ライフサイエンスコーパス: pulvinar

1 nt counterparts (intralaminar nuclei, medial pulvinar).

2 f the thalamus (LP, analogous to the primate pulvinar).

3 t from multisensory nuclei (primarily medial pulvinar).

4 onnectivity from thalamic nuclei such as the pulvinar.

5 connectivity between the dorsal and ventral pulvinar.

6 nal and anatomical organization of the human pulvinar.

7 is known about the organization of the human pulvinar.

8 ar complex, the mediodorsal nucleus, and the pulvinar.

9 al medial and dorsal lateral portions of the pulvinar.

10 c maps in the lateral (PL) and inferior (PI) pulvinar.

11 al central (PIcm), and medial (PIm) inferior pulvinar.

12 eper than the cells projecting to the caudal pulvinar.

13 ct to the rostral medial (RM) nucleus of the pulvinar.

14 lvinar (PI) as major divisions of the visual pulvinar.

15 amic nuclei: mediodorsal (MD), anterior, and pulvinar.

16 havioral observations related to the macaque pulvinar.

17 ey S, while full-field moving dots activated pulvinar.

18 mygdala from the superior colliculus via the pulvinar.

19 (FEF), lateral intraparietal area (LIP), and pulvinar.

20 ding both the lateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar.

21 liculus, and the lateral and intergeniculate pulvinars.

22 ty with the cortex, we hypothesized that the pulvinar, a thalamic nucleus, regulates cortical synchro

23 Thus, a multisensory bottom-up SC-pulvinar-A1 pathway plays a role in contextual and cross

24 nar distribution of these projections to the pulvinar across visual cortical areas.

25 xpect the spatiotemporal responses evoked by pulvinar activation to be different in V1 and extrastria

26 In this proposed model, high baseline pulvinar activity in depression first potentiates respon

27 A major question centers on whether the pulvinar acts as a relay, particularly in the path from

28 Excitation of lateral pulvinar after LGN lesion activated supra-granular layer

29 ween the two cortical areas are gated by the pulvinar, allowing the pulvinar to shift the operation r

30 lyses suggest that this cortical alpha leads pulvinar alpha, complicating prevailing theories of a th

31 Because the pulvinar also projects directly to the striatum and amyg

32 ely underlying neural network consisted of a pulvinar-amygdala connection that was uninfluenced by sp

33 d found evidence for a functionally afferent pulvinar-amygdala pathway.

34 advanced pubertal maturation, showed greater pulvinar and amygdala activity when exerting similarly e

35 uit specific subcortical regions, namely the pulvinar and amygdala.

36 is most likely relayed through the inferior pulvinar and can provide magnocellular-like sensory inpu

37 In a small percentage of juvenile pulvinar and dLGN neurons, an LTS could not be evoked.

38 ons of visual space within the ventral human pulvinar and extensive topographically organized connect

39 ective to the functional organization of the pulvinar and its role in conveying signals to the cerebr

40 l thalamus have revealed important roles for pulvinar and lateral geniculate nucleus in visuospatial

41 thalamus (dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, pulvinar and lateral posterior nucleus) and visual corte

42 Ascending SC projections pass through pulvinar and LGN on their way to cortex, but it is not c

43 nal pathway from brainstem to cortex through pulvinar and makes it possible to examine its contributi

44 y driven nuclei; one in the dorsal (lateral) pulvinar and one in the ventral (inferior) pulvinar, tha

45 behaviorally important targets including the pulvinar and parabigeminal nucleus.

46 The pulvinar and the amygdala are suggested as the ontogenet

47 mulus onset to be considerably lower in both pulvinar and the LGN as compared to area V4.

48 The pulvinar and the mediodorsal nucleus displayed subnuclea

49 l cortex (V2), one from the lateral/inferior pulvinar and the other from V1.

50 lvinar of simians, including the location in pulvinar and the representation of the upper-lower and c

51 vino-cortical circuit model, composed of the pulvinar and two cortical areas, captures several physio

52 Because both lateral/inferior pulvinar and V2 cannot be driven visually following V1 r

53 ings, which included the posterior thalamus (pulvinar) and the medio-dorsal thalamic nuclei.

