ライフサイエンスコーパス: optic nerve head

1 l ocular tissues tested including sclera and optic nerve head.

2 ganglion cells and resulting changes in the optic nerve head.

3 trocytes migrate into the retina through the optic nerve head.

4 vascularized and non-vascularized retina and optic nerve head.

5 he retina, retinal nerve fiber layer and the optic nerve head.

6 and vertical cross-sectional EDI OCT of the optic nerve head.

7 of activated microglia was found within the optic nerve head.

8 ce the physiology and pathophysiology of the optic nerve head.

9 ssing shape differences of the peripapillary optic nerve head.

10 cells (RGCs) and intensely immunostained the optic nerve head.

11 tching regions of the same eyes close to the optic nerve head.

12 al, superior, nasal, and inferior-around the optic nerve head.

13 les of 3.4- and 3.75-mm diameters around the optic nerve head.

14 and activity of SPCs in the human retina and optic nerve head.

15 5 were limited to the glia of the retina and optic nerve head.

16 respective of their location relative to the optic nerve head.

17 spectral Doppler blood flow analysis of the optic nerve head.

18 ed, then phagocytic, and redistribute in the optic nerve head.

19 tic nerve head and regions peripheral to the optic nerve head.

20 ly those that may influence perfusion of the optic nerve head.

21 hese disconnected axons terminate within the optic nerve head.

22 es in the third of the retina nearest to the optic nerve head.

23 re detectable in the glaucomatous retina and optic nerve head.

24 nd included laminar cribriform plates in the optic nerve head.

25 ssels as a function of the distance from the optic nerve head.

26 nulus, at least 0.6 mm wide, surrounding the optic nerve head.

27 at 10- or 20-microm intervals throughout the optic nerve head.

28 only at distances less than 1.5 mm from the optic nerve head.

29 ventral ganglion cell axon targeting to the optic nerve head.

30 ma, could cause proliferation of ONAs in the optic nerve head.

31 site the injection site, and adjacent to the optic nerve head.

32 active guidance cue which is secreted at the optic nerve head.

33 nt activation was observed in and around the optic nerve head.

34 r, mpeg1+ cells congregate at and around the optic nerve head.

35 signaling and other immune responses in the optic nerve head.

36 or sclera, and posterior pole containing the optic nerve head.

37 diagnosed ONHD and EDI SD OCT imaging of the optic nerve head.

38 tical coherence tomography of the macula and optic nerve head.

39 overing a 6.7 x 6.7-mm2 area centered at the optic nerve head.

40 ness (PCT) from circle scans centered on the optic nerve head.

41 c damage to the choroidal, outer retinal and optic nerve head.

42 lting in large scotomata that connect to the optic nerve head.

43 expression in retinal ganglion cells and the optic nerve head.

44 d on the angle of nerve fiber entry into the optic nerve head.

45 o an ischemic or neurotoxic mechanism at the optic nerve head.

46 alterations in mural cell phenotype near the optic nerve head.

47 We obtained OCT images of the optic nerve head (24 radial scans) and peripapillary ret

48 imaging optical coherence tomography of the optic nerve head (24 radial scans) was performed.

49 nerves on examination received SDOCT of the optic nerve head (24 radial scans).

50 geting of retinal ganglion cell axons to the optic nerve head, a phenotype consistent with reduced BM

51 ia, at the junction of the neural retina and optic nerve head and by glia within the optic nerve.

52 hat in glaucoma RGC axons are damaged at the optic nerve head and degenerate within the optic nerve b

53 ONC, propagating from the injury site to the optic nerve head and finally the entire retina within on

54 -independent, three-dimensional model of the optic nerve head and gives a score for the probability t

55 al ganglion cell axon pathfinding toward the optic nerve head and in midbrain targets.

56 Imaging of the optic nerve head and macula and retinal nerve fiber laye

57 al coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the optic nerve head and macula was conducted in patients an

58 rrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA; optic nerve head and macular scans were taken every 4 mo

59 o stabilize translaminar pressure across the optic nerve head and may provide a new avenue for glauco

60 red over the physiological blind spot at the optic nerve head and over equally eccentric temporal ret

61 A 6-mm-diameter specimen containing the optic nerve head and peripapillary sclera was trephined

62 ampling was performed along the VRI over the optic nerve head and regions peripheral to the optic ner

63 we used genome-wide expression profiling of optic nerve head and retina and a series of computationa

64 identify PACE4 isoform expression within the optic nerve head and retina.

