ライフサイエンスコーパス: neonicotinoid

1 ion products that include a pyrethroid and a neonicotinoid.

2 th conjugated and hydrophobic regions of the neonicotinoid.

3 arly vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of neonicotinoids.

4 nd chronic exposures to organophosphates and neonicotinoids.

5 ributions to the distinctive interactions of neonicotinoids.

6 ammals confer remarkable selectivity for the neonicotinoids.

7 rance to some insecticides including certain neonicotinoids.

8 reased adipogenesis following treatment with neonicotinoids.

9 ted underlying sediments for the presence of neonicotinoids.

10 oxam or imidacloprid, the most commonly used neonicotinoids.

11 because it appears safer for honey bees than neonicotinoids.

12 nt alkaloid nicotine and cross-resistance to neonicotinoids a class of synthetic insecticides widely

13 h of the previous research on the effects of neonicotinoids, a class of insecticide that has gained a

14 ebate about the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoids, a group of widely used, neurotoxic insec

15 ) fed field levels [10 nM, 2.1 ppb (w/w)] of neonicotinoid accumulate between 4 and 10 nM in their br

16 tion by feeding over several days results in neonicotinoid accumulation in the bee brain, disrupts ci

17 s exposed to different concentrations of the neonicotinoids acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloporid,

18 Cyano-substituted neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, thiacloprid) were quantifie

19 ticides by number and world market value are neonicotinoids acting as nAChR agonists or organophospho

20 Neonicotinoid agonists with a nitroimino or cyanoimino p

21 stration that acute or chronic exposure to a neonicotinoid alone can significantly alter bee flight.

22 BRT) analysis to predict both probability of neonicotinoid analytical detection and concentration.

23 s [i.e., Lymnaea stagnalis (Ls) AChBP of low neonicotinoid and high nicotinoid sensitivities and Aply

24 Both the neonicotinoid and nicotinoid probes labeled Ac-AChBP at

25 a potential route of pollinator exposure to neonicotinoid and other insecticides.

26 ic exposure of bumblebees to two pesticides (neonicotinoid and pyrethroid) at concentrations that cou

27 f differential molecular recognition for the neonicotinoids and classical nicotinoids by estimates of

28 Neonicotinoids and light input act synergistically to di

29 s at environmental realistic levels of three neonicotinoids and nicotine, and compared laboratory stu

30 In the Ac-AChBP, the neonicotinoids and nicotinoids are nestled in similar bo

31 proposed very different interactions of the neonicotinoids and nicotinoids might be examined with a

32 lision-induced dissociation analysis for the neonicotinoids and nicotinoids with similar labeling fre

33 icotinic receptor, is similarly sensitive to neonicotinoids and nicotinoids.

34 gate the real-world links between the use of neonicotinoids and pollinator mortality are lacking.

35 ment schemes that incorporate reduced use of neonicotinoids and sustainable solutions for V. destruct

36 (organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and manganese fungicides) and five indiv

37 ee neurotoxic pesticide groups (pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and manganese fungicides).

38 ount for the cognitive impairments caused by neonicotinoids, and predict that exposure to multiple pe

39 in future environmental risk assessments of neonicotinoid applications.

40 r: throughout spring and summer, mixtures of neonicotinoids are also found in the pollen and nectar o

41 Neonicotinoids are among the most widely used insecticid

42 Neonicotinoids are commonly used seed treatments on Cana

43 Neonicotinoids are implicated in the decline of bee popu

44 Neonicotinoids are increasingly applied on trees as prot

45 Consequently, neonicotinoids are inevitably transferred into aquatic e

46 However, neonicotinoids are known to accumulate and persist in so

47 Although sublethal levels of neonicotinoids are known to disrupt honeybee learning an

48 Neonicotinoids are often applied as systemic seed treatm

49 Neonicotinoids are subjected to vigilance because of env

50 Neonicotinoids are the most widely used class of insecti

51 Neonicotinoids are the most widely used insecticides wor

52 Neonicotinoids are widely used insecticides, but their u

53 Neonicotinoids are widely-used pesticides implicated in

54 Optimised conditions allows determination of neonicotinoids as well as other insecticides, fungicides

55 idin showing higher levels compared to other neonicotinoids at 45 DAG.