54 dorsal attention and visual networks in the pulvinar, and default mode and multiple control networks

55 ere we sample the activity of amygdala, MDN, pulvinar, and extrastriate ventral visual regions with f

56 ith a predilection for the anterior nucleus, pulvinar, and geniculate bodies.

57 late and fusiform gyrus, amygdala, striatum, pulvinar, and substantia nigra.

58 s, the lateral posterior thalamic nuclei (LP/pulvinar) appear important for various functions includi

59 essing and the influence of attention in the pulvinar appeared to reflect its cortical inputs.

60 The lateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar are examples of two different types of relay: t

61 ortical interactions with the ventro-lateral pulvinar are necessary for normal attention and sensory

62 te nucleus, and the posterior nucleus of the pulvinar are well-developed by birth.

63 we investigated the interactions between the pulvinar, area V4, and IT cortex in a spatial-attention

64 s to the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar, as well as the prevalence of burst versus toni

65 position and orientation information in the pulvinar: attended objects are encoded with high precisi

66 odds ratio at the ventral posterior nucleus-pulvinar border zone indicates that this area is crucial

67 gnificant variability decrease in the dorsal pulvinar, but not in the ventral portion of the pulvinar

68 found that neurons in the dorsal and ventral pulvinar, but not the LGN, showed changes in spiking rat

69 investigated the functional organization of pulvinar by examining visuotopic maps.

70 creased activity in temporal cortex, insula, pulvinar, caudate, and pons.

71 ala, hippocampus, anterior insula, thalamus, pulvinar, caudate, precuneus, anterior cingulate cortex,

72 ges to the frontal eye fields, dysfunctional pulvinar, claustrum and amygdaloid subnuclei of the amyg

73 lobe, and three subcortical structures (the pulvinar, claustrum, and amygdala).

74 der of the ventral posterior nucleus and the pulvinar, coinciding with the ventrocaudalis portae nucl

75 TGCs afferents is the caudal division of the pulvinar complex (PulC).

76 RM and RL divisions of the pulvinar complex also appear to have homologues in other

77 e reveal features of the organization of the pulvinar complex in galagos by examining superior collic

78 at parts of the organizational scheme of the pulvinar complex in primates are present in rodents and

79 An understanding of the organization of the pulvinar complex in prosimian primates has been somewhat

80 The mammalian pulvinar complex is a collection of dorsal thalamic nucl

81 The pulvinar complex is interconnected extensively with brai

82 ent understanding of the organization of the pulvinar complex of mammals.

83 prised of at least five distinct nuclei, the pulvinar complex of primates includes two large visually

84 he visual midbrain, with subdivisions of the pulvinar complex of prosimian galagos (Otolemur garnetti

85 The pulvinar complex of prosimian primates is not as archite

86 rison by determining neuron number in the LP-pulvinar complex of six New World primates (Cebus apella

87 ical results support the conclusion that the pulvinar complex of squirrels consists of four distinct

88 e scaling of the number of neurons in the LP-pulvinar complex was extremely similar in New World prim

89 niculate nucleus (LGN), superior colliculus, pulvinar complex, and primary visual cortex (V1) in tree

90 were found within the lateral region of the pulvinar complex, and two less obvious topographical pro

91 GLUT2 were coexpressed in the LGN and in the pulvinar complex, as well as in restricted layers of V1,

92 ts into the possible evolution of the visual pulvinar complex, as well as the possible co-evolution o

93 ions from the SC to several divisions of the pulvinar complex.

94 liculus project to multiple divisions of the pulvinar complex.

95 (SC) with the large and well-differentiated pulvinar complex.

96 t" in its size compared to rodents, with the pulvinar comprising a greater proportion of total brain

97 r the recruitment of an afferent subcortical pulvinar connection to the amygdala that facilitates fea

98 hat alpha band activity originating from the pulvinar coordinates this inter-areal cortical communica

99 Activation of the pulvinar correlated with abnormal alpha-band modulation

100 sms of attentive stimulus processing in this pulvinar-cortex loop, we investigated the interactions b

101 processing for images of snakes and cortico-pulvinar-cortical integration for images of faces.

102 data lend support to the hypothesis that the pulvinar could act as a driver for V2.