65 res in vivo has applications in the study of optic nerve head and retinal disease mechanisms.

66 al vision loss and structural changes of the optic nerve head and retinal ganglion cells is the hallm

67 The optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer was asses

68 th the 1-mm central retina thickness and the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer, and visu

69 Furthermore, optic nerve head and RNFL photography is time consuming,

70 n prelaminar and lamina cribrosa (LC) in the optic nerve head and the retrolaminar region, immediatel

71 imals with BOA showed temporal pallor of the optic nerve head and thinning of the retinal nerve fiber

72 of diseases characterised by cupping of the optic nerve head and visual-field damage.

73 y be caused by microvascular ischemia at the optic nerve head and/or at the posterior pole and may se

74 ressing astrocytes were first present at the optic nerve head, and as development progressed, the cel

75 tive oxygen species, induced swelling of the optic nerve head, and induced apoptosis, with a progress

76 lly located ganglion cells fail to enter the optic nerve head, and instead, make abrupt turns in this

77 nts of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), optic nerve head, and macula for assessing glaucoma prog

78 ion of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), optic nerve head, and macula with Cirrus OCT.

79 OCT of the macula, optic nerve head, and peripapillary retina.

80 -papillary profile between the fovea and the optic nerve head, and point-by-point test-retest repeata

81 any GFP-expressing cells were present at the optic nerve head, and some GFP-labeled fibers were prese

82 of testing and evaluating visual fields, the optic-nerve head, and the retinal nerve fiber layer offe

83 d center and large fibrotic scars around the optic nerve head; and (3) yellow dots in areas of relati

84 oantibody concentrations against retinal and optic nerve head antigens in the serum of glaucoma patie

85 n multivariate analysis, only initial VA and optic nerve head appearance at presentation were found t

86 sure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), optic nerve head appearance, and mean deviation (MD) ass

87 ation such as elevated intraocular pressure, optic nerve head appearance, central corneal thickness,

88 ) and ECM remodeling in ET-1-activated human optic nerve head astrocytes (hONAs) were determined.

89 L1 interfered with elastic fiber assembly by optic nerve head astrocytes in vitro.

90 astin fiber assembly was assessed by primary optic nerve head astrocytes in vitro.

91 Reactive remodeling of optic nerve head astrocytes is consistently observed in

92 vestigators have shown functional changes in optic nerve head astrocytes subjected to elevated hydros

93 s astroglial proliferation in cultured human optic nerve head astrocytes through ET(A/B) receptor act

94 ltrahigh-speed OCT imaging of the retina and optic nerve head at 249,000 axial scans per second is po

95 VA and the appearance of the optic nerve head at presentation predict long-term outco

96 helial migration pathway is activated in the optic nerve head at the earliest stages of disease in an

97 Transport persists through the optic nerve head before finally failing in the retina.

98 ghtened interest because of its influence on optic nerve head biomechanics.

99 degeneration of axon portions distal to the optic nerve head but does not cause the immediate degene

100 usion (RNP) in quadrants intersecting at the optic nerve head by a masked independent reading center

101 iated with higher IOPs, thinner RNFLs, lower optic nerve head capillary densities, and greater decrea

102 medications or progressive visual field and optic nerve head changes despite maximal tolerated medic

103 r pressure (IOP), worsening visual field, or optic nerve head changes in whom primary trabeculectomy

104 Intraocular pressure (IOP) and optic nerve head characteristics are used clinically to

105 ures, such as the individual retinal layers, optic nerve head, choroid, and lamina cribrosa.

106 glaucoma, which posits that the behavior of optic nerve head connective tissues (specifically within

107 The retina between fovea and optic nerve head could serve as a convenient, accessible

108 ls occupied approximately 20% of the central optic nerve head cross-sectional area, gradually shifted

109 sessment remains identifying the presence of optic nerve head cupping.