56 s, does not apply to the anomalous action of neonicotinoids at the insect nicotinic acetylcholine rec

57 dels based on AChBP directly map the elusive neonicotinoid binding site and further describe the mole

58 of the insect and mammalian nAChRs and their neonicotinoid-binding site lays the foundation for conti

59 To develop a neonicotinoid biosensor, these two oligopeptides are syn

60 s on the nicotinic receptor structure in the neonicotinoid-bound state revealed a unique niche of abo

61 Indeed, the large majority (97%) of neonicotinoids brought back in pollen to honey bee hives

62 nated nectar and pollen from treated plants, neonicotinoids can affect foraging, learning, and memory

63 Neonicotinoids can alter bee navigation, but we present

64 This study illuminates effects that neonicotinoids can induce at very low concentrations.

65 nvironmental release of particles containing neonicotinoids can produce high exposure levels for bees

66 These findings point to neonicotinoids causing a reduced capacity of bee species

67 Agricultural use of the neonicotinoid clothianidin (CLO) as a seed treatment of

68 The neonicotinoid Clothianidin has a negative impact on NF-k

69 rcially with either seed coatings containing neonicotinoids (clothianidin or thiamethoxam) or no seed

70 Neonicotinoid complex formation is rapid and accompanied

71 Using Arabidopsis thaliana, we show that the neonicotinoid compounds, imidacloprid (IMI) and clothian

72 Neonicotinoid concentration was best explained by shallo

73 regression tree analysis to explain sediment neonicotinoid concentrations and ultimately identified s

74 rates as well as potential means to mitigate neonicotinoid concentrations in floodplain wetlands.

75 vels were generally not well correlated with neonicotinoid concentrations in flowers, pollen, or nect

76 30% recommended irrigation increased neonicotinoid concentrations in leaf tissues, with cloth

77 14, respectively, calculated on the basis of neonicotinoid concentrations in preplant soil and seed a

78 Mean sediment and aqueous neonicotinoid concentrations were 1.19 mug kg(-1) (range

79 The highest neonicotinoid concentrations were found in soil collecte

80 the observed inability of shredders to avoid neonicotinoid-contaminated leaves, our results emphasize

81 gative relationship between honey and pollen neonicotinoid contamination and Apis colony weight gain.

82 Efforts to limit sediment neonicotinoid contamination could include reducing agric

83 small grain cover crops failed to mitigated neonicotinoid contamination in either treated or untreat

84 r results suggest that sub-lethal effects of neonicotinoids could scale up to cause losses of bee bio

85 ees C could promote conditions favorable for neonicotinoid degradation.

86 models effectively predicted the deviance in neonicotinoid detection (62.4%) and concentration (74.7%

87 to obtain low-cost and sensitive sensors for neonicotinoids detection.

88 cally to disrupt bee circadian behavior, and neonicotinoids directly stimulate wake-promoting clock n

89 Neonicotinoids disrupt honey bee circadian rhythms and s

90 Thus, we sampled water and sediments for neonicotinoids during a one-year period at 40 floodplain

91 ples consistently (63% of samples) contained neonicotinoids (e.g., imidacloprid and clothianidin) in

92 These neonicotinoids effect a similar global transcriptional r

93 The neonicotinoid electronegative pharmacophore is nestled i

94 the potent and selective interaction of the neonicotinoid electronegative pharmacophore with a uniqu

95 This suggests that neonicotinoids enhance the rewarding properties of sucro

96 Neonicotinoid exhaust emission rates were 0.0036 and 0.1

97 A subset of ligands, termed the neonicotinoids, exhibit specificity for insect nicotinic

98 tion, but we present the first evidence that neonicotinoid exposure alone can impair the physical abi

99 l behavioral studies showed the link between neonicotinoid exposure and adverse effects on foraging a

100 This study examines the connection between neonicotinoid exposure and innate immune function in the

101 immune function in bumblebees is affected by neonicotinoid exposure and suggest a physiological mecha

102 n determining potential routes and levels of neonicotinoid exposure experienced by nontarget benthic