103 However, in the adult pulvinar, current ramps evoked multiple LTSs in >70% of

104 clude that spatial processing bias following pulvinar damage can be defined by coordinate systems bas

105 Pulvinar damage may impair hypoxia regulation.

106 brain areas: depending upon the specifics of pulvinar damage, communication with different cortical a

107 Conversely, pulvinar deactivation caused an increase in low-frequenc

108 However, pulvinar deactivation led to a reduction of attentional

109 Medial pulvinar degeneration may contribute to the behavioural

110 tions showed a similar result, implying that pulvinar does not play as big a role in directly modulat

111 al and causal interference studies of dorsal pulvinar (dPul) are rare.

112 ctivation studies have shown that the dorsal pulvinar (dPul) plays a role in saccade target selection

113 ng periods of engagement, and from cortex to pulvinar during periods of disengagement.

114 Here we characterize how the human pulvinar encodes attended and ignored objects when they

115 information provided to visual cortex by the pulvinar equivalent in mice, the lateral posterior nucle

116 e of models of visual attention in which the pulvinar facilitates communication between different bra

117 different roles of gamma oscillations in the pulvinar: feedforward processing for images of snakes an

118 The pulvinar forms extensive connections with striate and ex

119 A coherent framework describing pulvinar function remains elusive because of its anatomi

120 natomical and functional organization of the pulvinar has been extensively studied in old and new wor

121 and basic response properties of the visual pulvinar have been extensively studied in nonhuman prima

122 on, specifically the mediodorsal nucleus and pulvinar, have not been well investigated.

123 lateral geniculate nucleus (first-order) and pulvinar (higher-order) using optogenetics and extracell

124 ing is crucial given the central role of the pulvinar in current theories of integrative brain functi

125 These data support a role of the pulvinar in distractor filtering--suppressing informatio

126 gical recordings to dissect a homolog of the pulvinar in mice, the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus

127 vinar was similar to the organization of the pulvinar in other primate species.

128 us functional path from SC to MT through the pulvinar in primates.

129 Comparison of the relative volumes of the LP-pulvinar in the larger sample confirmed this observation

130 investigated the visuotopic organization of pulvinar in the prosimian bush baby (Otolemur garnettii)

131 vation to investigate the role of the dorsal pulvinar in the selection and execution of visually guid

132 thalamic surface showed enlargement over the pulvinar in those receiving stimulants.

133 smaller regional volumes bilaterally in the pulvinar in youths with ADHD relative to comparison subj

134 ively relayed on to the rotundus (Rt, caudal pulvinar) in the thalamus, and to its pallial target, th

135 We found that unilateral pulvinar inactivation resulted in a spatial neglect synd

136 aneous pulvinar-visual cortex recordings and pulvinar inactivation to provide evidence that the pulvi

137 es in widespread prefrontal areas and in the pulvinar increased when the participants had been expose

138 In contrast, electrical stimulation of the pulvinar induced fast and local responses in extrastriat

139 The neurons most responsive to pulvinar input were those that project to the striatum a

140 r, higher order thalamic nuclei, such as the pulvinar, interconnect with many cortical and subcortica

141 evidence for the division of the tree shrew pulvinar into two distinct tectorecipient zones.

142 The pulvinar is a candidate for such coordination, having be

143 In primates, the pulvinar is a topographically and functionally organized

144 Thus, lateral pulvinar is able to powerfully control and gate informat

145 The pulvinar is an important structure for visual attention

146 support that the general organization of the pulvinar is consistent across the primate phylogenetic t

147 ar inactivation to provide evidence that the pulvinar is essential for intact stimulus processing, ma

148 ply to the thalamus and in particular to the pulvinar is largely unknown.

149 ical prominence, the function of the primate pulvinar is poorly understood.

150 The ventro-lateral pulvinar is reciprocally connected with the visual areas

151 is related to changes in beta synchrony, the pulvinar is responsible for alpha synchrony, and the ant

152 The pulvinar is the largest nucleus in the primate thalamus

153 The pulvinar is thought to modulate information flow between

154 al layers of the superior colliculus and the pulvinar, is poorly understood.

155 relay neurons to the subdivision of inferior pulvinar known to project densely to MT but also localiz

156 tile within individual nuclei (medio-dorsal, pulvinar, lateral group) were compared according to the

157 was examined in three patients with varying pulvinar lesions.

