ライフサイエンスコーパス: population size

1 and the differential responses to changes in population size.

2 domestic product, democratisation level, and population size.

3 y small numbers of offspring relative to the population size.

4 s naturally to a new definition of effective population size.

5 ases with cell number in the regime of small population size.

6 netic diversity is expected to increase with population size.

7 e success and have the potential to suppress population size.

8 educe the number of IDU initiations and PWID population size.

9 ngly associated with that species' effective population size.

10 ructure, historical demography and effective population size.

11 has not recovered, despite the current high population size.

12 m multiple infected cells exceeds a critical population size.

13 rint area was correlated with the vertebrate population size.

14 [1%] in the most rural counties), reflecting population size.

15 have empirically quantified risk effects on population size.

16 ll be insensitive to change in the effective population size.

17 when species experience strong reductions in population size.

18 to infer land-use quality and predict colony population size.

19 orrelation between genome size and effective population size.

20 protected by its isolated position and small population size.

21 ide diversity in herring and its huge census population size.

22 resource availability in the environment and population size.

23 consequences of surviving at extremely small population size.

24 ghly fit hybrids and subsequent increases in population size.

25 , the rate of environmental changes, and the population size.

26 m that predation risk effects extend to prey population size.

27 ments but have unreliable relationships with population size.

28 haracterized by typical seasonality in their population size.

29 linear in haplotype length and sublinear in population size.

30 ng environment tends to maximize the average population size.

31 s in a remarkably fast manner of linear with population size.

32 need to show, rather than infer, effects on population size.

33 andardised mortality, and total host country population size.

34 factor leading to these boom-bust changes in population size.

35 nd HCV infections, overdose deaths, and jail population size.

36 ons is estimated by using simple measures of population size.

37 ckly to changing boundary conditions such as population size.

38 f strong bottlenecks and declining effective population size.

39 o alter population growth rate and therefore population size.

40 eracted synergistically to reduce the pest's population size.

41 guaranteeing fixation in the limit of large population size.

42 opulations, but only above a threshold human population size.

43 mutation increases viral titer and effective population size.

44 pression to ratio of the strains rather than population size.

45 in prey traits translate to changes in prey population size.

46 sing either exponentially-expanding or fixed population sizes.

47 many small offspring, have greater long-term population sizes.

48 roper blinding, sham controls and sufficient population sizes.

49 ranged cross-immunity and sufficiently large population sizes.

50 to alternative time horizons and PrEP-using population sizes.

51 ver, the exponents vary in cities of similar population sizes.

52 go and has since remained at a low effective population size (~360) and isolated from the eastern Nor

53 performance grows sublinearly with the input population size, a substantial improvement on previous i

54 initiation incidence and corresponding PWID population size across a decade.

55 domestic product) scale systematically with population sizes across cities, also known as urban scal

56 ese results show that increases in the urban population size alone do not explain changes in food con

57 explore the extent to which the increase in population size and a warmer climate contributed to this

58 outer margin of the species range have small population size and accumulate deleterious mutations in

59 Spending growth rates (standardized by population size and age group) were calculated for each

60 Changing population size and age structure might have profound ec

61 015 to 2019 were estimated, after changes in population size and age were taken into account, by usin

62 s vary by orders of magnitude in their human population size and areal extent.

63 ion probability of the Star graph, for fixed population size and at the limit of large populations, r

64 target pathogen in two ways, by changing its population size and by directed evolution of new functio

65 t, there was an inverse relationship between population size and CCE: plane flight distance did not i

66 ealth services in crisis settings, including population size and composition, exposure to armed attac

67 Our results suggest that long-term population size and cost of complexity drive the evoluti

68 nd polio fadeout frequency to depend on both population size and demography, which should therefore b

69 of domesticated plant carbohydrates, growing population size and density fueled by elevated fertility

70 , capture-recapture models to re-examine the population size and density of a key top predator at Pal

71 Population size and dietary protein intake have the most

72 bottleneck, as reflected by the reduction in population size and diversifying selection at multiple s

73 Initial therapy is applied to reduce population size and diversity and followed by new treatm

74 s for ecological adaptation, due to its huge population size and extremely low genetic differentiatio

75 d a significant negative correlation between population size and frequency of adaptive evolution in r

76 the administration of IL-1beta increased the population size and functionality of adoptively transfer

77 to find strong relationships between census population size and genetic diversity, a recent study ac

78 The low effective population size and high degree of isolation implied tha

79 terior prediction distributions for infected population size and integrate these within an APE framew

80 onstrated that significantly increasing GWAS population size and marker density greatly improves dete

81 to negatively impact population survival as population size and mate encounter rate decrease.