110 nd hence to prevent progressive glaucomatous optic nerve head damage.

111 ct as reinforcing rings to limit corneal and optic nerve head deformations, whereas equatorial meridi

112 f this in vivo study suggest that though the optic nerve head diameter increases by more than 50%, on

113 red within an annulus region centered at the optic nerve head divided into superior and inferior hemi

114 individual retinal layers, in patients with optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) and optic disc edema (ODE

115 To investigate the prevalence of optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) in clinically normal subj

116 D Ia), DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), cataract and optic nerve head drusen (ONHD).

117 nized as the most sensitive tool to diagnose optic nerve head drusen (ONHD).

118 FL thinning in ischemic optic neuropathy and optic nerve head drusen is more likely to mimic the patt

119 erior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), (4) optic nerve head drusen with NAION, and (5) systemic lup

120 litis optica, pseudotumor cerebri, migraine, optic nerve head drusen, compressive optic neuropathy, a

121 e of progressive retinal ganglion cell loss, optic nerve head excavation, and axon loss.

122 ter retinal thicknesses and to visualize the optic nerve head excavation.

123 h positive family history or with suspicious optic nerve head findings for complete ophthalmologic ex

124 with pLPC may present a higher proportion of optic nerve head findings frequently observed in glaucom

125 ECM remodeling (cupping) at the level of the optic nerve head, frequently associated with elevated in

126 The optic nerve heads from three monkeys with unilateral EG

127 Cultures of rat retina and optic nerve head glia were treated with a mixture of ROS

128 ntigen-presenting function of the retina and optic nerve head glia.

129 OAG either through IOP or via changes to the optic nerve head; here we present evidence that some gen

130 on masked assessment of digital stereoscopic optic nerve head images by three glaucoma specialists.

131 ears from LVPEI-GLEAMS underwent macular and optic nerve head imaging with spectral-domain OCT (SDOCT

132 9, which were undetectable in the retina and optic nerve head in any condition.

133 Spectral-domain OCT of the optic nerve head in both conventional (non-EDI) and EDI

134 ivo lamina cribrosa (LC) position within the optic nerve head in glaucoma.

135 elberg retina tomograph (HRT) imaging of the optic nerve head in glaucoma.

136 y account for the peculiar appearance of the optic nerve head in PXG eyes.

137 ossible structural changes of the macula and optic nerve head in the free eyes of unilateral cured re

138 s," and giving the glial architecture of the optic nerve head in transverse section a honeycomb appea

139 dients along anomalous communications in the optic nerve head induce migration of fluid into the adja

140 torial degeneration pattern suggestive of an optic nerve head insult.

141 erial horizontal and vertical B-scans of the optic nerve head (interval between images, approximately

142 Filling-in at the optic nerve head involves additional low-level processes

143 and MT1-MMP1 expression in the glaucomatous optic nerve head is specific to tissue remodeling due to

144 extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in the optic nerve head is still unknown.

145 ngs revealed Hb expression in the retina and optic nerve head macroglia and RGCs, suggesting an appro

146 in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and optic nerve head may show subclinical pathology in unaff

147 vations suggest that in glaucoma, retina and optic nerve head microglia activation may be a factor in

148 Bim deficient mice exhibited altered optic nerve head morphology and significantly lessened i

149 Optic nerve head morphology is affected by several retin

150 The optic nerve head morphology was abnormal with significan

151 ancy between the visual field defect and the optic nerve head morphology, however, led us to a vascul

152 ned in histologic sections of the retina and optic nerve head obtained from 38 donor eyes with glauco

153 acula and a 6x6-mm OCTA scan centered on the optic nerve head obtained using a Topcon swept-source sy

154 e whether ECM remodeling in the glaucomatous optic nerve head occurs in response to loss of axons or

155 uctural evidence of axonal disruption in the optic nerve head of sigmaR1(-)/(-) mice as early as 6 mo

156 enous RGCs, with axons orienting towards the optic nerve head of the host retina and dendrites growin

157 ds with experimental glaucoma but not in the optic nerve head of transected eyes.