158 These results suggest that the human pulvinar, like other primates, is well positioned to reg

159 N responses were unaffected by these lateral pulvinar manipulations.

160 The psychosis group had smaller pulvinar, mediodorsal, and, to a lesser extent, ventrola

161 provide a computational roadmap for how the pulvinar might influence various cognitive behaviors acr

162 We manipulated lateral pulvinar neural activity in prosimian primates and asses

163 Gamma oscillations of pulvinar neuronal activity were analyzed in three phases

164 d physiological microstimulation to identify pulvinar neurons belonging to the path from SC to MT in

165 focal and electron microscopy, we found that pulvinar neurons expressed more T-type calcium channels

166 novel site of origin for a subpopulation of pulvinar neurons has been observed, the ganglionic emine

167 ent study, we analyzed gamma oscillations of pulvinar neurons in the monkeys during a delayed non-mat

168 indings demonstrate that visual responses of pulvinar neurons reflect the perceptual awareness of a s

169 The intrinsic properties of pulvinar neurons that promote burst firing in the adult

170 pathway conveys to cortex by recording from pulvinar neurons that we identified by microstimulation

171 as the possible co-evolution of the inferior pulvinar nuclei and temporal cortical visual areas withi

172 which receives rich input from the thalamic pulvinar nuclei and the left medial temporal cortex.

173 ersus colored dots enhanced responses in the pulvinar nuclei and the majority of the LGN, including t

174 density in the dorsomedial/ventrolateral and pulvinar nuclei compared with the 14 subjects with the g

175 t significantly decreased in the anterior or pulvinar nuclei following early gestational irradiation.

176 Thus, the pulvinar nuclei in prosimian primates and anthropoid pri

177 ucleus, as well as the lateral posterior and pulvinar nuclei in the domestic ferret compared to the b

178 ortico-thalamo-cortical pathways through the pulvinar nuclei may then provide a complementary route f

179 campal/parahippocampal gyri, the dorsomedial/pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus, and the fusiform gyri,

180 tern that involved the lateral posterior and pulvinar nuclei, and a PCS pattern that involved the ven

181 , zona incerta, lateral posterior and medial pulvinar nuclei, nucleus limitans, pretectal area, nucle

182 ginating from the geniculate nucleus and the pulvinar nuclei.

183 eniculate nucleus (LGN), and two retinotopic pulvinar nuclei.

184 at 1 year mainly within the medio-dorsal and pulvinar nuclei.

185 teral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the ventral pulvinar nucleus (Pv), and the claustrum.

186 cipient superior colliculus, tecto-recipient pulvinar nucleus and its projections, and the tecto-reci

187 t the importance of the dorsal aspect of the pulvinar nucleus as a critical hub for spatial attention

188 Instead, our results establish the pulvinar nucleus as a hub linking the visual cortex with

189 um and amygdala, these results establish the pulvinar nucleus as a hub linking the visual cortex with

190 ion.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We found that the pulvinar nucleus can strongly influence extrastriate cor

191 hannels (SK2) than dLGN neurons and that the pulvinar nucleus contained a higher glia-to-neuron ratio

192 e superior colliculus (SC) to the tree shrew pulvinar nucleus have been described, one in which the a

193 cortico-thalamo-cortical projections to the pulvinar nucleus in the thalamus, which provides an alte

194 The pulvinar nucleus is a large thalamic structure involved

195 These projection patterns suggest that the pulvinar nucleus most strongly influences (drives) activ

196 The lateral pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus also projects to V1, bu

197 face processing system (superior colliculus, pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus and amygdala) for the s

198 ral regulation of emotional actions from the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus and the amygdala to the

199 Moreover, the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus covaried with both of t

200 The pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus is suspected to have an

201 visual cortex modulation by the subcortical pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus while also disentanglin

202 tical (e.g., the superior colliculus and the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus) structures.

203 hway, which consists of superior colliculus, pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, and amygdala, enables

204 dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and pulvinar nucleus relay neurons using in vitro whole-cell

205 The pulvinar nucleus represents the main extrageniculate tha

206 In contrast, the projections from the pulvinar nucleus to the cortex are less clearly defined.

207 etry index of the 95th percentile within the pulvinar nucleus was significantly associated with infar

208 tions with the dorsal aspect of the thalamic pulvinar nucleus, suggesting that this structure may pla

209 igher baseline activity, bilaterally, in the pulvinar nucleus.

