ライフサイエンスコーパス: radioisotope

1 equiring labeling protocols (fluorophores or radioisotopes).

2 racticable due to the need for platelets and radioisotope.

3 anic molecules often hampers the use of this radioisotope.

4 allow for a single-step labeling with (18)F radioisotope.

5 therapy is commonly performed with a single radioisotope.

6 take up to 3 months depending on the probe's radioisotope.

7 ent amino acids each tagged with a different radioisotope.

8 successfully radiolabeled with (64)Cu, a PET radioisotope.

9 ing the most widely investigated therapeutic radioisotope.

10 ange, using tritium gas as the source of the radioisotope.

11 merely been studied by analyzing short-lived radioisotopes.

12 t media for effective energy conversion from radioisotopes.

13 System, including the origin of short-lived radioisotopes.

14 herapy with a single versus a combination of radioisotopes.

15 ggest an advantage of using a combination of radioisotopes.

16 than 96% radiochemical yield for all terbium radioisotopes.

17 and contrast with conventional beta-emitting radioisotopes.

18 the tracer principle, which is not based on radioisotopes.

19 simply, quickly, and reliably without using radioisotopes.

20 ized for radiotherapy of tumors with rhenium radioisotopes.

21 afety concerns, and the cost of working with radioisotopes.

22 nd it can be used systemically with targeted radioisotopes.

23 short shelf life, and high handling costs of radioisotopes.

24 only be imaged in vivo using gamma-emitting radioisotopes.

25 cilities capable of working with high-energy radioisotopes.

26 validated using 2 SPECT gamma cameras and 2 radioisotopes.

27 hus facilitate the substitution of x-ray for radioisotopes.

28 e-encapsulated chemotherapeutics, genes, and radioisotopes.

29 uptake and metabolism, without the need for radioisotopes.

30 s quantified from the PET images for various radioisotopes.

31 s as functional waste forms for a variety of radioisotopes.

32 ajectory of the positrons emitted by the PET radioisotopes.

33 ling in pancreatic islets, as assessed using radioisotopes.

34 ium that led to widespread detections of the radioisotope (106)Ru in the Eurasian region, and whether

35 e, depuration, and organ distribution of the radioisotope (109)Cd were used to explore the internal k

36 This study used the radioisotopes (109)Cd and (65)Zn to explore the uptake,

37 nds is that they incorporate the short-lived radioisotope (11)C.

38 emical purity and specific activity with the radioisotopes (111)In and (177)Lu.

39 ear-infrared fluorescence fluorophores and a radioisotope ((111)In).

40 Using flux analyses with the short-lived radioisotope (13)N and electrophysiological, respiratory

41 Based on radioisotope (14)C results, the contribution of fossil f

42 Four terbium radioisotopes ((149, 152, 155, 161)Tb) constitute a pote

43 PAR antibodies conjugated to the therapeutic radioisotope (177)Lu, found that they were effective at

44 Because of the radioisotope ((18)F) used for labeling, the radioligand

45 Here, we coupled a radioisotope, (188)Rhenium, to an attenuated (at) live L

46 reatic neuroendocrine tumor treated with the radioisotope 2 days prior to his death.

47 The radioisotope(22)Na(+) was used to determine the kinetics

48 Targeted alpha-particle radiation using the radioisotope (225)Ac is a promising form of therapy for

49 emitted during the radioactive decay of the radioisotope (31)Si produced via the neutron capture rea

50 Radioisotopes (5-7 microCi) were added to the apical bat

51 redicted to eject [Formula: see text] of the radioisotope (60)Fe (half-life 2.61 Ma).

52 production of the medically relevant bromine radioisotopes (76)Br (t(1/2) = 16.2 h) and (77)Br (t(1/2

53 rate increased significantly with the use of radioisotope (87.6% to 88.9%) versus with the use of lym

54 Rapid radioisotope accumulation and clearance in the placenta

55 visualized due to the combination of higher radioisotope accumulation in the tumor and similar blood

56 his controversy was based on measurements of radioisotopes activated by thermal neutrons that suggest

57 emic arterial circulation for measurement of radioisotope activity and plasma epinephrine concentrati

58 approach is acceptable at the low levels of radioisotope administered for most diagnostic purposes,

59 Plasma sampling after rectal radioisotope administration provided quantitative estima

60 tive subareolar injection technique for both radioisotope (all 96 procedures) and blue dye (93 proced

61 identical chemical characteristics of these radioisotopes allow the preparation of radiopharmaceutic

62 bination of radioisotope and blue dye versus radioisotope alone was performed between March 2010 and

63 and radioisotope) and 325 patients receiving radioisotope alone.

64 axilla is sentinel lymph node biopsy with a radioisotope and blue dye (dual technique).

65 Sentinel nodes were identified with both radioisotope and blue dye in 22 (73%) of these women, wi

66 SLNB guided by a combination of radioisotope and blue dye injection yields the best iden

67 Using both radioisotope and blue dye may increase the success rate.

68 ontrolled trial comparing the combination of radioisotope and blue dye versus radioisotope alone was

69 Sentinel nodes were identified with radioisotope and blue dye; the procedure was technically

70 ostlabeling requires the use of an energetic radioisotope and considerable time and effort.