158 ical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of the optic nerve head (OHN) were obtained from subjects with

159 The coordinates for the optic nerve head (ONH) and optic chiasm (OC) ends of the

160 The optic nerve head (ONH) and overlying vessels in cynomolg

161 To ascertain deformation of the optic nerve head (ONH) and peripapillary tissues caused

162 ssure, Humphrey 24-2 perimetry, stereoscopic optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RN

163 The biomechanical effects of IOP on the optic nerve head (ONH) are believed to play a role in gl

164 imetry (SLP) and photographic imaging of the optic nerve head (ONH) are currently used to document ba

165 phical map to demonstrate how sectors of the optic nerve head (ONH) are related to locations in the v

166 , and aberrant regrowth were detected at the optic nerve head (ONH) as early as 4 days after treatmen

167 ed with automated perimetry or a clinician's optic nerve head (ONH) assessment.

168 h factor beta (TGFbeta) receptor pathways in optic nerve head (ONH) astrocyte migration.

169 We have previously shown that human optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes and lamina cribrosa (L

170 Human optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes and rat microglial cel

171 nd human embryonic skeletal muscle cells and optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes at confluence.

172 Optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes have been proposed to

173 at radii of 0.22, 0.33, and 0.44 mm from the optic nerve head (ONH) center.

174 pairs of stereoscopic fundus photographs and optic nerve head (ONH) centered spectral domain optical

175 nar neural tissue (prelaminar) components of optic nerve head (ONH) cupping in one bilaterally normal

176 s are implicated in changes occurring at the optic nerve head (ONH) in glaucoma.

177 the distribution of birefringence around the optic nerve head (ONH) in normal subjects.

178 hat reduced ocular perfusion pressure in the optic nerve head (ONH) increases the risk of glaucoma.

179 experimental observations indicate that the optic nerve head (ONH) is a major site of axon degenerat

180 Understanding the effects of IOP on the optic nerve head (ONH) is important in understanding gla

181 In glaucoma, the optic nerve head (ONH) is the likely site of initial inj

182 In glaucoma, the optic nerve head (ONH) is the principal site of initial

183 visual system in a nonhuman primate model of optic nerve head (ONH) ischemia caused by sustained unil

184 PS-OCT scans around the optic nerve head (ONH) of two healthy young volunteers w

185 tudy was to evaluate the association between optic nerve head (ONH) parameters and branch retinal vei

186 r (NFL) thickness, macula thickness map, and optic nerve head (ONH) parameters in normal eyes were st

187 -inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness and optic nerve head (ONH) parameters using OCT.

188 inal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and optic nerve head (ONH) parameters.

189 Discovery and description of heritable optic nerve head (ONH) phenotypes have been haphazard.

190 The optic nerve head (ONH) region of 17 eyes of 17 healthy s

191 that leads to characteristic changes in the optic nerve head (ONH) region, such as nasalization of v

192 eformation of load bearing structures of the optic nerve head (ONH) resulting from raised intracrania

193 The optic nerve head (ONH) shape, retinal nerve fiber layer

194 ular pressure (IOP) on retinal thickness and optic nerve head (ONH) structure in the rat eye by spect

195 ucoma, defined as the onset of CSLT-detected optic nerve head (ONH) surface change, in the treated ey

196 tinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickening in optic nerve head (ONH) swelling, but does not provide in

197 ify genes with upregulated expression at the optic nerve head (ONH) that coincides with retinal gangl

198 SPC enzyme activity within human retina and optic nerve head (ONH) tissues.

199 to predict the biomechanical response of the optic nerve head (ONH) to intraocular pressure (IOP) ele

200 y Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA), and optic nerve head (ONH) topography with HRT-II (retinal t

201 evelop at birth, expanding radially from the optic nerve head (ONH) towards the retinal periphery.

202 Expression of NOS-2 in the retina and optic nerve head (ONH) was evaluated by immunohistochemi

203 The optic nerve head (ONH) was imaged with SD-OCT (1.5 x 1.5

204 number, surface area, and distances from the optic nerve head (ONH) were computed.

