ライフサイエンスコーパス: obligate

1 that Gram-positive bacteria considered to be obligate aerobes may play previously unrecognized roles

2 trointestinal tract with this Gram-positive, obligate anaerobe can lead to potentially life-threateni

3 the molecular mechanisms underlying how this obligate anaerobe forms infectious spores and how these

4 teroides fragilis (ETBF) is a Gram-negative, obligate anaerobe member of the gut microbial community

5 e of facultative anaerobes and one confirmed obligate anaerobe, oxidase complexes (fox, sox, dox and

6 iotics was associated with lower richness of obligate anaerobes (adjusted risk ratio = 0.84[95% CI: 0

7 iotics was associated with lower richness of obligate anaerobes (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 0.84; 95%

8 the class Armophorea, form a major clade of obligate anaerobes (APM ciliates) within the Spirotriche

9 e and duration of therapy on the richness of obligate anaerobes and known butyrate-producers in all i

10 nvironment, and the continued use of Fe2+ by obligate anaerobes inhabiting high Fe2+ niches.

11 These obligate anaerobes were not recovered using the conventi

12 prevalent in many species (even facultative/obligate anaerobes), suggesting a key role for oxygen am

13 e in facultative anaerobes at the expense of obligate anaerobes, as well as molecular disruptions in

14 obic blood cultures only recovered 2 (0.69%) obligate anaerobes, it did allow for recovery of clinica

15 ommensal Enterobacteriaceae and a decline of obligate anaerobes.

16 bactam caused the most severe declines among obligate anaerobes.

17 None of 10 control samples contained obligate anaerobes.

18 methylation occurs in the cytosol of certain obligate anaerobic bacteria and archaea possessing the h

19 ering certain microbial populations, such as obligate anaerobic bacteria, is particularly critical if

20 In general, PFOR is present in all obligate anaerobic bacteria, while oral commensal aerobe

21 from 11 different genera and an abundance of obligate anaerobic bacteria, with ratios of Firmicutes a

22 Fusobacterium necrophorum, an obligate anaerobic bacterium, was recently reported to b

23 to the Lachnospiraceae family are abundant, obligate anaerobic members of the microbiota in healthy

24 micron was examined to determine whether its obligate anaerobiosis is imposed by endogenous reactive

25 vely antithetical to diversity, it is rarely obligate and actually provides a mechanism to recover an

26 d sought to determine changes in recovery of obligate and facultative anaerobes.

27 full-length proteins, and the exploration of obligate and non-obligate complexes.

28 CMV is an obligate and persistent intracellular pathogen that cont

29 his iconic marine predator as a true sea ice obligate and providing a firm basis for projection under

30 On an independent test set of obligate and transient complexes, our IntPred predictor

31 d by complementation remains problematic for obligates and is a highly sought-after goal.

32 The proteins form an obligate approximately 700-kDa superassembly with a broa

33 between irruptive (facultative) to regular (obligate), as a response to different predictability of

34 seaweed Ulva prolifera, which has sexual and obligate asexual populations.

35 Several obligate associate crabs and shrimps species may co-occu

36 evolutionary events support the idea that co-obligate associations initiate in a predictable manner-t

37 the behaviour and geographic distribution of obligate avian brood parasites and their hosts to demons

38 Obligate avian brood parasites provide a particularly tr

39 tween herbivorous tortoise beetles and their obligate bacterial symbionts.

40 brate blood-specific diet by both sexes, and obligate bacterial symbiosis.

41 pport a model in which iRhom2 and ADAM17 are obligate binding partners and indicate that iRhom2 stabi

42 tance are well known to be effective against obligate biotroph pathogens, such as A. psidii.

43 ces cichoracearum), one of the most prolific obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens worldwide, infects

44 ractions at early stages of infection by the obligate biotrophic fungus Podosphaera pannosa, which ca

45 nity against infection by otherwise virulent obligate biotrophic powdery mildew fungi such as Golovin

46 latter exhibiting necrotrophy, biotrophy, or obligate biotrophy.