82 We varied both founder population size and mate encounter rate independently of

83 The intensity of UHIs varies with population size and mean annual precipitation, but a uni

84 internet search data, which is tied to local population size and media use; and (2) signal intensity

85 mu for haploids (where N e is the effective population size and mu is the mutation rate per site per

86 me niche can limit evolutionary potential if population size and mutation supply are reduced [5, 6] b

87 that is function of initial inoculum, plant population size and nodulation cycle length.

88 te, releasing this strain should only reduce population size and not affect the genetics of the targe

89 Among the factors studied, training population size and relatedness between training and val

90 s from multiple fields to highlight how both population size and structure can shape the pool of cult

91 of scenarios for mating systems, selection, population size and structure, migration, recombination

92 f average utilitarianism (AU), which ignores population size and sums only each time period's discoun

93 determined both by differences in long-term population size and the effect of selection on linked si

94 rticle may improve our understanding of PWID population size and their health needs.

95 rtificial infection with Wolbachia to reduce population size and/or vectoring competency, and gene dr

96 e as the result of competition, which alters population sizes and colonization success.

97 We re-evaluated population sizes and compared them to results of a censu

98 ivated us to evaluate the effect of training population sizes and composition, as well as the impact

99 status to Critically Endangered due to small population sizes and fragmented habitats.

100 Heterozygosity, effective population sizes and gene flow all declined with increas

101 ust storm activity corresponded to decreased population sizes and periods of civil unrest, which was

102 nd years ago, with long-term small effective population sizes and recent population expansion after t

103 by community-level interactions, that limits population sizes and reduces oscillations.

104 It is generally thought that large population sizes and short generation times of marine ph

105 tened species, especially those with limited population sizes and/or restricted ranges.

106 hange compared with economic growth, country population size) and qualitative insights (e.g., logisti

107 nd population growth rate, which affect prey population size), and highlight the complexity of each t

108 After adjusting for changes in inflation, population size, and age groups, public insurance spendi

109 lysing incidence data, estimated susceptible population size, and climate data with methods based on

110 tween cities often requires normalization to population size, and inaccuracy in the measured populati

111 cer, adjusting for distance from Mount Etna, population size, and income.

112 th low sexual recombination, small effective population size, and long generation time of P. oceanica

113 gatively associated with wintering latitude, population size, and migration distance, which demonstra

114 ionary rate: generation time, mutation rate, population size, and the intensity of natural selection.

115 e of drift and selection imposed by the HSPC population size, and the mutation-selection balance depe

116 ndomness accelerates mutant fixation for all population sizes, and in the case of circular graphs, ra

117 ates, the equilibrium X:A ratio of effective population sizes, and the differential responses to chan

118 ns-and subpopulations within metapopulations-population size, annual survival and recruitment fluctua

119 ression and assessed for cell body diameter, population size, apoptotic markers, and regeneration sig

120 Passenger pigeons' large population size appears to have allowed for faster adapt

121 s, which reveal that X:A ratios of effective population sizes are considerably greater than previousl

122 Declining insect population sizes are provoking grave concern around the

123 division mode to transiently increase their population size as part of a regenerative program and, i

124 ths, mutational ages and variable historical population sizes, as well as allowing for data errors.

125 e continental U.S. we also characterized the population size at risk with respect to the level and du

126 reducing individual performance and overall population size at the advancing front.

127 trocyte death, leading to a larger astrocyte population size at the end of the death period.

128 factors that may tip this balance, including population size at the leading edge and mating system.