103 -mitigation efforts should focus on reducing neonicotinoid exposure in the early spring when colonies

104 gest that some of the major effects of acute neonicotinoid exposure on foraging performance may be du

105 not provide spatial or temporal relief from neonicotinoid exposures in agricultural regions where th

106 Vitellogenin showed a strong increase upon neonicotinoid exposures in the laboratory and field, whi

107 pesticide that is reported to be safer than neonicotinoids for honey bees, thus deserve greater atte

108 Even though neonicotinoids had no significant impact by themselves,

109 Widespread application of neonicotinoids has led to their proliferation in waters.

110 Insect-selective neonicotinoids have an electronegative pharmacophore (ti

111 Intriguingly, for the Ls-AChBP, the neonicotinoids have two bound conformations that are inv

112 Despite low neonicotinoid hydrophobicity, our prior studies implicat

113 Organisms either experienced waterborne neonicotinoid (i.e., imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and acet

114 Here we show that sublethal doses of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid impair sexual communication a

115 laboratory to field-realistic levels of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid, then allowed them to develop

116 ly isolated honeybee brain, we show that the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and clothianidin, and the or

117 Comparisons of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and thiacloprid in the bindi

118 tudy into the effects of acute exposure of a neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) on bumblebees' (Bombus impa

119 drivers of neonicotinoid sorption for parent neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam

120 pression is similarly induced by a different neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, but not by the organophosph

121 Neonicotinoids, important insecticides including imidacl

122 ntly lower levels of N-methyl carbamates and neonicotinoids in 2011.

123 Recovery rates of seed-applied neonicotinoids in exhaust were 0.014 and 0.365% in 2013

124 selected organophosphates, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids in seven Indian field populations of Bemi

125 rth America has led to frequent detection of neonicotinoids in surface waters.

126 The increasing use of neonicotinoids in systematic seed treatment to crops is

127 rs in toxicity compared to previously tested neonicotinoids in terms of reproductive effects.

128 , these chloropyridinyl- and chlorothiazolyl-neonicotinoids induce SA responses associated with enhan

129 Neonicotinoid ingestion by feeding over several days res

130 Nine neonicotinoids inhibited house fly brain nAChR [(3)H]NMI

131 repeated pulses of low concentrations of the neonicotinoid insecticide (thiacloprid) continuously dec

132 Here, we demonstrate that the neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin negatively modula

133 Imidacloprid (IMD) is the most widely used neonicotinoid insecticide found on environmental surface

134 The groups exposed to the neonicotinoid insecticide produced 40%-76% fewer queens

135 re assessed for their sensitivity toward the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid using their feedin

136 essors (the gut parasite Nosema ceranae, the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam, the pyrethroid i

137 y, we reveal the capacity of imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid insecticide) to photoinduce the nitration

138 a, we show that (i) eight metabolites of the neonicotinoid insecticide, imidacloprid, can be detected

139 o field-realistic levels of a widely applied neonicotinoid insecticide, thiamethoxam, on bumblebee od

140 Most studies have focused on three neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, imidacloprid,

141 The contribution of the neonicotinoid insecticides (e.g., clothianidin and imida

142 black alder trees treated with one of three neonicotinoid insecticides (imidacloprid, thiacloprid, o

143 The neonicotinoid insecticides and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic

144 ect on honeybee longevity of widely-employed neonicotinoid insecticides and of the ubiquitous ectopar

145 Neonicotinoid insecticides are commonly used in managing

146 Systemic neonicotinoid insecticides are increasingly used as a cr

147 Several pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides are most effective for contro

148 were achieved rivaling those of the current neonicotinoid insecticides as illustrated here by 3-(6-c

149 n Commission has restricted the use of three neonicotinoid insecticides as seed dressings on bee-attr

150 There is increasing evidence that neonicotinoid insecticides at sublethal concentrations h

151 Birds are potentially exposed to neonicotinoid insecticides by ingestion of coated seeds

152 Neonicotinoid insecticides control crop pests based on t

153 Chronic exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides has been linked to reduced su

154 impact of pathogens in honey bees exposed to neonicotinoid insecticides has been reported, but the ca

155 It is increasingly recognized, that some neonicotinoid insecticides have a negative impact on non

156 Neonicotinoid insecticides have been implicated in these

157 Average levels of neonicotinoid insecticides in corn pollen ranged from le

158 Widespread use of neonicotinoid insecticides in North America has led to f

159 neous detection and quantification of (five) neonicotinoid insecticides in sugarcane juice.