210 ation of the WFV cells, which project to the pulvinar nucleus.

211 in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and pulvinar of 2 macaque monkeys during a visual illusion t

212 many features with the maps reported for the pulvinar of simians, including the location in pulvinar

213 us Tp, received inputs from the large visual pulvinar of squirrels, possibly accounting for the senso

214 dified rabies virus in the visual cortex and pulvinar of the Long-Evans rat.

215 med previous studies showing that the caudal pulvinar of the squirrel receives a massive bilateral pr

216 Neurons projecting to the pulvinar or the parabigeminal nucleus showed strongly bi

217 erior nucleus (LP) of thalamus, a homolog of pulvinar, or its projection to primary visual cortex (V1

218 in other thalamic nuclei including: anterior pulvinar (Pa), ventroposterior inferior (VPI), ventropos

219 This pattern indicates that the pulvinar pathway is not limited to a single anatomically

220 pathway terminated in the AChE-poor central pulvinar (Pc).

221 the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-rich dorsal pulvinar (Pd), whereas the specific pathway terminated i

222 guish the lateral pulvinar (PL) and inferior pulvinar (PI) as major divisions of the visual pulvinar.

223 uperior colliculus (SC) through the inferior pulvinar (PI) to cortical area MT in the primate (Macaca

224 cortical visual relay center is the inferior pulvinar (PI), which has four subdivisions and numerous

225 for the first time that the medial inferior pulvinar (PIm) is innervated by widefield retinal gangli

226 ribe that the medial portion of the inferior pulvinar (PIm), which is the main thalamic input to area

227 (LGN) and the medial portion of the inferior pulvinar (PIm).

228 ethods allowed us to distinguish the lateral pulvinar (PL) and inferior pulvinar (PI) as major divisi

229 er-order thalamic nuclei, such as the visual pulvinar, play essential roles in cortical function by c

230 of naloxone selectively blocked activity in pulvinar, pons and posterior insula.

231 Reversibly inactivating lateral pulvinar prevented supra-granular V1 neurons from respon

232 Furthermore, cortico-pulvinar projections that engage the thalamic reticular

233 Terminations of pulvinar projections to area 17 was largely in superfici

234 o V1 were present at 4 weeks of age, as were pulvinar projections to thin and thick CO stripes in V2.

235 We found that V1 and lateral pulvinar projections to V2 are similar in that they targ

236 The pulvinar projects predominantly to layer I in V1, and la

237 of thalamus, the rodent homologue of primate pulvinar, projects extensively to sensory cortices.

238 Overall, our model suggests that the pulvinar provides crucial contextual modulation to corti

239 ts from MGd and MGm, but not from the visual pulvinar, providing evidence that Ti has higher order au

240 = -0.194, P = .38; GP: r = -0.175, P = .41; pulvinar: r = -0.067, P = .75; total amount of administe

241 r = -0.165, P = .45; GP: r = 0.111, P = .61; pulvinar: r = 0.173, P = .42.) Conclusion Multiple intra

242 rol mean, 1.0183 +/- 0.01917; P = .37; GP-to-pulvinar ratio in case mean, 1.1335 +/- 0.04528; and GP-

243 in case mean, 1.1335 +/- 0.04528; and GP-to-pulvinar ratio in control mean, 1.1141 +/- 0.07058; P =

244 erences were found when DN-to-pons and GP-to-pulvinar ratios were compared (DN-to-pons ratio in case

245 The pulvinar receive prominent inputs from virtually all vis

246 ), whereas higher order relays (for example, pulvinar) receive driver input from layer 5 of cortex an

247 In addition, we found that the rostral pulvinar receives an exclusively ipsilateral projection

248 Reversible, focal excitation of lateral pulvinar receptive fields increased the visual responses

249 s to regions surrounding the excited lateral pulvinar receptive fields were suppressed.

250 ied two visual field maps within the ventral pulvinar, referred to as vPul1 and vPul2.

251 While the function of the pulvinar remains one of the least explored among the tha

252 ojections to the nucleus rotundus and caudal pulvinar, respectively.