129 enomic data, we estimated that the effective population size at the time of introduction was actually

130 ffects on air quality in cities of different population sizes, at different development levels, and i

131 production and survival: Rapid growth boosts population size but makes microorganisms sensitive to ex

132 mic could unfold in populations with similar population sizes but different age structures, showing a

133 t highly localized dispersal and small total population size, but not spatial variation in population

134 erns are a key input to estimation of future population size, but they are surrounded by substantial

135 d 22.8% (95% I 8.1-36.8) and reduce the PWID population size by 5.4% (95% I 0.1-12.0), 8.2% (95% I 2.

136 PWID by 10.0% (95% CI 9.8%-10.8%), and jail population size by 6.3% (95% CI 5.9%-6.7%).

137 t removing anthropogenic mortality increased population size by an average of 23% in 15 years.

138 dels improves predictions of fluctuations in population size by up to three times.

139 ence that organisms can respond to declining population sizes by adapting their interactions with oth

140 populations, that the stochastic dynamics of population size can be accurately approximated by a univ

141 rker density, sequencing depth, and training population size can be substantially reduced with no sig

142 ts of historical changes in life history and population size can explain the observed X:A diversity r

143 Marked reductions in population size can trigger corresponding declines in ge

144 duced cell body size (atrophy) and decreased population size (cell death) in the DRG of SIV-infected

145 can be successfully applied to infer recent population size change and may be an important tool for

146 Here, we investigate how population size changes and the strength of purifying se

147 ound selection, whereas selective sweeps and population size changes are needed to produce the observ

148 tuations, contained information about recent population size changes during the Anthropocene.

149 Our estimates of population size changes indicated that a historical bott

150 lation structure with migration, speciation, population size changes, and recombination hotspots.

151 o infer complex demographic models involving population size changes, population splits, admixture, a

152 This effect is compounded by increasing population size, characteristic of demographic transitio

153 Despite its large population size, China has had no comprehensive study of

154 populations maintained the largest effective population size compared to other populations prior to 6

155 negative selection, positive selection, and population size contribute to the large variation in nuc

156 e acute phase of the infection and effective population size converted to the number of colony-formin

157 ffect on N e estimation and the detection of population size declines, with declines reliably detecte

158 lations across Cuba, most with low effective population size, declining populations, and with high ri

159 gression acts in sympatry and drift when the population sizes decrease.

160 likely to matter by disaggregating biases by population size, degree of urbanization, and adjacency t

161 and upper 95% confidence limits for country population size, disease prevalences, multimorbidity fra

162 ress a specific epitope, while approximating population size distribution and concentration.

163 Here, we assessed the population size, distribution, and authenticity of indiv

164 We propose that limited population size due to habitat fragmentation and repeate

165 basis for controlling inhibitory interneuron population size during circuit formation.

166 The population size effect we find is consistent with previo

167 flux along trajectories are confounded with population size effects in snapshot experiments and are

168 nder certain specific conditions that larger population sizes enhance CCE.

169 PWID population size estimates in the United States are based

170 Future work should address the use of population size estimates to guide the dose of combinati

171 used a combination of literature reviews and population size estimation approaches to estimate the HC

172 ing does not impact mutation rate but drives population size expansion and rapid epigenetic adaptatio

173 across elevational gradients, combined with population size fluctuations that have occurred since ap

174 We documented 10-fold increases in population size following gene flow and found that, on a

175 study derived the total number of deaths and population size for each year from 1990 to 2017.

176 pproaches to estimate the HCV prevalence and population sizes for four additional populations: incarc

177 and decreased the pest's estimated statewide population size from over 2 billion in 2005 to zero in 2

178 These results likely reflect larger population sizes from less urbanized environments in the

179 Urban areas exist in a wide variety of population sizes, from small towns to huge megacities.

180 lts suggest that Andean condors increased in population size >10 KYA, whereas vicunas and pumas showe

181 nt evidence for risk-induced changes on prey population size have been generated from studies that we

182 mpact of factors on screening use, including population size, health-related variables (use of Papani

183 ation separations within Africa, contrasting population size histories between hunter-gatherer and ag

184 on, coupled with high heritability and large population sizes, imply considerable scope for natural s

185 but reduced genomic diversity and effective population size in all other regions of the Eurasian Arc

186 s than among wild populations; (5) Effective population size in hatcheries could promote high levels

187 flour in corn masa tortillas increased with population size in place of residence.

188 ese two pathways coordinate to regulate ILC2 population size in the tissue in vivo remains undefined.

