ライフサイエンスコーパス: pulley

1 tal layer inserts into the connective tissue pulley.

2 and in a band from it to the inferior rectus pulley.

3 use OL fibers inserted on the respective EOM pulley.

4 m superior displacement of the medial rectus pulley.

5 structure of the human medial rectus muscle pulley.

6 likely confers high tensile strength to the pulley.

7 es, were assumed to couple the muscle to the pulley.

8 chanical continuity with the superior rectus pulley.

9 in and smooth muscle, and united with the IR pulley.

10 rbit were near the medial and lateral rectus pulleys.

11 les in stiffening as well as shifting rectus pulleys.

12 lar to those described as human recti muscle pulleys.

13 tinguish EOM fiber layers in relationship to pulleys.

14 uscular connective tissue suspensions of the pulleys.

15 ion of smooth muscles (SMs) supporting these pulleys.

16 mine the location and sideslip of rectus EOM pulleys.

17 aths in primary gaze, suggesting heterotopic pulleys.

18 e a marker along a string course between two pulleys.

19 mechanical model of active horizontal rectus pulleys.

20 us EOMs to clarify the relationship to their pulleys.

21 scles and their associated connective tissue pulleys.

22 serts on and presumably shifts the IR and LR pulleys.

23 Paths of EOMs ran toward the pulleys.

24 e findings do not exclude a possible role of pulley abnormalities in disorders such as cyclovertical

25 y to abnormal innervation and minimal rectus pulley abnormality secondary to reduced EOM forces.

26 e similar in bilateral SO palsy, with the SR pulley additionally displaced 0.9 mm superiorly.

27 that this displacement of the medial rectus pulley alone does not account for the pattern of strabis

28 ralyzed LR inflection was consistent with LR pulley anatomy.

29 the orbital suspension of the medial rectus pulley and in a band from it to the inferior rectus pull

30 th the orbital layer inserting on the muscle pulley and the global layer attaching to the sclera.

31 dary gaze positions confirm the existence of pulleys and define their locations in 3-D.

32 tionship of orbital and global EOM layers to pulleys and kinematic implications of this anatomy.

33 peripheral displacement of all other rectus pulleys and lateral displacement of the inferior rectus

34 rior oblique palsy can cause displacement of pulleys and muscle paths.

35 rectus extraocular muscles (EOMs), acting as pulleys and serving as functional EOM origins.

36 designed to quantify the composition of EOM pulleys and suspensory tissues.

37 Translational instability of pulleys and the globe could produce abnormalities in act

38 The quantitative structural features of pulleys and their intercouplings and orbital suspensions

39 analysis of structure and composition of EOM pulleys and their suspensions is consistent with in vivo

40 erted on its pulley, the lateral rectus (LR) pulley, and associated connective tissues.

41 Masticatory loads were simulated using pulleys, and strains were measured using strain gauges.

42 EOM pulleys appear to retain their functional role in enucle

43 ities of extraocular muscles (EOMs) or their pulleys are associated with some forms of human strabism

44 Extraocular rectus muscle (EOM) pulleys are important determinants of orbital biomechani

45 maging (MRI), we investigated whether rectus pulleys are significantly displaced in superior oblique

46 The SM suspensions of human and monkey EOM pulleys are similar and receive rich innervation involvi

47 ies of horizontal rectus EOMs and associated pulleys are unrelated to natural or artificial horizonta

48 and histology has suggested that the rectus pulley array constitutes an inner mechanism, analogous t

49 sted to be alternatives to connective tissue pulleys as determinants of pulling direction.

50 ic pulley rings were coupled to adjacent EOM pulleys by bands containing collagen and elastin.

51 These data extend the rectus muscle pulley concept to rodents and may provide insight into p

52 xtraocular muscles (EOMs) are constrained by pulleys, connective tissue sleeves mechanically coupled

53 O path corresponded to its encirclement by a pulley consisting of a dense ring of collagen, stiffened

54 Pulleys, consisting of collagen and elastin sleeves supp

55 investigate evidence for a connective tissue pulley constraining the path of the inferior oblique (IO

56 Normal pulley coordinates were highly uniform.

57 finger persisted in 10 cases, and one thumb pulley could not be released.

58 anism for substrate selection, and acts as a pulley device to facilitate unfolding of the translocate

59 Widespread rectus pulley displacement and EOM elongation, associated with

60 Significant inferolateral LR pulley displacement was confirmed in SES, but the spectr

61 Simulations predicted that the observed pulley displacements alone could cause patterns of incom

62 Rectus pulley displacements alone, without abnormal oblique mus

63 t correlate with and thus cannot account for pulley displacements in SO palsy.