253 ts of the previously defined rostral lateral pulvinar (RL) were architectonically distinct, and each

254 rigin has been proposed to contribute to the pulvinar's evolutionary expansion.

255 Because the pulvinar's neuroanatomical geometry makes it unlikely to

256 covariational patterns appear to reflect the pulvinar's role as a regulatory control structure, sendi

257 present, there remain many hypotheses on the pulvinar's specific function, with sparse or conflicting

258 or crepuscular niche did not discriminate LP-pulvinar size across taxa.

259 The pulvinar synchronized activity between interconnected co

260 However, specificity in pulvinar targeting was revealed when recordings were tar

261 e nucleus (DN), pons, substantia nigra (SN), pulvinar thalami, and globus pallidus (GP).

262 e putamen and mediodorsal, ventrolateral and pulvinar thalamic nuclei, in both the patients and the h

263 ventromedial caudate bilaterally, the right pulvinar thalamic nucleus and the right orbitofrontal co

264 n correlated with atrophy in the left medial pulvinar thalamic nucleus, and this region further showe

265 ificant atrophy of bilateral dorsomedial and pulvinar thalamic regions, and significant alterations o

266 stimulation of first (dLGN) and high-order (pulvinar) thalamic nuclei.

267 cted in the motor (i.e. lower extremity) and pulvinar thalamus, and striatum; and expanded in the mot

268 group differences in the caudate nucleus and pulvinar thalamus, compared with control subjects with p

269 nals travel from brainstem to cortex via the pulvinar thalamus, has had considerable influence as an

270 es in the substantia nigra, globus pallidus, pulvinar thalamus, thalamus, and caudate nucleus, compar

271 erior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and medial pulvinar thalamus.

272 st, we identified many neurons in the visual pulvinar that received input from SC or projected to MT,

273 ) pulvinar and one in the ventral (inferior) pulvinar, that contain similar retinotopic representatio

274 in higher-order thalamus (ventral and dorsal pulvinar), the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visu

275 surge of interest, the core function of the pulvinar, the largest thalamic complex in primates, rema

276 Neural activity propagated from pulvinar to cortex during periods of engagement, and fro

277 ge the thalamic reticular nucleus enable the pulvinar to estimate decision confidence.

278 ys enable the lateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar to regulate the information transmitted to cort

279 to determine time-specific contributions of pulvinar to saccade generation and decision making.

280 reas are gated by the pulvinar, allowing the pulvinar to shift the operation regime of these areas du

281 ions from the lateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar to V1 were present at 4 weeks of age, as were p

282 tested this hypothesis by comparing lateral pulvinar to V2 and V1 to V2 projections with LGN to V1 p

283 Projections from pulvinar to V2, however, bear a greater similarity to pr

284 served by direct subcortical input from the pulvinar to V5/MT+.

285 is is due to the preservation of a retina-to-pulvinar-to-cortex pathway that normally regresses durin

286 al connections with four subdivisions of the pulvinar, two subdivisions of the claustrum, and the int

287 s received a neonatal lesion of the inferior pulvinar (unilateral), a thalamic nucleus previously dem

288 mates and anthropoid apes, with the human LP-pulvinar value close to the regression line.

289 Neuron, Zhou et al. (2016) use simultaneous pulvinar-visual cortex recordings and pulvinar inactivat

290 d Callicebus moloch) as well as measuring LP-pulvinar volume in a further set of 24 species including

291 These findings demonstrate reduced pulvinar volumes in youths with ADHD and indicate that t

292 Pulvinar volumes were positively correlated with general

293 psychosis spectrum symptoms also had smaller pulvinar volumes, compared with both typically developin

294 The dorsal pulvinar was most strongly connected with parietal and f

295 mical organization observed within the human pulvinar was similar to the organization of the pulvinar

296 The two maps in the ventral pulvinar were most strongly connected with early and ext

297 centration at the visual cortex and thalamic pulvinar, whereas decrements were observed at the bilate

298 e suppressive effects were also found in the pulvinar, which has been frequently associated with atte

299 vinar, but not in the ventral portion of the pulvinar, which is closely connected to visual cortices

300 in the SGS3 collicular cells upon the caudal pulvinar with the tectorotundal pathway of nonmammalian

301 The functional role of the pulvinar, with its widespread cortical connectivity, has