189 Coalescence-based analyses suggest that the population size in this region rapidly increased after t

190 We demonstrated this model by estimating population sizes in every 10- m grid cell in Nigeria wit

191 ting high gene flow and/or a large effective population size; indeed, the only significant genetic di

192 rocess of how predation risk influences prey population size into a chain of events (predation risk a

193 confirm the CMR reduces exponentially at low population sizes, irrespective of peak radius and distan

194 Precise control and maintenance of population size is fundamental for organismal developmen

195 th more pronounced effects where the macaque population size is larger.

196 Thus, a large population size is not a necessary condition for complex

197 whether specific cities with extremely large population sizes, known as dragon-kings, should be consi

198 eration times and moderately large effective population sizes, leading to extensive incomplete lineag

199 after transmission, when the small effective population size limits efficient purge by natural select

200 On average, municipalities with a smaller population size lost a bigger proportion of their popula

201 d $588 M (2016 USD) led to predicted pintail population sizes <3 M when assuming average parameter va

202 livestock breeds, featuring small effective population sizes, makes current production strategies vu

203 acked vultures (Gyps africanus) increased in population size, matching attenuated community changes i

204 are also clear reasons that risk effects on population size may be much smaller than the responses o

205 Very small population sizes may also result in rapid local viral ex

206 odels (e.g. with divergence times, effective population sizes, migration events) to the msprime coale

207 consumers driving bottom-up effects on their population sizes, morphologies and reproductive potentia

208 the evolutionary process, namely, effective population size, mutation rate, and distribution of sele

209 q data sets to accurately estimate effective population size (N e) over the course of stable and decl

210 ariability when the product of the effective population size (N(e)) and the selection coefficient aga

211 The effective population size (N(e)) determines the rate of drift and

212 Here, we reconstruct changes in effective population size (N(e)) in recent decades for 172 range-w

213 (2) compared genetic diversity and effective population size (N(e)) of a restored reef to wild source

214 We estimated the effective population size (N(e)) of this population to be 375 (95%

215 Estimates of ancestral effective population sizes (N (e) ) confirm that penguins are sens

216 in reproductive success (V k*) and effective population sizes (N e) in several species of sex-changin

217 regions, food producers had larger effective population sizes (N e) than foragers already 20 k years

218 stimate trajectories of changes in effective population size (Ne ) and used a Bayesian-coalescent bas

219 ated lineage experienced a steady decline in population size (Ne ) thereafter.

220 ide diversity and hence very small effective population sizes (Ne ) in all populations.

221 modelling approach, we determined the krill population size necessary to generate this flux peaked a

222 We defined rural communities as those with a population size of <=10 000 and within each of the prima

223 t DALYs per year for a country with an adult population size of 10 million.

224 ed that Nunavik Inuit have a small effective population size of 3,000 and likely split from Greenland

225 5% CI 0.13-0.92 per log-unit increase in the population size of a district).

226 p between total protein during September and population size of colonies during almond pollination th

227 ian Skygrid plot revealed that the effective population size of HIV-1 CRF55_01B experienced increased

228 ts of genetic drift, estimating an effective population size of infection N(e) for influenza infectio

229 min A is a dominant factor that controls the population size of mucosal iNKT cells in mice.

230 eplacement is plausible if the low effective population size of Neanderthals resulted in an increased

231 rn Hemisphere, but accurately estimating the population size of one migratory species, let alone hund

232 likely due to the higher long-term effective population size of teosinte.

233 ependence is weak or negative, the effective population size of the front scales only logarithmically

234 correlated with an increase in fecundity and population size of the GPA and a parallel reduction in c

235 Analyses were also stratified by population size of the municipalities to obtain effect e

236 ntrol strategies depend on mutation rate and population size of the pathogen, and how monitoring and

237 like other northern megafauna, the effective population size of woolly rhinoceros likely increased at

238 rienced severe bottlenecks down to effective population sizes of around 150-200.

239 ng model to show how changes in the relative population sizes of calcareous plankton, combined with s

240 What are ideal population sizes of evolving populations?

241 Population sizes of invasive species are commonly charac

242 Despite the small population sizes of within-host parasite communities, dr

243 y rich, revealing scenarios where increasing population size or delaying drug exposure can promote po

244 raphy indicates a constantly large effective population size over the Late Pleistocene to Holocene.

