ライフサイエンスコーパス: overpotential

1 over frequency of 15000 H2 per hour at 50 mV overpotential).

2 ful in boosting activity without sacrificing overpotential.

3 tion of hydrogen with unmatched speed at low overpotential.

4 rogen oxidation displaying high rates at low overpotential.

5 rovide efficient O2 reduction with almost no overpotential.

6 lytic Tafel plots, which relate kinetics and overpotential.

7 electrochemical CO(2) reduction at moderate overpotential.

8 age hysteresis is mainly due to the Mg anode overpotential.

9 is driven even moderately hard using a large overpotential.

10 into CO occurs in water (pH 7.3) with 480 mV overpotential.

11 ders of magnitude with a minimal increase in overpotential.

12 h nearly 50% Faradaic efficiency at moderate overpotential.

13 each step directly contributes to the <50 mV overpotential.

14 .9% cycling Coulombic efficiency and 0.085 V overpotential.

15 s resistant to a large change in the applied overpotential.

16 ile retaining comparable capacity, rate, and overpotential.

17 ase reduces oxygen to water with very little overpotential.

18 s (2600 min) at 3.0 mA cm(-2) , with 0.178 V overpotential.

19 r should be responsible for the reduction of overpotential.

20 n of H(2) nanobubbles requires a significant overpotential.

21 resenting a drastic reduction in the kinetic overpotential.

22 nt enhancement and the dropping of oxidation overpotential.

23 solution-phase and subsequently to crippling overpotentials.

24 l cells and elucidate the sources of various overpotentials.

25 f the Ir/C-Pt/C couple for sufficiently high overpotentials.

26 as electrocatalysts that still require large overpotentials.

27 nated dimers are observable with FTIR at low overpotentials.

28 ective for >2e(-) oxygenate formation at low overpotentials.

29 thyl carbonate on metallic electrodes at low overpotentials.

30 selective formation of C2-C3 products at low overpotentials.

31 efficiencies, high current densities and low overpotentials.

32 cycle for ~90 h without obvious increase of overpotentials.

33 atalytic activity and small discharge/charge overpotentials.

34 CO[Formula: see text] mass transport at high overpotentials.

35 ed enhanced performance at comparatively low overpotentials.

36 cule, and impede access to high rates at low overpotentials.

37 he (311) surface being most active at medium overpotentials (0.46-0.77 V), where O-O bond formation b

38 and a high current density (-16.5 mA cm(-2); overpotential, -0.52 V) for the CO(2) to CO reduction re

39 ction (HER), resulting in an extremely small overpotential (18 mV), an ultralow Tafel slope (25 mV de

40 elled FeCoW oxyhydroxides exhibit the lowest overpotential (191 millivolts) reported at 10 milliamper

41 catalyst exhibits outstanding activity with overpotential 198 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm(

42 highly active in aqueous media with very low overpotentials (30 mV).

43 HCOOH formation begins at lower overpotential (350 mV) and reaches a steady Faradaic eff

44 on can be completely suppressed even at high overpotentials (-400 mV vs RHE).

45 radaic efficiency of 90 +/- 10%) at moderate overpotentials (500-700 mV in DMF measured at the middle

46 repared Li/C-wood electrode presents a lower overpotential (90 mV at 3 mAcm(-2)), more-stable strippi

47 of current density, Faraday efficiency, and overpotential across 295 electrochemical coproduction pr

48 However, the lowest overpotential active sites on these three crystallograph

49 table performance with only 7 mV increase in overpotential after more than 60 hours of measurement, s

50 etre whisker grows under an applied voltage (overpotential) against the atomic force microscope tip,

51 bridging leads to highly efficient (-157 mV overpotential and 41 mV/decade Tafel slope) and stable (

52 ndidate can initiate CO(2) reduction at zero overpotential and achieve high formate selectivity close

53 ermine the extent of segregation for a given overpotential and atmosphere relevant to the operating c

54 challenges related to selectivity, activity, overpotential and durability, transition metal-based cat

55 xible fiber-shaped Li-CO(2) battery with low overpotential and high energy efficiency, by employing u

56 cted nanoreactors exhibits advantages of low overpotential and high fuel-cell power density.