47 nts related to increased encephalization and obligate bipedalism, resulting in relative enlargement o

48 As an obligate blood feeding mite, the northern fowl mite can

49 All 100+ bedbug species (Cimicidae) are obligate blood-sucking parasites [1, 2].

50 associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1)-the obligate BRCA1 binding partner(3)-as a reader of H4K20me

51 Obligate brood parasitic birds, including brown-headed c

52 In these so-called obligate bsAbs, the physical linkage of the two binding

53 set most likely arises from formaldehyde, an obligate by-product of oxidative protein demethylation d

54 ected for for 244 individuals (132 proven or obligate C9orf72 carriers), of whom 147 were clinically

55 m 147 were clinically affected (89 proven or obligate C9orf72 carriers).

56 eased in abundance with elevated CO2 whereas obligate calcifying species, and non-calcareous macroalg

57 p mutation, 23 of them were positive, 6 were obligate carriers, and 2 were likely carriers.

58 iplex families from Taiwan (205 affected, 21 obligate carriers, and 25 unaffected) using SeqCap EZ Hu

59 Europe's obligate cave-dwelling amphibian Proteus anguinus inhabi

60 or human polymerases, and no obligate or non-obligate chain termination was observed.

61 Futher, obligate cheaters of GS-5 competed well with the non-che

62 Utilizing a set of engineered obligate cheating and non-cheating strains, we confirmed

63 MutSgamma maintains the obligate chiasma despite a 5.4-kb deletion in MSH5B rend

64 t has remained unclear why some proteins are obligate clients of the GroE system, whereas other close

65 es MSH4 and MSH5 (MutSgamma) to maintain the obligate CO/chiasma and accounts for ~85% of meiotic COs

66 n pathogen Candida albicans is considered an obligate commensal of animals, yet it is occasionally is

67 se functionally disparate proteins act as an obligate complex, we then systematically analyzed their

68 th SPPIDER, using an independent test set of obligate complexes enhanced performance (MCC=0.381) whil

69 ins, and the exploration of obligate and non-obligate complexes.

70 action and trafficking identified CLN6 as an obligate component of a CLN6-CLN8 complex (herein referr

71 Besides Hb, iron is an obligate component of mitochondrial enzymes that generat

72 fy oncofetal fibronectin (FN) as a major and obligate component of the matrix assembled by stromal fi

73 ociated tripartite motif protein, TRIM27, as obligate components of the ZNF165-SMAD3 complex that als

74 Together, these data imply obligate coordination between primary metabolism and cel

75 alphaKG (also known as 2-oxoglutarate) as an obligate cosubstrate and are inhibited by succinate, fum

76 l characterization of evobrutinib, a potent, obligate covalent inhibitor with high kinase selectivity

77 uggest that the innate immune response to an obligate cytosolic bacterial pathogen lies at the inters

78 However, it remains unclear how obligate cytosolic bacterial pathogens, including Ricket

79 The obligate dependency of the common hippopotamus, Hippopot

80 halpha-globin transcript, thus acting as an obligate determinant of halpha-globin gene expression.

81 Our findings suggest obligate developmental progression towards sex in Crypto

82 Although MAX is regarded as an obligate dimerization partner for MYC, its function in n

83 They form obligate dimers and possess extracellular ligand-binding

84 Because bZIP transcription factors are obligate dimers, and because ATF4 is unable to form high

85 Because the Gbeta and Ggamma proteins form obligate dimers, the phenotypes of plants lacking the so

86 chaeota species that have been described are obligate ectobionts, each with a different host species.

87 e screwworm fly and compared it with the non-obligate ectoparasitic secondary screwworm flies, C. mac

88 ions with Branchiobdellidan worms, which are obligate ectosymbionts.

89 sion in GFI1B complexes depends upon GFI1B's obligate effector, lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1).