205 Tissue sections through the optic nerve head (ONH) were labeled with neuron-specific

206 ness (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC) and optic nerve head (ONH) were measured in one eye of 57 gl

207 between scans, approximately 30 mum) of the optic nerve head (ONH) were obtained in both eyes of cli

208 A) and central cross-sectional images of the optic nerve head (ONH) were obtained using EDI-SDOCT.

209 with OCTA and OCT imaging of the macula and optic nerve head (ONH) were studied.

210 orizontal and one 10 mm vertical through the optic nerve head (ONH), and one 10 mm 5-degree-offset th

211 ll axons of WT mice shed mitochondria at the optic nerve head (ONH), and that these mitochondria are

212 Excavation of the optic nerve head (ONH), axon loss, and COX reduction wer

213 ould also consider axial length, size of the optic nerve head (ONH), blood vessel contribution, and d

214 erence tomography (SD OCT) of the macula and optic nerve head (ONH), infrared reflectance, fundus aut

215 luate the vessel density measurements of the optic nerve head (ONH), peripapillary, and macular regio

216 of 445 participants underwent SD-OCT of the optic nerve head (ONH), visual field testing, and clinic

217 suspect subjects were repeatedly imaged, and optic nerve head (ONH)-centered OCT image volumes (200x2

218 ountability of rim tissue orientation in the optic nerve head (ONH).

219 ent radii (0.22, 0.33, and 0.44 mm) from the optic nerve head (ONH).

220 y and mid-peripheral regions surrounding the optic nerve head (ONH).

221 enter the optic nerve by passing through the optic nerve head (ONH).

222 ge distance of 3.5 mm from the center of the optic nerve head (ONH).

223 50 frames x 1024 samplings), centered on the optic nerve head (ONH).

224 s were circumferentially oriented around the optic nerve head (ONH).

225 ensional (3-D) reconstructions of the monkey optic nerve head (ONH).

226 ensional (3-D) reconstructions of the monkey optic nerve head (ONH).

227 mapping SAP visual field locations onto the optic nerve head (ONH).

228 ith disorganization of elastic fibers in the optic nerve head (ONH).

229 -OCT devices on the same day: Cirrus HD-OCT (optic nerve head [ONH]) cube 200 x 200 protocol), RTVue-

230 l scans in a 6 x 6-mm region centered on the optic nerve head [ONH]) with high-speed, ultrahigh-resol

231 volume scans centered on and surrounding the optic nerve head [ONH]).

232 Perfusion-fixed optic nerve heads (ONHs) from 21 animals were digitally

233 The optic nerve heads (ONHs) of donor eyes fixed at either 5

234 he minimum distance of jPED to the border of optic nerve head (OPN) was 2.6 +/- 11.1 (range: 0-61.9)

235 Macular and optic nerve head optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan

236 om the temporal and nasal neural rims of the optic nerve head out to 1040 mum allowed the quantificat

237 gnificantly with increased distance from the optic nerve head (P < or = 0.004), whereas retinal venou

238 Optic nerve head pallor of 1 or both nerves was present

239 s demonstrated retinal vascular attenuation, optic nerve head pallor, and mottling of retinal pigment

240 en both eyes were open), and the presence of optic nerve head pallor.

241 lary nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness and optic nerve head parameters compared to the control grou

242 Optic nerve head parameters measured by HRT 3 were compa

243 e and substantial interocular correlation in optic nerve head parameters measured by HRT 3.

244 We measured RNFL thickness and optic nerve head parameters using the Cirrus HD-OCT 4000

245 The following optic nerve head parameters were measured on serial vert

246 the ganglion cell inner plexiform layer and optic nerve head parameters, also are useful for progres

247 a larger interocular difference in the other optic nerve head parameters.

248 nts of NFL thickness, macular thickness, and optic nerve head parameters.

249 atio (r = 0.61; P < 0.001) and several other optic nerve head parameters.

250 e sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) may compromise optic nerve head perfusion and cause glaucomatous optic

251 GON, based on longitudinally gathered stereo optic nerve head photographs.

252 Optic-nerve-head photography is still a mainstay in eval

253 had greater BOLD response compared with the optic nerve head region for both challenges.

254 in video recordings of the blood flow in the optic nerve head region in eyes of healthy subjects.