57 depletion in C(2) products observed at high overpotential and high pH to arise from the 2(nd) order

58 st elements and possessing much lower charge overpotential and higher reversibility compared to their

59 active sites, which dramatically lowers the overpotential and increases the activity of CO2 electror

60 bility of lithium-oxygen batteries with high overpotential and large capacity decay.

61 ormic acid with high selectivity but at high overpotential and low current density.

62 s CO(2) reduction to formate, while the high overpotential and low Faradaic efficiency (FE) hinder it

63 ronic delocalization that serves to minimize overpotential and maximize selectivity over the hydrogen

64 th regards to the entire studied series, the overpotential and Tafel slope for catalytic HER are both

65 ytic performance of MoS(2) with much reduced overpotential and Tafel slope.

66 racteristics by decreasing analyte oxidation overpotential and thereby augmented the electrode kineti

67 This inevitably creates larger overpotentials and greater variety of products as compar

68 over 100 cycles (>500 h) with low round-trip overpotentials and high coulombic efficiencies as oppose

69 anes yield superior HER performance with low overpotentials and high durability (<=5 % activity loss

70 the-art metal oxide catalysts under moderate overpotentials and in a remarkably large pH range, inclu

71 er frequencies of CoFeOx and CoFeNiOx at low overpotentials and the simple deposition method allow th

72 to its complex charge transfer process, high overpotential, and corrosion.

73 s the result of ohmic voltage drop, reaction overpotential, and different spatial distributions of el

74 ive Li(3) N reduces the Li plating/stripping overpotential, and LiF with high interface energy suppre

75 n, demonstrating high current densities, low overpotential, and remarkable stability in bulk form.

76 s including limited catalytic activity, high overpotential, and severe CO poisoning.

77 ance with high Coulombic efficiencies, small overpotentials, and good cycling stability.

78 er splitting with high reaction rates at low overpotentials, and supercapacitors for energy storage w

79 nanoseeds in the 3D substrate, showing a low overpotential ( approximately 0.025 V) for a long cycle

80 ly 3,390 mAh g(-1) of capacity, exhibits low overpotential ( approximately 80 mV at 3 mA cm(-2)) and

81 uencies as high as 5.6 and 17.1 s(-1) and an overpotential as low as 14 and 13.3 mV at a current dens

82 ectivity for CO evolution can be obtained at overpotentials as low as 0.4 V.

83 1 M KOH and with the most active electrode, overpotentials as low as 240 and 270 mV are required to

84 ecomposes upon cycling with discharge/charge overpotentials as low as 50 mV.

85 catalysts and shows that H2O2 is formed with overpotentials as low as 90 mV.

86 en evolution reaction (OER), requires a high overpotential associated with O O bond formation, which

87 igher electrocatalytic activity (i.e., lower overpotential at a current density of 2 mA cm(-2)) is ob

88 he oxygen evolution reaction (OER), with low overpotential at different current densities (316 mV at

89 to produce hydrogen from water under a mild overpotential at more than twice the rate of state-of-th

90 rption energies of OER intermediates and low overpotentials at Fe sites.

91 n electrode scale is likely caused by larger overpotentials at higher electrolyte pH.

92 ires a current density of 500 mA/cm(2) at an overpotential below 300 mV with long-term stability.

93 Pd reduces CO2 to HCO2(-) with no overpotential, but this activity has previously been lim

94 n also be further enhanced by decreasing its overpotential by 150 mV at a current density of 1.0 mA/c

95 ea (ECSA), lower the requisite CO2 reduction overpotential by hundreds of millivolts (catalytic onset

96 ered structures intrinsically active for low overpotential C(2+) formation, exhibiting around sevenfo

97 However, the lowest OER overpotentials calculated for the two facets were found

98 rate-limiting step to be *COOH to *CO at low overpotentials, CO[Formula: see text] adsorption at inte

99 eased, with single atoms showing the largest overpotentials compared to bulk Pt.