90 Obligate endosymbiosis is operationally defined when los

91 mes are large and are not streamlined for an obligate endosymbiotic lifestyle, implying that they hav

92 Here, we investigated the loss of an obligate enzyme in mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid o

93 Saccharibacteria are understood to be obligate epibionts, which are dependent on host bacteria

94 Here, we address this question using an obligate farming mutualism between the ant Philidris nag

95 V-1 with the membrane of its target cell, an obligate first step in virus infectivity, is mediated by

96 a Fox family transcription factor, Foxc1, is obligate for appreciable sweat duct activity in mice.

97 (PG), is entirely ineffective, indicating an obligate functional interaction between NPC2 and LBPA in

98 Drosophila flies can be infected by an obligate fungal intracellular parasite, Tubulinosema rat

99 netic structure of natural populations of an obligate fungal pathogen, Podosphaera plantaginis.

100 ne palmitoyltransferase 2, the product of an obligate gene for FAO (CPT2(B-/-)).

101 Ehrlichia is an obligate Gram-negative intracellular bacterium that caus

102 II through +1 nucleosomes genome-wide would obligate H2A.Z turnover, we propose that global transcri

103 Deletion of the obligate Hedgehog co-receptor, Smoothened, in Sox9-expre

104 (3-4) had a higher dietary niche width than obligate herbivores or piscivores.

105 or convergent gene losses associated with an obligate herbivorous or carnivorous diet in 31 placental

106 ults are consistent with the hypothesis that obligate hetero-oligomeric CSCs evolved independently in

107 ellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs) that are obligate hetero-oligomeric, comprising three non-interch

108 CapZ is an obligate heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta hetero

109 ver, GABA(B) is unique in its function as an obligate heterodimer in which agonist binding and G-prot

110 ere we identify the PAT complex, an abundant obligate heterodimer of the widely conserved ER-resident

111 athway that converges on the Rag GTPases, an obligate heterodimer of two related GTPases.

112 tors, and its functional entity comprises an obligate heterodimer that is composed of the GB1 and GB2

113 chemical studies have established that as an obligate heterodimer with retinoid X receptor (RXR), PPA

114 g with vascular plant emergence, conditioned obligate heterodimerization and generated the critical f

115 Among the top hits was MAX, the obligate heterodimerization partner for MYC family prote

116 Class I PI3Ks are obligate heterodimers with catalytic and regulatory subu

117 es not apply to multicomponent systems where obligate heterotypic interactions drive phase transition

118 dwarf lemurs (genus Cheirogaleus), the only obligate hibernating primate.

119 P2X7Rs are obligate homotrimers, with each subunit having two trans

120 eterminants required for replication in such obligate hosts are under strong purifying selection duri

121 Neisseria meningitidis is an obligate human commensal bacterium that frequently colon

122 ghts into pneumococcal interactions with its obligate human host.

123 Gonorrhea, an obligate human infection, is on the rise worldwide and g

124 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an obligate human pathogen and the causative agent of tuber

125 Pertussis, or whooping cough, caused by the obligate human pathogen Bordetella pertussis is undergoi

126 The obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae carries on

127 etics in the response of macrophages to this obligate human pathogen.

128 In cold marine environments, the obligate hydrocarbon-degrading psychrophile Oleispira an

129 canivorax borkumensis SK2(T) is an important obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacterium (OHCB) that can d

130 Although binding is the obligate initial step in the transport cycle, there is n

131 3 oxidation to nitrite (NO2(-)) via a single obligate intermediate, hydroxylamine (NH2OH).

132 aerobic NH3 oxidation by AOB occurs via two obligate intermediates, NH2OH and NO, necessitating a me

133 Obligate intracellular bacteria are an unusual group of

134 The obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, t

135 mammalian epithelial cells infected with the obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis.

136 Wolbachia is a genus of obligate intracellular bacteria found in nematodes and a

137 Obligate intracellular bacteria replicate exclusively wi

138 Rickettsia are obligate intracellular bacteria that evade antimicrobial

139 Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacteria that undergo dynamic mor

140 Wolbachia are obligate intracellular bacteria(1) that infect arthropod

141 ssential for the polarized division of these obligate intracellular bacteria.