64 Expected effects of pulley displacements were modeled using Orbit 1.8 (Eidac

65 Because the pulley does not shift appreciably despite large alterati

66 Anterior to these pulleys, EOM paths shift with gaze to follow the scleral

67 ormal subjects and subjects with strabismus, pulleys exhibit small shifts with eccentric gaze that ar

68 ons, rectus muscle paths at the level of the pulleys exhibited small but consistent shifts, relative

69 reattachment (TAR), myectomy with or without pulley fixation, and anterior extirpation of the 4 horiz

70 el activation, and that it acts as a 'gating pulley' for lipid-dependent TRPML gating.

71 Here, we describe a 'DNA pulley' for position-resolved nano-mechanical measuremen

72 ssue and smooth muscle bundles suspended the pulley from the periorbita.

73 Fibroelastic pulleys function like the trochlea to fix the position a

74 Rectus and inferior oblique pulleys had uniform structural features in all specimens

75 adaptation (for horizontal misalignment) and pulley heterotopy or static torsion (for "A" patterns) l

76 The Active Pulley Hypothesis (APH) is based on modern functional an

77 The active-pulley hypothesis (APH) proposes that a condensation of

78 s the orbital layer insertion for the active pulley hypothesis (APH).

79 of connective tissues proposed in the active pulley hypothesis and substantial mechanical independenc

80 Recently, the active pulley hypothesis correlated the anatomic properties of

81 part of muscles, a finding supportive of the pulley hypothesis, the conclusions should not be taken a

82 lar muscle layers, as proposed in the active pulley hypothesis.

83 The authors propose the active-pulley hypothesis: By dual insertions the global layer o

84 US showed the A2 pulley in all cases and the A4 pulley in eight (67%).

85 showed the A2 pulley in all cases and the A4 pulley in eight (67%).

86 ontribute to positioning the superior rectus pulley in the coronal plane.

87 rphalangeal) and A5 (distal interphalangeal) pulleys in 10 (83%) and nine (75%) cases, respectively.

88 2 (proximal phalanx) and A4 (middle phalanx) pulleys in 12 (100%) of 12 cases, without and with tenog

89 ing (MRI), the location and stability of EOM pulleys in normal subjects and those with strabismus.

90 ees physiologic extorsion of all four rectus pulleys in the orbit up-versus-down roll positions, corr

91 be used to define the functional location of pulleys in three dimensions (3-D).

92 y, specifically characterizing rectus muscle pulleys, in the rat, a species with laterally placed eye

93 Connective tissue pulleys inflect the extraocular muscles (EOMs) and recei

94 jersey finger, and boxer's knuckle), flexor pulley injuries, and skier's thumb, should also be detec

95 GL) and orbital (OL) layers with scleral and pulley insertions, respectively.

96 Pulley instability was associated with significantly inc

97 ismus may depend on static pulley positions, pulley instability, and coexisting globe translation tha

98 Pulley instability, resulting in EOM sideslip during duc

99 EOM pulleys, interconnections, suspensory tissues, and enthe

100 Structural features of pulleys, intercouplings, and entheses were similar among

101 e and detect any collateral damage to the A2 pulley, interdigital nerves, or underlying flexor tendon

102 The position of the IO pulley is influenced by its coupling to the actively mov

103 Horizontal and vertical coordinates of the pulleys, known histologically to lie just posterior to t

104 No significant differences in pulley lengths were measured at MR, US, or pathologic ex

105 Pulley lengths were measured, and anatomic correlation w

106 systems were assessed for the presence of a pulley lesion by three radiologists who were blinded to

107 There were 28 pulley lesions noted at arthroscopy.

108 Pulley lesions were created and studied at flexion, exte

109 ity of 96%, 98%, and 87% in the detection of pulley lesions.

110 most accurate criteria for the detection of pulley lesions.

111 arthrography is accurate in the detection of pulley lesions; the displacement sign, nonvisibility or

112 muscles also go through a connective tissue pulley-like structure that holds them steady during eye

113 Computer simulations of these heterotopic pulley locations accounted for the observed patterns of

114 Path inflections were identified to define pulley locations in 3-D.

115 Pulley locations in oculocentric coordinates in the foll

116 path inflections in secondary gaze indicated pulley locations in three dimensions.