100 indicate ready promotion of Ni(4+) under low overpotential conditions.

101 ensation in vanadium borides: Using a -23 mV overpotential decrement derived from -0.296 mV (for VB a

102 electrodeposition by introducing additional overpotential due to its bulk-distortion and anchoring f

103 n, and caffeine with significant decrease in overpotential due to large surface and high carrier mobi

104 nder the oxidation states of 4+ even at high overpotential due to synergetic electron coupling, which

105 tically sluggish and proceeds at rather high overpotential due to the universal scaling relationship,

106 It also halves the overpotential during discharge, increases the capacity 8

107 kinetics, which enables a considerably lower overpotential during the charging process.

108 ically, 95 % Coulombic efficiency and 197 mV overpotential, enabling reversible Mg deposition, and an

109 The predicted OER overpotential (eta(OER)) for a Fe-centered pathway is re

110 The overpotential (eta) for the OER correlates with the inte

111 tomic %)-intercalated birnessite exhibits an overpotential (eta) of 400 mV for OER at an anodic curre

112 ine-to-azine oxidation reactions reveals low overpotentials (eta) for the copper- and iodine-mediated

113 n electrodeposited CoP catalyst exhibited an overpotential, eta, of -eta < 100 mV at a current densit

114 Reduction of CO2 occurs at one of the lowest overpotentials ever reported for molecular electrocataly

115 ransport to electrocatalyst surfaces at high overpotentials exhibited a surprisingly rich phenomenolo

116 exhibit approximately 100 mV improvement in overpotential following exposure to dilute hydrazine, wh

117 functionality translates into a 150 mV lower overpotential for 2(2-) with respect to 1(2-) and an imp

118 ce area), with only 270 to 290 millivolts of overpotential for 30 hours of continuous testing in acid

119 At the same time, the overpotential for AA oxidation was confirmed as being ve

120 rbon rings is revealed to exhibit the lowest overpotential for both oxygen reduction and evolution ca

121 d choice on activity is often reduced to the overpotential for catalysis.

122 a kinetically limited regime with near zero overpotential for CO formation, iii) excellent energy ef

123 the Co(I/0) couple, therefore decreasing the overpotential for CO2 reduction.

124 ation-first pathway, minimizing the required overpotential for electrocatalytic CO2 to CO conversion

125 NCs) with a greater than 3-fold reduction in overpotential for electrochemical CO(2)-to-CO reduction

126 ghly efficient enzyme immobilization and low overpotential for electron transfer, allowing for glucos

127 ect of B and N co-doping, high N content and overpotential for hydrogen evolution.

128 most stable (0001) surface has a very large overpotential for OER independent of lithium content.

129 ent of acid-stable electrocatalysts with low overpotential for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a m

130 similar to each other and comparable to the overpotential for the 4-fold-lattice-oxygen-coordinated

131 ectron transfer kinetics and decrease in the overpotential for the oxidation reaction of A and G.

132 ectron transfer kinetics and decrease in the overpotential for the oxidation reaction of adenine.

133 ORR activation barriers with a 200-mV lower overpotential for the PF(6) (-) and ClO(4) (-) electroly

134 re found to display a considerably decreased overpotential for the production of CO, the hydrogen evo

135 affinity of Pt for CO helps to decrease the overpotential for the reduction of CO2 and therefore blo

136 The adsorption of 2-ABT lowers the overpotentials for both CO(2) reduction and hydrogen evo

137 d oxidized copper catalysts displaying lower overpotentials for carbon dioxide electroreduction and r

138 "Activation" overpotentials for Li2S are identified in thicker films,

139 multiple stacking faults, which lead to low overpotentials for methane (CH(4) ) and high efficiency

140 The cells with V(acac)(3) exhibit low overpotential, high rate performance, and considerable c

141 n reaction (OER) is currently working out at overpotentials higher than 320 mV.