142 are exceedingly rare, known only from three obligate intracellular bacterial genera.

143 Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicate

144 in peptidoglycan metabolism across the major obligate intracellular bacterial species.

145 study the effect of transmission mode on an obligate intracellular bacterial symbiont.

146 Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent

147 The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia is known to c

148 Thus, we have demonstrated that the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia maintains its

149 d global stress response regulators, how the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis a

150 For infections with the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis,

151 Notably, the obligate intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia chaffeensis r

152 aring a deubiquitylase (DUB) domain from the obligate intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi,

153 a neglected infectious disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi,

154 l RNA-seq to Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot), an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes the vector-

155 Orientia tsutsugamushi is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects mononuclea

156 Because A. phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium, inhibiting microbe-hos

157 a cholesterol-rich and cholesterol-dependent obligate intracellular bacterium, partially lacks genes

158 Obligate intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis replicate i

159 In evolving to obligate intracellular dependence, Chlamydia has signifi

160 Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous, obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasite that causes c

161 (HGA) is a tick-borne disease caused by the obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium Anaplasma

162 Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium which cau

163 Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen responsible for th

164 o recognized as necessary for the pathogen's obligate intracellular life cycle.

165 Because of its obligate intracellular life style, genetic manipulation

166 having a specialized infection apparatus, an obligate intracellular lifestyle(5), rudimentary mitocho

167 ales, suggesting convergent adaptation to an obligate intracellular lifestyle.

168 Viruses are obligate intracellular microbes that exploit the host me

169 d transport proteins are key adaptations for obligate intracellular Microsporidia parasites, because

170 Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic bacterial obligate intracellular parasite and the cause of query (

171 ut innate immune sensing mechanisms for this obligate intracellular parasite by human cells.

172 This metabolic rheostat protects obligate intracellular parasite stages from nutrient exc

173 Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that establishes a persi

174 Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that establishes life-lo

175 The obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii has un

176 The obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii replic

177 ents with varying nutrient availability, the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii reprog

178 They are obligate intracellular parasites and harness host metabo

179 These obligate intracellular parasites exhibit versatile metab

180 Obligate intracellular parasites must efficiently invade

181 Microsporidians are obligate intracellular parasites that have minimized the

182 Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that rely on host cell

183 he Plasmodium species that cause malaria are obligate intracellular parasites, and disease symptoms o

184 As nanosized obligate intracellular parasites, viruses share many bio

185 cies in phylum Apicomplexa are single-celled obligate intracellular parasites.

186 The obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis is

187 Many intracellular bacteria, including the obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, g

188 ant for the intracellular replication of the obligate intracellular pathogen Coxiella burnetii, as it

189 bacteria, we studied leprosy, caused by the obligate intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae, as

190 Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that causes sexually tra

191 Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that resides in a membra

192 Chlamydia bacteria are obligate intracellular pathogens which can cause a varie

193 Plasmodium parasites are obligate intracellular protozoa and causative agents of

194 Apicomplexa phylum includes a large group of obligate intracellular protozoan parasites responsible f

195 Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a tick-transmitted obligate intracellular rickettsial agent, causes human m

196 This bacterium is an obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogen.

197 These observations define TAAR1 as an obligate intracellular target for amphetamines in dopami

198 Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate, intracellular eukaryotic apicomplexan protozoa

199 itizens to plant gardens with milkweeds, the obligate larval host plants of the monarch.

200 function in the immune response suggests an obligate link between inflammation and the comorbidities

201 be restricted to hepatocytes throughout this obligate liver stage of development, and how liver-stage

202 is one of the few canids considered to be an obligate meat-eater, possessing a robust dentition for t

203 changes in the stoichiometry of proteins in obligate multi-subunit complexes.