160 We detected neonicotinoid insecticides in the soil of production fie

161 The widespread and intensive use of neonicotinoid insecticides induces negative cascading ef

162 the negatively charged (delta(-)) tip of the neonicotinoid insecticides interacts with a putative cat

163 Neonicotinoid insecticides specifically have been detect

164 The higher toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides such as N-(6-chloropyridin-3-

165 Neonicotinoid insecticides target nicotinic acetylcholin

166 As a consequence, seed-coating neonicotinoid insecticides that are used worldwide on co

167 cent efforts to evaluate the contribution of neonicotinoid insecticides to worldwide pollinator decli

168 ate the potential exposure of pollinators to neonicotinoid insecticides used as seed treatments on co

169 Since seed coating with neonicotinoid insecticides was introduced in the late 19

170 Neonicotinoid insecticides were detected at a level of 1

171 s and also toxicants such as epibatidine and neonicotinoid insecticides with a chloropyridinyl substi

172 ney bees tested positive for the presence of neonicotinoid insecticides, and there was only one trace

173 posure of honeybees to and intoxication with neonicotinoid insecticides, namely, the atmospheric emis

174 alth including the pervasive use of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides.

175 d bee declines have been ascribed in part to neonicotinoid insecticides.

176 y nicotine and has preadapted them to resist neonicotinoid insecticides.

177 eams, with the highest exceedances found for neonicotinoid insecticides.

178 the tested organophosphate, pyrethroid, and neonicotinoid insecticides.

179 e negatively tipped ("magic" nitro or cyano) neonicotinoids interact with a proposed unique subsite c

180 h the consumption of contaminated leaves and neonicotinoids leaching from leaves into water.

181 nicotine acts at the same target without the neonicotinoid level of effectiveness or safety.

182 a distinctive pattern of selectivity for the neonicotinoid ligands.

183 overlapped with those related to exposure to neonicotinoids, like the polyamine metabolism involved i

184 Toxicity of neonicotinoids may be enhanced through simultaneous expo

185 sents a rarely studied pathway through which neonicotinoids may enter nontarget environments, e.g., s

186 d suggest a physiological mechanism by which neonicotinoids may impact the innate immune function of

187 havior and improves our understanding of how neonicotinoids may impair short-term colony functioning.

188 More generally, neonicotinoids may not be equally harmful when used in f

189 sure to nesting substrates contaminated with neonicotinoids may represent an important route of expos

190 influent, effluent, and spent GAC attributes neonicotinoid/metabolite removal to GAC under real-world

191 Hence, sublethal doses of neonicotinoids might compromise the function of parasito

192 iral proliferation suggests that the studied neonicotinoids might have a negative effect at the field

193 and selectivity are retained when the usual neonicotinoid N-nitroimine (=NNO(2)) electronegative tip

194 The implication of neonicotinoid (neonic) pesticides in contributing to dec

195 studies have identified detectable levels of neonicotinoids (neonics) in the environment, adverse eff

196 idely used classes of cholinergic pesticide: neonicotinoids (nicotinic receptor agonists) and organop

197 idine (1), were used to probe the Drosophila neonicotinoid-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interacti

198 The neonicotinoid nitenpyram (NPM) is a multifunctional nitr

199 The neonicotinoid nitro oxygen and cyano nitrogen contact lo

200 us, sublethal cognitive deficits elicited by neonicotinoids on a broad range of native bee species de

201 olinergic signaling we tested for effects of neonicotinoids on honey bee circadian rhythms and sleep.