117 Pulley locations may also be altered in convergence.

118 and coexisting globe translation that alters pulley locations relative to the globe.

119 Rectus pulley locations were generally normal.

120 Pulley locations were inferred from EOM paths.

121 N) cross sections were subnormal, but rectus pulley locations were normal.

122 econdary and tertiary gaze positions defined pulley locations which were then correlated with gaze di

123 signed to measure gaze-related shifts in EOM pulley locations.

124 onal origin of the rectus EOM, and that this pulley makes coordinated, gaze-related translations alon

125 The EOM pulleys may simplify neural control of eye movements by

126 restrained shortest-path model than with the pulley model and have further implications for basic and

127 than the translation predicted by a passive pulley model.

128 Human rectus pulleys move to shift the ocular rotational axis to atta

129 discovery of vergence hysteresis may reflect pulley movement and might allow higher acuity, if a near

130 The presence of pulleys must be considered in models of the oculomotor p

131 of the extensor hood (n = 5), first annular pulley (n = 16), deep transverse metacarpal ligament (DT

132 al inferior shift of the lateral rectus (LR) pulley of up to 1 mm during vertical gaze shifts in pati

133 e palsy does not systematically displace the pulleys of all the rectus muscles.

134 y, the lateral (LR) and inferior rectus (IR) pulleys paradoxically intorted by approximately 2 degree

135 with one output path adapted to determining pulley position and the other to movement of the eye.

136 Heterotopic pulley position is a potential cause of incomitant strab

137 Pulley position is highly uniform across normal subjects

138 cular statics showed that, in each case, the pulley position shifts alone were insufficient to reprod

139 em to the orbit supports the notion that the pulley position, and thus the vector force of the eye mu

140 oles of the GL in ocular rotation, and OL in pulley positioning.

141 Pulley positions did not differ between isotropic and an

142 Simulated horizontal rectus EOM paths and pulley positions during secondary gazes were consistent

143 ght extends the concept of active control of pulley positions to include a contribution from the SO m

144 Rectus pulley positions were consistent with a central primary

145 patterns of strabismus may depend on static pulley positions, pulley instability, and coexisting glo

146 al area, SO contractility, and rectus muscle pulley positions.

147 s have minimal effect on anteroposterior EOM pulley positions.

148 ant, and postulates behaviors of the orbital pulleys proposed to be positioned by the extraocular mus

149 each rectus EOM inserts on its corresponding pulley, rather than on the globe.

150 s extraocular muscles have connective tissue pulleys, recent functional imaging and histology has sug

151 ction to analyze the effectiveness of the A1 pulley release and detect any collateral damage to the A

152 n the orbit with lateral gaze, whereas other pulleys remained stable relative to the orbit.

153 The fibroelastic pulley rings were coupled to adjacent EOM pulleys by ban

154 Connective tissue pulleys serve as functional mechanical origins of the ex

155 Connective tissue pulleys serve as the functional mechanical origins of th

156 human and monkey IO has a connective tissue pulley serving as its functional origin.

157 tion of this connective tissue constitutes a pulley serving as the functional origin of the rectus EO

158 ) paths are constrained by connective tissue pulleys serving as functional origins.

159 There was substantial LR pulley shift opposite the direction of vertical gaze in

160 he medial, superior, and LR pulleys, whereas pulley shift was normal in nonhypertropic fellow orbits

161 The ipsilesional IR and LR pulleys shift abnormally during head tilt in HTDHT with

162 SO atrophy, the ipsilesional MR, SO, and LR pulleys shift abnormally, and the IO relaxes paradoxical

163 The medial rectus (MR) pulley shifted inferiorly with gaze elevation in Marfan

164 posterior positions of the horizontal rectus pulleys shifted by less than 2 mm after surgery, indisti

165 Pulley sleeves were modeled as tube-like structures rece

166 methyltransferase, indicating innervation of pulley SM from the superior cervical ganglion by project

167 suggesting that nitroxidergic innervation to pulley SM is mainly from the pterygopalatine ganglion.

168 est excitatory and inhibitory control of EOM pulley SM, and support their dynamic role in ocular moti

169 e staining to human SM alpha-actin confirmed pulley SM.

170 This study evaluated pulley stability in incomitant strabismus.

171 Soft pulleys stabilize paths and determine pulling directions

172 Pulley structure were located within posterior Tenon's f

173 cept to rodents and may provide insight into pulley structure-function relationships.