255 nflammatory changes in the retina and/or the optic nerve head reminiscent of those suggested for prec

256 Appearance of the optic nerve head, retinal vessels, and surrounding retin

257 on of scan path location with respect to the optic nerve head rim, caused by relative magnification.

258 The optic nerve head RNFL thicknesses were measured with spe

259 82 pairs of optic disc photographs and SDOCT optic nerve head scans from 927 eyes of 490 subjects wer

260 Macula and optic nerve head SD-OCT volumes were obtained in 57 eyes

261 ls of LC3-II were found in both LC cells and optic nerve head sections from glaucoma donors.

262 fiber layer curvature) and three measures of optic nerve head shape (cup depth, rim steepness, and cu

263 ro patients, elevated IOP and changes in the optic nerve head should result in a high index of suspic

264 ss-sectional and longitudinal measurement of optic nerve head structures using 3-D SD-OCT.

265 bilateral visual field defects and bilateral optic nerve head swelling 2 weeks after first dose of do

266 sue oxygen transport in the inner retina and optic nerve head through the regulated expression of Hb

267 horoidal neovascularization) and optic disc (optic nerve head tilt, optic disc dimensions, and peripa

268 most of the identified genes are enriched in optic nerve head tissue.

269 on of the SPC family in the human retina and optic nerve head tissues was evaluated by quantitative r

270 Retinal avascularity, distance from the optic nerve head to the vascular edge in the peripheral

271 Measurements of optic nerve head topography showed less IOP-induced chan

272 Measurements of optic nerve head topography were obtained from confocal

273 measured at 768 points equidistant from the optic nerve head using spectral-domain OCT (Spectralis;

274 tical coherence tomography of the macula and optic nerve head using the Heidelberg Spectralis (Heidel

275 RNFL thickness was measured around the optic nerve head using Zeiss Stratus optical coherence t

276 we show that six6b (associated with POAG and optic nerve head variation) alters the expression of cdk

277 Above the optic nerve head was a conical space corresponding to th

278 Swelling of the optic nerve head was followed by progressive demise of g

279 blood flow in vascular area surrounding the optic nerve head was measured in 8-week-old male mice ev

280 crease in the mean level of nitrate over the optic nerve head was observed in mature animals compared

281 y, and the characteristics of the retina and optic nerve head were analyzed.

282 , pigmentation, nerve fiber arrangement, and optic nerve head were clearly visible on the fundus imag

283 rresponding stereo fundus photographs of the optic nerve head were obtained from 68 eyes of 34 patien

284 oherence tomography (EDI OCT) B-scans of the optic nerve head were obtained from patients with glauco

285 al coherence tomographic (OCT) images of the optic nerve head were obtained from patients with glauco

286 oherence tomography (EDI OCT) B-scans of the optic nerve head were obtained prospectively from each p

287 sional (3D) imaging of the normal retina and optic nerve head were performed.

288 ense in the vicinity of veins and toward the optic nerve head whereas smaller cells are often more de

289 1- and 5.7-fold higher in retina compared to optic nerve head, whereas PACE4 was expressed 4.1-fold h

290 e optic nerve correlated with MEMRI-measured optic nerve head width (P < 0.05).

291 , iridocorneal angle, ciliary body area, and optic nerve head width were readily measured from MEMRI

292 inner retinal thickness, ciliary body area, optic nerve head width, and iridocorneal angle.

293 In all mice, eye perimeter, optic nerve head width, iridocorneal angle, ciliary body

294 we acquired 12 radial scans centered on the optic nerve head with 15 degrees of separation between s

295 A fibrovascular tuft on the optic nerve head with induced traction on superior arcad

296 (RNFL), and volumetric OCT scans through the optic nerve head with standard spectral-domain (SD OCT)

297 markedly increased in reactive astrocytes in optic nerve heads with experimental glaucoma but not in

298 itially infiltrates the retina, vitreous, or optic nerve head, with or without central nervous system

299 epithelium, outer part of the retina and the optic nerve head within 24-hours, in both groups of anim

300 ons from where ganglion cell axons enter the optic nerve head within a theta degrees wide sector, cen