245 leotide diversity because of fluctuations in population size over the millions of years it takes to b

246 s, we found that both positive selection and population size play significant roles in the d (N)/d (S

247 o health care spending in the United States: population size, population age structure, disease preva

248 Change in population size, population aging, disease prevalence or

249 The decrease in CMR with population size previously observed is maintained; there

250 ll, our results indicate that biophysics and population size provide a much stronger constraint to sp

251 results in biased estimates of X:A effective population size ratios.

252 articular, founder effects and recent strong population size reductions, such as those experienced by

253 anel under different marker number, training population size, relatedness between training and valida

254 duced genetic diversity, suggesting that the population size remained steady for more than 13 ka foll

255 Bayesian estimation of past effective population sizes reveals two differing demographic histo

256 However, fluctuations in population size seem mainly driven by negative effects o

257 the vaquita carried signatures of a very low population size since the last 5,000 years.

258 cteristic, Orr-like, power law, but at large population sizes slow, characterised by a sub-diffusive

259 o be more than tenfold larger than effective population sizes, so previous pan-Caribbean estimates of

260 disentangle expected deviations due to small population size stochastic effects from cooperative grow

261 feedbacks between individual performance and population size structure.

262 d can therefore focus on the deep history of population size, subdivision, and admixture.

263 Historical changes in population size, such as those caused by demographic ran

264 ribal groups have had much smaller effective population sizes than castes, and that genetic drift has

265 ch uses a simple, yet reliable indicator for population size that can be used also in other areas of

266 s, weak or fragmented health services, small population sizes that make sustainable workforce and ser

267 onditions over the growing season and colony population size the subsequent spring during almond poll

268 d magnitude are stochastic and depend on the population size, the distribution of beneficial fitness

269 ations is a simple function of the effective population size, the frequency of sexual reproduction, a

270 of inter-generational reproduction dynamics, population size, the number of decisions throughout an i

271 ncreased effects of genetic drift on reduced population size, theory predicts that species undergoing

272 ely that predation risk alone can alter prey population size, there is little direct empirical eviden

273 y differentiated and having larger effective population sizes throughout most modern-human history.

274 ue'), or immigrants may sufficiently bolster population size to prevent extinction altogether ('demog

275 Model results were combined with US Census population sizes to estimate total number and prevalence

276 ent survey methods, we compared contemporary population sizes to historical data from sites spanning

277 n size and gene inventory, putatively due to population size variation.

278 Population size was manipulated such that participants c

279 nibalism occurred before copulation, founder population size was small and mate encounter rates were

280 predictive ability enhanced especially when population size was small which is a target to decrease

281 Importantly, despite a larger population size, we also observed increased mean worker

282 Using models that account for changes in population size, we partitioned the proportion of varian

283 ic link between summer and fine-scale winter population sizes, we also reveal that conditions experie

284 Increases in US population size were associated with a 23.1% (uncertaint

285 468 for NHAPI populations; the corresponding population sizes were 186.4 million, 40.6 million, 2.6 m

286 Population sizes were estimated from the 2011 to 2014 Na

287 In several examples, large population sizes were required to detect GxEs.

288 e weighted countries proportionally to their population size when determining this hypertension care

289 lection in populations with larger effective population sizes which have not been subject to intense

290 onsistent with a recent decline in effective population size, which is evident across species.

291 ift barrier defined by the genetic effective population size, which is negatively associated with org

292 ited mate pools that reflect small effective population sizes, which we estimate to be a minimum of 5

293 or PET imaging detects changes in macrophage population size while molecular MRI reports on increasin

294 and PGD(2)-CRTH2 pathways that regulate ILC2 population size will be useful in understanding how thes

295 that: 1) speciation is more rapid at smaller population sizes with a characteristic, Orr-like, power

296 age house prices, vary as a function of city population size, with parameters estimated from data.

297 optimize their initial growth rate or their population size, with the first strategy favoring simple

298 ereas resistance aims to reduce the pathogen population size within the host.

299 show that microbial species maintain stable population sizes within and across humans and that commo

300 ailability, mineral protection and microbial population size, without invoking an unproven pool that