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1 oniferyl alcohol radicals or a radical and a monolignol).
2 olymerization of p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols (monolignols).
3 d pathways (i.e., the pathways supplying the monolignols).
4 polymerization by oxidizing lignin monomers (monolignols).
5 roxycinnamyl transferase that couples pCA to monolignols.
6 tivated state of the acid for reduction into monolignols.
7 hree different hydroxycinnamyl alcohols, the monolignols.
8 densation of three monomeric precursors, the monolignols.
9 xyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) monolignols.
10 binding affinity and catalytic efficiency on monolignols.
11 hydroxycinnamoyl aldehydes (monolignals) to monolignols.
12 om the oxidative coupling of three classical monolignols.
13 f the lignin monomeric precursors, primarily monolignols.
14 the last reductive step in the formation of monolignols.
15 is polymerized from monomeric subunits, the monolignols.
16 d enzyme activities towards the synthesis of monolignols.
17 d from the oxidative polymerization of three monolignols.
18 deprotonation of the para-hydroxyl group of monolignols.
19 s and catalytic improvement of an artificial monolignol 4-O-methyltransferase created by iterative sa
20 e-saturation mutagenesis, we created a novel monolignol 4-O-methyltransferase from the enzyme respons
21 hat specific remodeling the active site of a monolignol 4-O-methyltransferase would create an enzyme
24 oducts (and are not usually considered to be monolignols), 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol is now well est
25 oxyferulate for the biosynthesis of syringyl monolignol, a lignin constituent of angiosperm wood that
29 sma membrane vesicles preferentially take up monolignol aglycones, whereas the vacuolar vesicles are
30 we demonstrate that the fluorescence-tagged monolignol analogs can penetrate into live plant tissues
34 iferaldehyde and selgin intermediates in the monolignol and tricin biosynthetic pathways, respectivel
35 he oxygen functionality at the side-chain of monolignols and competes with lignin formation for monol
37 rization of various artificial copolymers of monolignols and hydroxystilbenes, as well as low-molecul
39 roxidases notably improved the reactivity of monolignols and resulted in substantial yields of synthe
40 erimental data and calculations on the three monolignols and simpler derivatives is used to establish
41 ors in the assays, we examined the uptake of monolignols and their derivatives by these native membra
42 mpeting with the formation of other acylated monolignols and without drastically impacting normal mon
44 royl CoA, a precursor of both flavonoids and monolignols, and is an attractive target for transgenic
46 mer, synthesis of monomers and polymers from monolignols, and polymers from lignin-derived chemicals,
47 nin monomeric precursors, denies the derived monolignols any participation in the subsequent coupling
49 H2O2-scavenging cultures and supported that monolignols are oxidatively coupled not only in the cell
50 iffusion occurs when laccases, which consume monolignols, are present on one side of the membrane.
51 patial accumulation of hydroxycinnamates and monolignols at the cell wall to confine disease was link
52 se results indicate that HCT1 is involved in monolignol biosynthesis and HCT2 is a novel transferase
53 s and their encoded enzymes participating in monolignol biosynthesis and modification have been exten
54 carbons of cinnamic acid derivatives during monolignol biosynthesis are key steps that determine the
55 acid:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) is involved in monolignol biosynthesis for lignification in plant cell
56 that these traits are regulated by distinct monolignol biosynthesis genes, encoding 4-coumarate-CoA
58 ectively utilize caffeate for the support of monolignol biosynthesis in maturing xylem and phloem fib
59 in-complex-mediated 3-hydroxylation paths in monolignol biosynthesis in P. trichocarpa SDX; one conve
65 shikimate esterase (CSE) as an enzyme in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana,
66 in the early steps of the currently accepted monolignol biosynthesis pathway in dicots may have funct
67 expression with the majority of genes in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway, revealed the function o
69 e7 (ProCESA7:miRNA CCR1) was used to silence monolignol biosynthesis specifically in cells developing
70 T-mediated pathway from guaiacyl to syringyl monolignol biosynthesis via coniferyl aldehyde that cont
72 igher expression levels of genes involved in monolignol biosynthesis, and led to higher abundances of
73 ny were associated with hydroxycinnamate and monolignol biosynthesis, both linked to cell wall modifi
74 te that SbMyb60 can activate pathways beyond monolignol biosynthesis, including those that synthesize
75 observed in Arabidopsis mutants with altered monolignol biosynthesis, indicate that they are all form
76 gulatory network in the pith that integrates monolignol biosynthesis, lignin polymerization, and nonc
77 though we have a reasonable understanding of monolignol biosynthesis, many aspects of lignin assembly
78 ydrogenase (CAD) catalyzes the final step in monolignol biosynthesis, reducing sinapaldehyde, conifer
80 sis, lignin polymerization, and noncanonical monolignol biosynthesis, thereby enhancing stem defense
81 m (Sorghum bicolor) has been shown to induce monolignol biosynthesis, which leads to elevated lignin