202 Among the reported effects of neonicotinoids on invertebrates were declines in lipid b

203 However, the effects of neonicotinoids on learning performance have largely been

204 ng-term exposure and suggest that impacts of neonicotinoids on olfaction are greater than their effec

205 Little is known about the effect of neonicotinoids on other beneficial insects such as paras

206 ss well studied are the potential effects of neonicotinoids on queen bees, which may be exposed indir

207 However, the sublethal effect of neonicotinoids on S. invicta has never been investigated

208 impacts of pesticides, and in particular of neonicotinoids, on bee health remain much debated.

209 es validate the nAChR in vivo target for the neonicotinoids, OPs and MCs.

210 Effects of neonicotinoid pesticide exposure on human health: a syst

211 One of the most concerning chemicals is the neonicotinoid pesticide imidacloprid.

212 the impacts of field-realistic exposure to a neonicotinoid pesticide may seriously compromise this im

213 Bumblebee colonies exposed to a neonicotinoid pesticide provided lower visitation rates

214 Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a common neonicotinoid pesticide that bees can consume in nectar

215 Xenobiotics such as the neonicotinoid pesticide, imidacloprid, are used globally

216 ations of imidacloprid, the most widely used neonicotinoid pesticide, on bee longevity, development s

217 s can pose environmental risks, and a common neonicotinoid pesticide, thiamethoxam, decreases homing

218 bumblebee colonies to sublethal levels of a neonicotinoid pesticide.

219 Neonicotinoid pesticides are agonists of insect nicotini

220 Neonicotinoid pesticides are used in agriculture to redu

221 Neonicotinoid pesticides have been linked to global decl

222 tions containing field-relevant doses of the neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid (IMD) and thiamet

223 Our results demonstrate that the neonicotinoid pharmacophore not only confers insecticide

224 position is a key indicator and/or driver of neonicotinoid presence and concentration in Prairie wetl

225 biotic wetland characteristics likely affect neonicotinoid presence and environmental persistence, bu

226 -substituted guanidine/amidine planes of the neonicotinoids provide a unique electronic conjugation s

227 e identify a more accessible exposure route: Neonicotinoids reach and kill beneficial insects that fe

228 selected strains, but susceptibility to the neonicotinoid remained unchanged.

229 mplicated granular activated carbon (GAC) in neonicotinoid removal.

230 onitoring colonies over 64 weeks, body mass, neonicotinoid residues and virus titres of workers and q

231 Rates of recovery of seed-applied neonicotinoid residues by exhaust filter bags were 0.015

232 Neonicotinoid residues captured on horizontal and vertic

233 Neonicotinoid residues escaping in vacuum-planter exhaus

234 ecological and agronomic factors underlying neonicotinoid residues is needed to inform evidence-base

235 residues were used to differentiate between neonicotinoid residues originating from seed or from dis

236 To estimate risk posed by this pathway, neonicotinoid residues were analyzed in foliage from bla

237 reproduction was negatively correlated with neonicotinoid residues.

238 er-planted cover crops to absorb significant neonicotinoid residues; small grain cover crops failed t

239 y to prevent the selection of pyrethroid and neonicotinoid resistance alleles was not investigated.

240 K pathways, thereby constitutively promoting neonicotinoids resistance but with a significant reprodu

241 en, and cotton nectar contained little or no neonicotinoids resulting from insecticide seed treatment

242 associated with the metabolic resistance to neonicotinoids, results in a significant increase in the

243 Analyzed for six common neonicotinoids, sediment samples consistently (63% of sa

244 Moreover, the impacts of neonicotinoid seed coatings in reducing subsequent appli

245 vide the first evidence that farmers who use neonicotinoid seed coatings reduce the number of subsequ

246 Neonicotinoid seed dressings have caused concern world-w

247 We hypothesize that any sublethal effects of neonicotinoid seed dressings on Bombus colonies are pote

248 d population extinction rates in response to neonicotinoid seed treatment use on oilseed rape.

249 (121-fold increase), likely driven by use of neonicotinoid seed treatments in corn and soybean.

250 s and Aplysia californica (Ac) AChBP of high neonicotinoid sensitivity] mimicking vertebrate and inse

251 image of thiacloprid as a relatively benign neonicotinoid should now be questioned.