142 ize polydispersity decreases with increasing overpotential (i.e., driving force).

143 of catalysis (by over 10-fold) at these low overpotentials (i.e., the same potential as CO2 binding)

144 er mg Pd) when driven by less than 200 mV of overpotential in aqueous bicarbonate solutions.

145 etails the (i) fundamental causes for higher overpotential in hydrogen oxidation reaction, (ii) mecha

146 rbons and oxygenates at considerably lowered overpotentials in neutral pH aqueous media.

147 Reduction of O2 occurs with limited overpotential indicating that all the coppers in the act

148 Meanwhile, the k(SEI) increases with overpotential, indicating the SEI fracture is more serio

149 The current transients at various overpotentials initiate the nucleation and growth of Li

150 zing activity begins only once a substantial overpotential is applied, and it cannot produce H(2).

151 evelopment of highly active catalysts at low overpotential is desired for this reaction.

152 capacity at the aromatic ring increases, the overpotential is drastically reduced down to a record lo

153 of only 220 mV; the extrapolated TOF at zero overpotential is larger than 300 s(-1).

154 lar albeit smaller cathodic shift in the OER overpotential is observed when tensile strain is applied

155 Experimentally, the OER overpotential is reduced to ~205 mV at current density o

156 This behavior, which underlies the low overpotential, is rationalized on the basis of the catal

157 barrier, which can be compensated by applied overpotential, is reduced from 1.62 to 0.59 eV after Co

158 The Li-Mg alloy has low overpotential, leading to a lower interfacial resistance

159 atalysts for CO(2)-to-CO conversion but high overpotential limits the efficiency.

160 plating performance over 1000 h with average overpotential lower than 100 mV without any short circui

161 sible Hydrogen Electrode (RHE)), small onset overpotential (<90 mV) and high durability (no performan

162 te electrode with small Li plating/stripping overpotential (<90 mV) at a high current density of 3 mA

163 e on the (001) surface is most active at low overpotentials (<0.46 V), where O2 release is rate limit

164 a standalone membrane to permit stable, low-overpotential Mg striping and plating for over 100 cycle

165 otwithstanding a fundamental linkage between overpotential, microstructure, and electrochemical behav

166 bilization are critical to reveal the lowest overpotential OER pathways on pristine beta-NiOOH.

167 frequency of 9400 hour(-1)) at pH 7 with an overpotential of -0.55 volts, equivalent to a 26-fold im

168 ith carbon black at 1:1 mass ratio) at a low overpotential of -0.63 V.

169 positive onset potential of ~ 0 V and a low overpotential of -46 mV in alkaline electrolyte, compara

170 the high current density [200 mA/cm(2) at an overpotential of 0.3 V comparable to platinum (0.44 V)].

171 capable of catalyzing water oxidation at an overpotential of 0.33 V with a 96% Faradaic efficiency w

172 ing a current density of 1.33 mA/cm(2) at an overpotential of 0.42 V.

173 and a turnover frequency of 4.1 s(-1) at the overpotential of 0.52 V in a near-neutral aqueous soluti

174 discharge capacity of 8.6 mAh cm(-2) , a low overpotential of 1.15 V, and stable operation exceeding

175 t activity and durability for OER with a low overpotential of 1.51 V at 10 mA cm(-2) and a small Tafe

176 times higher than the commercial Pt/C at an overpotential of 100 mV.

177 Pt(3)@NiS on nickel foam displayed merely an overpotential of 12 mV at -10 mA cm(-2), which is substa

178 stress can be(1,2) up to 1 gigapascal for an overpotential of 135 millivolts.