101 (Medicago sativa) by down-regulation of the monolignol biosynthetic enzyme hydroxycinnamoyl coenzyme
103 Here we performed a comprehensive study of monolignol biosynthetic genes as an initial step into th
106 related with the low transcript abundance of monolignol biosynthetic genes, laccase genes, and certai
107 These included transcripts encoding possible monolignol biosynthetic pathway enzymes, transporters, d
109 catalyzing the consecutive ten steps of the monolignol biosynthetic pathway were identified in the S
110 pothesized that biochemical steps before the monolignol branch point are shared between phenylpropene
111 conversion of cinnamic acid derivatives into monolignol building blocks for lignin polymers in plant
112 ay flux is directed toward the production of monolignols, but this pathway also generates multiple bi
113 droxylation does not occur, and the syringyl monolignol can be synthesized only from coniferyl aldehy
118 s are phenylpropanoid polymers, derived from monolignols, commonly found in terrestrial plant seconda
119 key step in the disassembly of lignin to its monolignol components, where selectivity is determined b
121 of AtLOV1 altered the lignin content and the monolignol composition of cell walls, and caused delayed
123 from the copolymerization of piceatannol and monolignols confirms the structures in the natural polym
129 nin polymerisation from the participation of monolignol conjugates assembled by p-coumaroyl-CoA:monol
130 o their incorporation into lignin, and these monolignol conjugates can also be "monomer" precursors o
131 in fewer pendent p-coumarate groups and more monolignol conjugates that improve lignin cleavage.
132 determine whether increased glucosylation of monolignols could influence flux through the soluble phe
134 were engineered to encapsulate laccases, and monolignols crossed these pure lipid bilayers to form po
138 inapate esters, the appearance of conjugated monolignols, dilignols, and trilignols, altered accumula
139 tion mechanism for most compounds, including monolignols, dimeric phenolics, and the flavonoid, trici
142 ing reactions in much the same way as normal monolignols do, suggesting that the hydroxycinnamyl alde
144 Copolymerization of hydroxystilbenes with monolignols, especially sinapyl alcohol, by in vitro per
147 ent demonstrate that these trees produce the monolignol ferulate conjugates, export them to the wall,
149 ation of lignin starts with the oxidation of monolignols, followed by endwise cross-coupling of (radi
151 oxidases (CIIIPRX) catalyze the oxidation of monolignols, generate radicals, and ultimately lead to t
154 thesis is unknown: how do lignin precursors (monolignols) get from inside the cell out to the cell wa
156 U45 and BGLU46 is coniferin and suggest that monolignol glucosides are the storage form of monolignol
158 of UGT72E2 led to increased accumulation of monolignol glucosides in root tissues and also the appea
161 olymerization of p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols (monolignols), grasses additionally use a flavone, tricin
162 gnin chains do not appear to be initiated by monolignol homodehydrodimerization as they are in dicots
163 several phenylpropanoids in vitro, including monolignols, hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxycinnamic a
164 y polymerized from three canonical monomers (monolignols), i.e. p-coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl alc
168 onolignol glucosides are the storage form of monolignols in Arabidopsis, but not the direct precursor
169 AtMYB41 also resulted in elevated amounts of monolignols in leaves and an increase in the accumulatio
170 suggest that CCR2 is involved in a route to monolignols in Medicago whereby coniferaldehyde is forme
172 rization of caffeyl alcohol and conventional monolignols in vivo is spatially and/or temporally separ
174 o become etherified by coupling with further monolignols, incorporating the 5-OH-CA integrally into t
176 tem can mediate the biosynthesis of syringyl monolignol intermediates through either route, k(cat)/K(
178 matic evidence for an alternative pathway to monolignols involving methylation of caffeoyl aldehyde a
181 d its differential distribution into the two monolignols is controlled by Phe supply and differential
183 to distinct sites, and that glucosylation of monolignols is necessary for their vacuolar storage but
184 in lower plant species, suggesting that the monolignol laccase genes diverged after the evolution of
186 propose a novel role of BBE-like enzymes in monolignol metabolism that was previously not recognized
188 ansferase to substitute the para-hydroxyl of monolignols might well interfere with the synthesis of l
189 issue region and is derived from traditional monolignols (ML) along with an unprecedented range of ML
195 didate enzymes and transcription factors for monolignol oxidation and apoplastic H2O2 production in a
198 TRANSFERASE transgene can therefore produce monolignol p-coumarate conjugates essentially without co
199 sed to show the incorporation of the ensuing monolignol p-coumarate conjugates into the lignin of the
200 of model monocot species, but the effect of monolignol p-coumarate conjugates on lignification and p
201 lly acylate monolignols with pCA and produce monolignol p-coumarate conjugates that are used for lign
208 h caffeyl alcohol but not with the classical monolignols p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols,
209 ly formed from three monomers, the so-called monolignols (p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols
210 -O-beta-coupling products of tricin with the monolignols (p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols
211 opy of the three lignin monomers (hereafter "monolignols") p-coumaryl alcohol (pCoumA), coniferyl alc
212 enes involved in the biosynthesis of the two monolignols, p-coumaryl and coniferyl alcohols (lignin/l
213 ly via oxidative polymerization of the three monolignols, p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols
214 sfer chains are recruited in phenylpropanoid-monolignol P450 systems to support the synthesis and dis
215 nolic groups is favored when p-coumaroylated monolignols participate in lignification in a grass in a
217 ds to the AC-I, AC-II and AC-III elements of monolignol pathway genes and down-regulates these genes
221 ties against all potential substrates in the monolignol pathway in developing alfalfa stem extracts r
222 for the systematic genome-wide study of the monolignol pathway in switchgrass, as well as other C4 m
223 he severity of the final growth phenotype in monolignol pathway mutants of M. truncatula, although it
224 ing pathways that either sense flux into the monolignol pathway or respond to secondary cell-wall int
226 dent loss of function of five enzymes of the monolignol pathway, as well as one double mutant, in the
230 g 8% sucrose and 20 mm potassium iodide, the monolignol/phenylpropanoid pathway was induced, and tran
231 nd nonredundant with peroxidase activity for monolignol polymerization during plant vascular developm
232 stilbenes, resveratrol and piceatannol, into monolignol polymerization in vitro, using horseradish pe
236 3-hydroxyl positions on the aromatic ring of monolignol precursors, with a preference for 5-hydroxyco
237 that are likely involved in regulating both monolignol production and polymerization as well as (neo
239 gene transcripts influence the abundance of monolignol proteins, which are the driving mechanisms of
240 he biochemical characterization of dirigent (monolignol radical binding) proteins in vitro, as well a
244 ving intracellular combinatorial coupling of monolignol radicals, followed by oligomer glycosylation
245 h that the conformational preferences of the monolignols reflect the preferences of each of the ring
246 tigations have revealed that, in addition to monolignols, some phenolic compounds derived from the fl
247 g how single and combinatorial knockdowns of monolignol specific gene transcripts influence the abund
248 of single and combinatorial modifications of monolignol specific genes on lignin and other wood prope
251 the enzyme catalyzing the first step in the monolignol-specific branch of the lignin biosynthetic pa
252 considerable flux changes of the general and monolignol-specific lignin pathways, ultimately leading
254 ing cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in monolignol synthesis and a target for improving the qual
255 es toward different substrates in regulating monolignol synthesis in xylem under compressional stress
256 midrib (bmr) mutants, which are impaired in monolignol synthesis, to understand sorghum defense mech
259 ed in the biosynthesis of sinapyl alcohol, a monolignol that constitutes syringyl lignin polymer unit
260 ed for the racemic oligomers and polymers of monolignols that start from tricin (or incorporate other
262 that is polymerized by oxidative coupling of monolignols through the action of a NADPH oxidase and pe
263 gyl hydroxycinnamyl alcohol monomers (i.e., "monolignols") through chemical condensation with the gro
264 ly modifying the para-hydroxyl of a specific monolignol to deprive its dehydrogenation propensity wou
265 embrane; and the oxidative polymerization of monolignols to form lignin macromolecules within the cel
266 Tricin was also found to cross couple with monolignols to form tricin-(4'-O-beta)-linked dimers in
267 maximum likelihood to estimate the resulting monolignol transcript and protein abundances in transgen
268 An acyltransferase, named p-coumaroyl-CoA:monolignol transferase (OsPMT), that could acylate monol
269 gnol conjugates assembled by p-coumaroyl-CoA:monolignol transferase (PMT) enzymes, members of the BAH
270 ing CAld5H along with p-COUMAROYL-COENZYME A:MONOLIGNOL TRANSFERASE (PMT), a grass-specific enzyme es
272 sed an enzyme from rice that has p-coumarate monolignol transferase activity and determined its kinet
273 e rice (Oryza sativa) p-COUMAROYL-Coenzyme A MONOLIGNOL TRANSFERASE gene was introduced into two eudi
274 Plants expressing the p-COUMAROYL-Coenzyme A MONOLIGNOL TRANSFERASE transgene can therefore produce m
275 ledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying monolignol transport and oxidation, discusses the intrig
276 as been difficult to identify genes encoding monolignol transporters and why the export of varied phe
279 meta-hydroxylations of the phenolic ring of monolignols were found to colocalize in the endoplasmic
283 phenylpropanoid-derived building blocks (the monolignols), whose modification through hydroxylation a
284 ) acyltransferases that specifically acylate monolignols with pCA and produce monolignol p-coumarate
285 gnol transferase (OsPMT), that could acylate monolignols with pCA in vitro was recently identified fr
286 hers resulted from the coupling of all three monolignols with the growing polymer, phenylcoumarans we
287 caffeoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) on the pathway to monolignols, with their ring methoxylation status charac
288 via three sequential steps: the synthesis of monolignols within the cytosol; the transport of monomer