252 take) associated with the systemic nature of neonicotinoids should be accounted for during their regi

253 Our objectives were to illuminate drivers of neonicotinoid sorption for parent neonicotinoids (imidac

254 Neonicotinoid sorption to GAC was extensive and largely

255 strength, and humic acid) inhibited overall neonicotinoid sorption, suggesting that pharmacophore-dr

256 at the insecticidal pharmacophore influences neonicotinoid sorption.

257 es RKRIRRMMPRPS and RNRHTHLRTRPR for binding neonicotinoids such as thiacloprid and imidacloprid.

258 As an exception, the remarkably potent OP neonicotinoid synergist, O-propyl O-(2-propynyl) phenylp

259 via spray drift or surface runoff or (due to neonicotinoids' systemic nature) via senescent leaves.

260 imes more negatively affected by exposure to neonicotinoids than non-crop foragers.

261 istic time-lag interaction between mites and neonicotinoids that resulted in significantly reduced su

262 es, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor for neonicotinoids, the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor/chl

263 Neonicotinoids, the most important new class of syntheti

264 ventional red clover fields treated with the neonicotinoid thiacloprid (flowers + pesticide), untreat

265 mes and is >2,500-fold more sensitive to the neonicotinoid thiacloprid and 170-fold more sensitive to

266 at were either untreated or treated with the neonicotinoid thiacloprid as part of normal farming prac

267 s) colonies to field-realistic levels of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam (2.4ppb & 10ppb) over four we

268 interactions between a sublethal dose of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam and Acute bee paralysis virus

269 we examined whether exposure effects of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam on bee viability are enhanced

270 alistic, chronic exposure to the widely-used neonicotinoid thiamethoxam on the development of sonicat

271 at, spiromesifen and spirodiclofen) and five neonicotinoid (thiamethoxam, chlotianidin, imidacloprid,

272 thiacloprid, a widely used cyano-substituted neonicotinoid thought to be less toxic to honey bees and

273 af-shredding invertebrates may be exposed to neonicotinoids through both the water phase and the cons

274 lecular basis of observed adverse effects of neonicotinoids to bees.

275 abolizing P450) at metabolizing nicotine and neonicotinoids to less toxic metabolites in vitro and ge

276 getation be retained or restored to minimize neonicotinoid transport and retention in wetlands, there

277 the poor navigation and foraging observed in neonicotinoid treated bumblebee colonies.

278 ous field studies, leaving the net impact of neonicotinoid treated crops on bees relatively unknown.

279 e field experiments to assess the effects of neonicotinoid-treated crops on three bee species across

280 An analysis of ecdysis movements showed that neonicotinoid-treated lepidopteran larvae exhibited simi

281 xperienced when foraging on crops grown from neonicotinoid-treated seeds.

282 Pesticides, including neonicotinoids, typically target pest insects by being n

283 r costs and farming benefits of prophylactic neonicotinoid usage on a mass flowering crop.

284 ny losses and national-scale imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid) usage patterns across England and Wales.

285 fungicide (FST = fungicide seed treatment) + neonicotinoid use (FST + NST) reached 0.13 Mg/ha.

286 y targeted efforts could considerably reduce neonicotinoid use in field crops without yield declines

287 stribution data for 62 species to amounts of neonicotinoid use in oilseed rape.

288 Neonicotinoid use increased rapidly between 2003 and 201

289 Restrictions on neonicotinoid use may reduce population declines.

290 ble data to estimate and interpret trends in neonicotinoid use since their introduction in 1994, with

291 If current trends continue, neonicotinoid use will increase further through applicat

292 tiple agricultural pesticides, including the neonicotinoids used as seed treatments.

293 thereby establishing an atypical concept for neonicotinoid versus nicotinoid selectivity between inse

294 d removal of six high-production high-volume neonicotinoids was investigated in 13 conventional waste

295 NMI) analog of imidacloprid, a highly potent neonicotinoid, was used here as a radioligand, uniquely

296 Given the scale of use of neonicotinoids, we suggest that they may be having a con

297 Although neonicotinoids were detected in cover crops, high early

298 LC-MS/MS analyses demonstrated that both neonicotinoids were present in honeydew.

299 We propose that neonicotinoids with a protonated N-unsubstituted imine o

300 e been based on the premise that exposure to neonicotinoids would occur only during the blooming peri