179 evolution reaction (OER), beta-NiS showed an overpotential of 139 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm

180 d to superior HER catalytic activity with an overpotential of 152 mV versus reversible hydrogen elect

181 ields current densities of 10 mA/cm(2) at an overpotential of 177 mV, 500 mA/cm(2) at only 265 mV, an

182 It shows a record low overpotential of 178 mV at 10 mA cm(-2) and maintains th

183 over the best-known catalysts, with an onset overpotential of 190 mV and high stability in 0.1 M perc

184 virtue of the synergetic effect, a low onset overpotential of 20 mV and a Tafel slope of 36 mV dec(-1

185 0 mA cm(-2) and 5 mAh cm(-2) with a very low overpotential of 20 mV for 200 cycles in a commercial ca

186 ving a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) at an overpotential of 218 mV, which is smaller than that of R

187 Specifically, a low overpotential of 219 mV is achieved at the geometric cur

188 c2 is the best material for the OER, with an overpotential of 240 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm

189 rbon doped NiO catalyst achieves an ultralow overpotential of 27 mV at 10 mA cm(-2), and a low Tafel

190 mum onset potential of 0 mV vs. RHE, a small overpotential of 27.7 mV to achieve 10 mA cm(-2) geometr

191 alyst with exceptional OER activity, with an overpotential of 270 +/- 3 mV at 10 mA/cm(2) and a Tafel

192 current density of 10 mA cm(-2) at a nominal overpotential of 270 mV in 0.1 m KOH with outstanding ca

193 xhibits an excellent OER activity with a low overpotential of 280 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm

194 e Tafel slope of 32 mV dec(-1) and intrinsic overpotential of 280 mV.

195 s activity of ~2.5 mA.mug(-1) at the defined overpotential of 300 mV is 1 order of magnitude higher t

196 preparation steps or noble metals, yet a low overpotential of 322 mV at 10.2 mA cm(-2) and a high cur

197 he purely microporous COF with a competitive overpotential of 380 mV at 10 mA/cm(2).

198 tic activity in acidic solution with a small overpotential of 39 mV to achieve -10 mA cm(-2) and a ve

199 ER, respectively-resulting in the lowest ORR overpotential of 4.0 mV and OER overpotential of 5.1 mV

200 mall onset potential of 1.44 V vs RHE and an overpotential of 400 mV at 10 mA.cm(-2) as well as the e

201 tral pH, with a TOF value (0.034 s(-1) at an overpotential of 400 mV) and robustness superior to thos

202 es to the remarkable HER performance with an overpotential of 49 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm(

203 e lowest ORR overpotential of 4.0 mV and OER overpotential of 5.1 mV reported to date.

204 h the pyrene and the graphene, displaying an overpotential of 538 mV, a kcat of 540 s(-1) and produci

205 rnover frequency of 0.28 per second at a low overpotential of 54 millivolts.

206 Meanwhile, an overpotential of 540 mV at 10 mA cm(-2) is attained in a

207 d turnover frequency of 1962 h(-1) at a mild overpotential of 620 mV for CO formation with 97 % Farad

208 l framework (N-Ni) exhibits an extremely low overpotential of 64 mV at 10 mA cm(-2), which is, to our

209 ding a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) at an overpotential of 66 mV, which is slightly higher than th

210 er a current density of 37.2 mA cm(-2) at an overpotential of 70 mV, which is 9.7 times higher than t

211 large electrocatalytic water oxidation wave (overpotential of 700 mV).

212 atalytic performance was achieved with a low overpotential of 96 mV at a current density of 10 mA.cm(

213 lly, CO starts to be observed at an ultralow overpotential of 96 mV, further confirming the superiori

214 mation could be achieved with a reduction in overpotential of approximately 200 mV, and catalytic tur

215 voltammetric behavior, whereas the oxidation overpotential of ascorbic acid (AA) is significantly dec

216 mic-level interfaces can lower the oxidation overpotential of bimetallic Ni and Co active sites (wher

217 cal electric fields drastically decrease the overpotential of CO2 electroreduction.

218 e solar energy to overcome the high charging overpotential of conventional zinc-air batteries.

