h

256 h human tau with four (2N4R) or three (2N3R) microtubule-binding repeats in the presence of heparin.

257 clusions that are made of isoforms with four microtubule-binding repeats(11-15).

258 10 generates tau isoforms with three or four microtubule-binding repeats, 3R-tau and 4R-tau, which is

259 isoforms containing three (3R) or four (4R) microtubule-binding repeats.

260 Eliminating SKAP microtubule binding results in severe chromosome segrega

261 Spastin also displays an adjacent microtubule binding sequence, and the presence of both E

262 them, Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1), a microtubule binding serine threonine kinase, emerged as

263 unbound but not displaced from its previous microtubule binding site and that apparent differences i

264 crotubule during mitosis using an additional microtubule binding site in the N terminus [1-4].

265 persistent hydrogen bond with D26 within the microtubule binding site.

266 structure of the TcpB TIR domain reveals the microtubule-binding site encompassing the BB loop as wel

267 he CPC in a tension independent manner via a microtubule-binding site on the Borealin subunit.

268 es in vitro and provides Kif2b with a second microtubule-binding site to target it to the spindle.

269 imately utilize its free energy, such as the microtubule-binding site, drug-binding loop 5, and neckl

270 for the conserved active site or disrupt the microtubule-binding site.

271 oadblocks to permanently obstruct individual microtubule binding sites and studied the movement of in

272 the phosphomimetic mutation S262E within tau microtubule-binding sites impairs EB/tau interaction and

273 lex via the C-terminal region of EBs and the microtubule-binding sites of tau.

274 Tau residues in between the microtubule-binding sites remain flexible when Tau is bo

275 tment of the NDC80 complex to form efficient microtubule-binding sites.

276 emature stabilization requires the conserved microtubule-binding Ska complex, which enriches at attac

277 au displays a strong functional overlap with microtubule-binding spectraplakins, establishing new lin

278 inds to its motor domain and induces a tight microtubule-binding state in dynein.

279 ransitions that interconvert weak and strong microtubule binding states.

280 How microtubule binding stimulates their ATPase and controls

281 We show that the microtubule binding surface of KIF1C motor domain intera

282 Both interactions involved the microtubule-binding surfaces of Ndc80C and were directly

283 We found that the non-motor microtubule-binding tail domain interacts with the micro

284 Ncd-type kinesin-14 that uses its N-terminal microtubule-binding tail to achieve minus-end-directed p

285 that exist as homodimers with an N-terminal microtubule-binding tail, a coiled-coil central stalk (c

286 rotubules depends on its N-terminal nonmotor microtubule-binding tail, as KlpA without the tail is no

287 The microtubule-binding taxanes, docetaxel and cabazitaxel,

288 from multiple effects not related to kinesin-microtubule binding, the prediction rate of 0.843 area u

289 el in which L5 regulates both nucleotide and microtubule binding through a set of reversible interact

290 in growth cone filopodia via binding to the microtubule-binding +TIP protein EB3 and organizes F-act

291 ties such as autoinhibition of the motor and microtubule binding to arise through convergent evolutio

292 e-mapped the dystrophin domain necessary for microtubule binding to spectrin-like repeats 20-22.

293 ndle assembly checkpoint triggered when TOG5-microtubule binding was compromised, indicating that TOG

294 iation constant of approximately 200 nm, and microtubule binding was not dependent on the C-terminal

295 Consistent with these findings, tau-microtubule binding was reduced in a cancer cell model w

296 the C-terminal doublecortin domain affected microtubule binding, whereas a monoclonal mouse antibody

297 racterized Kif11 inhibitors that block tight microtubule binding, whereas BTB-1 traps Kif18A on the m

298 olution and is displaced allosterically upon microtubule binding, which allows its robust accumulatio

299 The INCENP SAH domain also mediates INCENP's microtubule binding, which is negatively regulated by Cy

300 tal development is associated with excessive microtubule binding, which may disrupt important cellula