204 The structure-function properties of these obligate MutSalpha-MutLalpha complexes remain mostly une

205 ecological role, the genetic basis of their obligate mutualism remains largely unknown, hindering ou

206 The often obligate nature of these associations, however, hampers

207 elial conditional loss of afadin (Afdn) - an obligate nectin- and actin-binding protein - induces a h

208 kground but blood feed in one region and are obligate nonbiters in the rest of their range: Wyeomyia

209 ng genes that distinguish blood feeding from obligate nonbiting is hampered by the fact that these di

210 omyia smithii Contemporary blood-feeding and obligate nonbiting populations represent end points of d

211 We engineered an obligate NQ-dependent gamma-proteobacterium, Escherichia

212 semiaquatic species (pinnipeds) compared to obligate ocean dwellers (cetaceans; chi(2) = 9.6, p = .0

213 Downy mildew of spinach is caused by the obligate oomycete pathogen, Peronospora effusa.

214 ver, uridine phosphorylases are not found in obligate oomycete pathogens such as Hyaloperonospora ara

215 red substrates for human polymerases, and no obligate or non-obligate chain termination was observed.

216 first reported application of XP-GWAS for an obligate outcrossing and highly heterozygote plant genus

217 TEMENT Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the obligate output neurons of the retina and are injured by

218 Purpose To determine obligate overdiagnosis rates, defined as the percentage

219 enoid accumulation during infestation by the obligate parasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca.

220 ibacteria strain coisolated as an ultrasmall obligate parasite with its bacterial host from the human

221 ed species of flies, nearly all of which are obligate parasites of nestling birds.

222 productive infection.IMPORTANCE Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on the host cell to provi

223 Maculinea larvae behave as obligate parasites whose survival is strictly dependent

224 As obligate parasites, all viruses exploit common cellular

225 ation causes localized coevolution of hosts, obligate parasites, and pathogens which act as 'coevolut

226 phylum Euglenozoa and all known species are obligate parasites.

227 anthropoid primates, where long-lasting and obligate parental care is required for successful recrui

228 Obligate parthenogenesis is found in only 0.1% of the ve

229 of discovering molecules that bind to Myc's obligate partner Max.

230 ence of oncogenic driver mutations and their obligate partners.

231 Here, we investigated the obligate partnership between tortoise leaf beetles (Chry

232 Aggressive strains of the obligate pathogenic fungus Puccinia graminis f.sp. triti

233 that POC-RD have a greater potential against obligate pathogens than opportunistic pathogens already

234 ysis points to F. acidiphilum Y(T) having an obligate peptidolytic oligotrophic lifestyle alongside w

235 MSP production is not solely associated with obligate phototrophs, the process need not be confined t

236 elipanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche spp.) are obligate plant parasites that cause extreme damage to cr

237 of the genus Meloidogyne are highly adapted, obligate plant parasites, consisting of nearly one hundr

238 MGUS is considered an obligate precursor to several lymphoplasmacytic malignan

239 us is a small Gram-negative bacterium and an obligate predator of other Gram-negative bacteria.

240 ely distributed in soils and in water bodies obligate predators of gram-negative bacteria that can af

241 us are Gram-negative proteobacteria that are obligate predators of other Gram-negative bacteria and a

242 Hsp90 have partially non-overlapping sets of obligate protein clients in cancer cells.

243 Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate protozoan parasite that naturally infects all m

244 rt the strong consensus that pterosaurs were obligate quadrupeds, not bipeds.

245 (2019) examine the obligate relationship between cortical interneurons and

246 efficient system for targeted mutagenesis in obligates remains a major impediment in understanding mi

247 of differentiation and that aging is not an obligate requirement for a CD19(neg) state to be establi

248 Testosterone activation of GPRC6A has the obligate requirement for calcium in the incubation media

249 Collectively, these findings suggest an obligate requirement for IL-11 signaling via constitutiv

250 a hitherto unknown transcriptional role and obligate requirement for pS-STAT3 in gastric cancer that

251 respiration is that the siphon and DTTs play obligate roles in respiration.