219 ly aqueous conditions with a catalytic onset overpotential of eta = 360 mV, and controlled potential

220 nanoseeds effectively reduce the nucleation overpotential of Li and guide the Li deposition in the 3

221 rmance among all developed catalysts with an overpotential of merely 42 mV at 10 mA cm(geo) (-2) .

222 ) and a high FE of 20.0 % are achieved at an overpotential of only -0.15 V versus the reversible hydr

223 hat of commercial platinum catalyst, with an overpotential of only -12 mV to reach the current densit

224 neutral pH with a k(obs) of 140 s(-1) at an overpotential of only 200 mV.

225 as high as 10(6) s(-1) and is reached at an overpotential of only 220 mV; the extrapolated TOF at ze

226 trocatalysts reported in literature, with an overpotential of only 226 mV for reaching 10 mA cm(-2) (

227 t catalytic activity for OER with a ultralow overpotential of only 232 mV at 10 mA cm(-2) and possess

228 th a turnover frequency of 1240 s(-1) and an overpotential of only 265 mV for half activity at low ac

229 ol-gel method achieves 10 mA cm(-2) at a low overpotential of only 340 mV (and small Tafel slope of 4

230 r, showed the highest activity, requiring an overpotential of only 358 mV at 10 mA cm(-2) in Fe-free

231 mon resonance (SPR) of Au nanoparticles, low overpotential of Pt nanoparticles, and more importantly,

232 catalytic activity by lowering the oxidation overpotential of test analyte and thereby amplifying ele

233 V (for V(3) B(4) ) we accurately predict the overpotential of VB(2) (-0.204 mV) as well as that of un

234 uction of nitrogen to hydrazine with a minor overpotential of ~300 mV.

235 able Li stripping/plating behaviors with low overpotential of ~6 mV at 200 degrees C using a regular

236 cling stability for over 1500 h with a small overpotential of ~80 mV at 2 mA cm(-2) .

237 layer, we demonstrate a BPM driving WD with overpotentials of <10 mV at 20 mA.cm(-2) and pure water

238 a, with a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) at overpotentials of -94 mV for HER and 345 mV for OER and

239 current densities of 10 and 20 mA cm(-2) at overpotentials of 150 and 180 mV, respectively, outperfo

240 CEC mechanism with appreciable rates down to overpotentials of 20 mV and exhibits a catalytic respons

241 ce in 0.5 m H(2) SO(4) and 1 m KOH, with the overpotentials of 27 and 34 mV, respectively, at a curre

242 current densities of 10 and 50 mA cm(-2) at overpotentials of 293 and 506 mV, respectively.

243 nsities of 10 mA cm(-2) and 100 mA cm(-2) at overpotentials of 48 mV and 109 mV, respectively.

244 eterostructured electrocatalyst delivers low overpotentials of 61 and 285 mV to achieve 10 mA cm(-2)

245 The hybrid nanostructures exhibit overpotentials of 70 mV for hydrogen evolution and 235 m

246 r battery cell with low discharge and charge overpotentials of 80 and 270 mV, respectively, and high

247 t densities of jCO = 5-8 mA/cm(2) at applied overpotentials of eta < 250 mV.

248 ed an exponential equation that predicts the overpotentials of known and hypothetical V(x) B(y) phase

249 n at a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) under overpotentials of only 20, 50, and 36 mV in acidic, neut

250 current densities of 10 and 20 mA cm(-2) at overpotentials of, respectively, 53 and 79 mV.

251 w cations favor ethylene over methane at low overpotentials on Cu(100).

252 g the SEI fracture is more serious at higher overpotential or higher growth rate.

253 atalytic activity and selectivity at lowered overpotential originate from the shape-controlled struct

254 oderate rates (33 s(-1) at approximately 1 V overpotential, pH 12.5).