174 The cytoarchitecture and placement of pulleys suggest that they are internally rigid structure

175 Stiffnesses and orientations of pulley suspensions were determined empirically to limit

176 ed friction modulation device suspended in a pulley system controlling the load.

177 maging and US provide means of direct finger pulley system evaluation.

178 the existence and substantial structure of a pulley system in association with the medial rectus extr

179 n elongated akinetic structure with a unique pulley system redirecting jaw adductor musculature.

180 e tissue-smooth muscle struts suspending the pulley system to the orbit supports the notion that the

181 Just as a pulley system transforms minimal muscular strength into

182 The normal anatomy of the pulley system was studied at extension and flexion witho

183 e morphologic equivalent of the human rectus pulley system.

184 no differences in connective tissues in the pulley system.

185 with arthroscopically proved intact or torn pulley systems were assessed for the presence of a pulle

186 MR OL fascicle demonstrated terminations on pulley tendons without myomyous junctions.

187 iews some of the newer candidates, including pulleys that affect extraocular-muscle action and the ro

188 pass through fibromuscular connective tissue pulleys that stabilize muscle paths and control the dire

189 bital layer fibers of the IO inserted on its pulley, the lateral rectus (LR) pulley, and associated c

190 ions, as well as shifts in components of the pulleys themselves.

191 r GL junctions, but nearly all insert on the pulley through a broad distribution of short tendons and

192 Most OL fascicles were inserted into the pulley through short tendons.

193 Human medial rectus muscle pulley tissue was dissected at autopsy, immersed in alde

194 iris, crystalline lens, kidney fat, orbital pulley tissue, and orbital fatty tissue; normal human or

195 eate the orbital layer relationship with the pulley tissue.

196 crete bundles attached deeply into the dense pulley tissue.

197 Fibers in the GL generally do not insert on pulley tissues and are associated with less collagen.

198 Pulley tissues were examined at cadaveric dissections an

199 globe while the orbital layer inserts on its pulley to position it linearly and thus influence the EO

200 ggesting that transcription complexes act as pulleys to move DNA loops.

201 The coupling of pulleys to the orbital walls was significantly less than

202 capability, institutions act as cooperative pulleys, transforming initially weak reputational incent

203 The globe and lateral rectus pulley translate systematically with gaze position.

204 The globe center and the lateral rectus pulley translated systematically in the orbit with later

205 iary gaze positions, each of the four rectus pulleys translated posteriorly with EOM contraction and

206 EOM side-slip while allowing anteroposterior pulley travel.

207 Rectus pulleys typically were displaced in SO palsy.

208 CT did not allow direct pulley visualization.

209 mm temporally, and the inferior rectus (IR) pulley was displaced 0.6 mm superiorly and 0.9 mm nasall

210 1.1 mm superiorly, the superior rectus (SR) pulley was displaced 0.8 mm temporally, and the inferior

211 SO palsy, on average the medial rectus (MR) pulley was displaced 1.1 mm superiorly, the superior rec

212 No other pulley was displaced significantly from normal.

213 However, the lateral rectus pulley was not displaced in either unilateral or bilater

214 main and accessory CLs and the first annular pulley was slightly higher than that for the detection o

215 Pulleys were comprised of a dense collagen matrix with a

216 Rectus pulleys were directly imaged with intravenous gadodiamid

217 n congenital SO palsy, whereas the IR and MR pulleys were displaced in acquired palsy.

218 The SR and MR pulleys were displaced in congenital SO palsy, whereas t

219 Relevant coordinates of rectus pulleys were similar bilaterally in masquerades.

220 Although rodent and human pulleys were similar in many respects, there were specie

221 EOMs and pulleys were structurally normal in most subjects.

222 ed by its coupling to the actively moving IR pulley, whereas in turn the IO orbital layer inserts on

223 ed extorsion of the medial, superior, and LR pulleys, whereas pulley shift was normal in nonhypertrop

224 hibit the influence of the connective tissue pulleys, which retained motility, as appropriate to EOM

225 nt of the trigger finger by releasing the A1 pulley with a 21-gauge needle.

226 coordinated anteroposterior shifting of EOM pulleys with gaze is quantitatively supported by changes

227 lateral displacement of the inferior rectus pulley, with elongation of rectus EOMs (P < .001).

228 Most GL fascicles bypassed the pulley without insertion.

229 tion, the proximity of a recessed EOM to its pulley would be expected to introduce torsional and vert