252 To explore whether obligate scavengers persisted by depending on contempora

253 mblages, yet we know little about how extant obligate scavengers responded to this abrupt ecological

254 apex scavenger species, including nearly all obligate scavengers, are in a state of rapid decline and

255 in, due to elevated temperature and abundant obligate scavengers, may reduce the severity of the infe

256 active predation on relatively large prey to obligate scavenging.

257 Each intron contains three obligate signals: a 5' splice site, a branch site, and a

258 Refolding assays demonstrate obligate single- and double-ring mHsp60 variants are act

259 butterfly Phengaris (=Maculinea) rebeli, an obligate social parasite of Myrmica ants and a model sys

260 n medium where extracellular albumin was the obligate source of the essential amino acid leucine.

261 geographically diverse interactions with the obligate specialized Greya moths and, in some species an

262 n the interaction became parasitism, and the obligate species had a slower growth rate.

263 represented by dozens of endemic groundwater-obligate species with narrow, naturally fragmented distr

264 to describe adaptive divergence in an alpine-obligate species, the white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus le

265 , most work has focused on retroviruses with obligate ssDNA replication intermediates and it is uncle

266 quitin E3 ligase, the FA core complex, is an obligate step in activation of the FA pathway, and its a

267 associated with elevated erythropoiesis, an obligate step towards erythroid recovery in response to

268 tarate), a metabolite that also serves as an obligate substrate for a subset of chromatin-modifying e

269 Introducing Cpn60's obligate substrate RbcL displaced Cpn60-bound Plsp1; the

270 yte-specific deletion of Sptlc1 Sptlc1 is an obligate subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase, the enz

271 ecting an archaeal species that is itself an obligate symbiont and dependent on a second host organis

272 Obligate symbionts, those required by their host, are co

273 c associations, from free-living to putative obligate symbionts.

274 Because the best studied obligate symbioses are ancient, it is especially challen

275 Obligate symbioses involving intracellular bacteria have

276 A major challenge in the study of obligate symbioses is to understand how they arise.

277 While co-obligate symbioses, in which hosts rely on multiple nutr

278 as independently given rise to at least four obligate symbioses, one in nematodes and three in insect

279 ional independent transitions to the same co-obligate symbiosis in different aphids.

280 Here we report the discovery of a nascent obligate symbiosis in Howardula aoronymphium, a well-stu

281 losses that occur during the evolution of co-obligate symbiosis.

282 As a result, cave-obligate taxa, termed troglobionts, are no longer viable

283 catalyzes neuronal SNARE assembly through an obligate template complex intermediate containing Munc18

284 the oldest, morphologically specialized, and obligate termitophiles from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber

285 r interpretation that Cretotrichopsenius are obligate termitophiles, and Mesosymbion[3], a member of

286 ansplant waitlist and the organ shortage has obligated the transplant centers to consider suboptimal

287 ids in light-harvesting and photoprotection, obligating the need for high-resolution techniques capab

288 ft in the microbial community structure from obligate to facultative anaerobes such as Proteobacteria

289 e to positive) on plants and the dependence (obligate to facultative) of the plant-fungal interaction

290 ildren and adults recognize that parents are obligated to care for and love their children.

291 the hemodialysis population, clinicians are obligated to explore whether factors related to dialytic

292 policy is disclosure, whereby landlords are obligated to notify potential tenants of current or prio

293 Research on trust suggests that people feel obligated to trust other people even at zero acquaintanc

294 children understand that people are morally obligated toward members of their social group.

295 the presence of cilia and on smoothened, the obligate transducer of Shh signaling, indicating that In

296 temperature-dependent sex determination and obligate use of beaches subject to sea level rise (SLR).

297 lia sochifolia and Datura stramonium, and an obligate vector in which it also replicates, western flo

298 expect these impacts to be most striking for obligate visitors of plants, like bees and other pollina

299 ng lactation and the birthing of live young (obligate viviparity), a vertebrate blood-specific diet b

300 ibosomes such that the tRNA is checked in an obligate way for integrity before reentry into the trans