255 al-Co site that is most active in the medium overpotential range is consistent with recent experiment

256 electrolyte, which verifies that the nominal overpotential reduction from using alkaline electrolyte

257 ic Tafel behavior (log turnover frequency vs overpotential relationship) of [Mn(mesbpy)(CO)3(MeCN)](O

258 te in neutral or acidic environments and low overpotentials remains a fundamental challenge for the r

259 At 3% tensile strain, the HER overpotential required to generate a current density of

260 n turnover frequency (TOF) and the effective overpotential required to initiate catalysis (etaeff).

261 As a result, the overpotential required to maintain a current density of

262 by limiting the turnover rate and by a large overpotential requirement that increases as the pH is ra

263 es have evolved to minimise energy wastage ('overpotential requirement') across electron-transport ch

264 (2) oxidation activity, albeit with a 200 mV overpotential requirement.

265 ng in both catalytic directions with minimal overpotential requirement.

266 ading combined with its high activity at low overpotential results in significant improvement on the

267 WCNTs increases current densities, decreases overpotential, retains selectivity for reduction of CO(2

268 ase in OER activity ( approximately 0.1 V in overpotential shift at 10 mA cm(-2)) is observed for the

269 on (OER) electrode exhibits charge-discharge overpotentials similar to the counterparts of Pt/C ORR e

270 ion reaction (OER); however, they operate at overpotentials substantially above thermodynamic require

271 commercial Ir/C electrocatalyst at 250 mV of overpotential, such a nanocage-based catalyst not only s

272 Nucleation is found to require a greater overpotential than growth, which results in a morphology

273 HER performance with a lower Tafel slope and overpotential than N-MoS(2) /VG, PO(4) (3-) -MoS(2) /VG

274 to value-added liquid products at much lower overpotentials than that of OER.

275 Theoretical studies show that P-CC has a low overpotential that is comparable to Pt-based catalysts,

276 a photoelectrochemical cell suffers from an overpotential that limits the efficiencies.

277 site on the (110) surface is most active at overpotentials that are high enough (>0.77 V) to form a

278 H* intermediates may be present, and at high overpotential the H* coverage limits the reaction.

279 At high overpotentials the current is shown to reach a quasi-ste

280 O(2) concentration is limited, but the high overpotentials they display on electrodes severely limit

281 pre-planted seed with ultralow Li nucleation overpotential, thus spatially guiding a uniform Li nucle

282 luggish anodic reaction and requires a large overpotential to deliver appreciable current.

283 2) outperforms Pt/C, as it needs 180 mV less overpotential to drive an 800 mA cm(-2) current density.

284 O4 reveals the rate-determining step at high overpotentials to be the transfer of the cation across t

285 g SMSs give rise to a linear increase in the overpotential until a transition voltage of 0.15 V is re

286 200 mA cm(-2) current density at only 206 mV overpotential using a carbon-rod counter electrode.

287 made of earth-abundant metals and enable low overpotential water splitting.

288 By evaluating thermodynamic OER overpotentials, we show that the two active sites consid

289 accuracies in the turnover frequency at zero overpotential when the kinetic and thermodynamic effects

290 ts cannot adequately address the problematic overpotentials when the surfaces become passivated.

291 ular catalysts remains the necessity of high overpotentials, which can be overcome by identifying nov

292 , the enzyme shows higher activity and lower overpotential with better stability, while at low pH, th

293 Catalysis sets in at about 300 mV overpotential with high turnover frequencies that outper

294 hat achieve H(2)O(2) production at near zero-overpotential with near unity H(2)O(2) selectivity at 0.

295 ol leads to the evolution of hydrogen at low overpotential with no catalyst degradation over 1000 cyc

296 y)(CO)3(CH3CN)}(OTf), saving up to 0.55 V in overpotential with respect to the thermodynamically dema

297 ctrochemical reduction of CO(2) to CO at low overpotentials with high selectivity for CO(2)RR (>90%)

298 selectively produced at significantly lower overpotentials with nearly quantitative faradaic yields

299 different sites are highly dependent on the overpotential, with the dual-Co site on the (311) surfac

300 s, H2O2 will be oxidized or reduced at large overpotentials, with a large potential region between th