71 Community profiling, coupled with radioisotope and growth experiments and proteomics, conf

72 ilica nanoparticles concentrating the (68)Ga radioisotope and injected into immunodeficient mice can

73 The separation of the radioisotope and photoaffinity labels along the primary

74 A 1-cm(2) piece of paper, soaked with a radioisotope and placed in air, was scanned, and the mag

75 f-concept study was to produce all 4 terbium radioisotopes and assess their diagnostic and therapeuti

76 d of positive clones using reduced levels of radioisotopes and enzyme.

77 significantly improved delivery to tumors of radioisotopes and potent anticancer drugs.

78 th modern detection and counting techniques, radioisotopes and radiochemical methods uniquely contrib

79 nt of protein deamidation without the use of radioisotopes and therefore offers significant advantage

80 s) coupled to highly toxic agents, including radioisotopes and toxic drugs (ineffective when administ

81 ents receiving the combination (blue dye and radioisotope) and 325 patients receiving radioisotope al

82 igh sensitivity and precision (guided by the radioisotope) and ultimately resected under real-time op

83 ndidates, radiolabeled them with fluorine-18 radioisotope, and determined their physicochemical and i

84 The nanotubes can carry fluorophores or radioisotopes, and are shown to selectively bind to canc

85 mens include debulking, radiotherapy with IP radioisotopes, and chemotherapies (IP, systemic, or both

86 unogenicity and specificity, availability of radioisotopes, and ease of use in the clinic.

87 rised of stable analogs, as proxies to these radioisotopes, and isobaric interferents were introduced

88 ng practice X-rays while training, work with radioisotopes, and radiotherapy for benign conditions di

89 evaporative light scattering detectors), or radioisotopes; and is capable of detecting less than 5 n

90 engineered antibody fragments, labeled with radioisotopes are being developed as radiotracers for th

91 efficacious in metastatic prostate cancer as radioisotopes are brought to tumor cells by targeting an

92 Radioisotopes are effective in providing pain relief wit

93 Blue dye and/or radioisotopes are efficient mapping agents but the lack

94 Assays utilizing radioisotopes are time consuming, costly, and limit disc

95 re analyzed; and stable isotopes rather than radioisotopes are used.

96 ns are close to air cavities and high-energy radioisotopes are used.

97 well (83% overlap) with previously published radioisotope assay data.

98 ry depletion analyses ensured that increased radioisotope associated with the brain was due to increa

99 The radioisotopes available for labeling of MIBG and related

100 Most PSDs are membrane-bound, and classical radioisotope-based assays for determining their activity

101 dF) has several advantages over conventional radioisotope-based ddF, including: (1) analysis of large

102 nts and is more versatile than devices using radioisotope-based ionization.

103 In contrast to commonly used radioisotope-based methods, which require freshly prepar

104 n under the illumination of a 183 MBq (63)Ni radioisotope beta particle source.

105 aptotagmin I labeled with fluorochromes or a radioisotope binds to both apoptotic and necrotic cells.

106 Estimates of radioisotope bound to bone surfaces and marrow radiation

107 provides the position for incorporating PET radioisotopes C-11 or F-18.

108 The effectiveness of radioisotopes can be greater when they are combined with

109 despread availability and low cost, and both radioisotopes can be imaged with existing, high-resoluti

110 Radioisotopes can be produced artificially from stable n

111 onist was labeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope carbon-11 and evaluated in ex vivo biodistr

112 Lym-1 Ab has proven to be an effective radioisotope carrier, even in small amounts, for targeti

113 fic monoclonal antibody IC2, modified with a radioisotope chelator for nuclear imaging, we showed tha

114 ization biosensor format obviates the use of radioisotopes common in radioactive methods for the dete

115 The mean maximum radioisotope concentration after N-9 receipt was 12.0 ti

116 The plasma radioisotope concentration peaked 1 hour after N-9 dosin

117 h employs beta-particle-emitting therapeutic radioisotopes conjugated to DLL3-targeting antibodies.

118 as well as widely varying amounts of uranium radioisotopes content.

119 Beads in proximity to the radioisotope convert the emitted beta(-) particles into

120 ining on-line liquid chromatography-accurate radioisotope counting (LC-ARC, advanced stop flow contro

121 homogenates of the same tissue (analyzed by radioisotope counting) allowed precise quantitation of d

122 ar imaging technique using positron-emitting radioisotopes coupled to specific ligands.

123 (188)Re is a useful generator-produced radioisotope currently under evaluation for a variety of

124 from monoenergetic SAFs on the basis of the radioisotope decay data presented in International Commi

125 for sentinel lymph node biopsy that are not radioisotope dependent or that refine the existing metho

126 yroid cancer, where its ability to transport radioisotopes depends on its localization to the plasma

127 solution Chirp sonar sub-bottom profiler and radioisotope detection techniques to examine the storm-d

128 formance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a radioisotope detector to determine the extent of its bio

129 d beta-particles emitted during the decay of radioisotopes differ in significant ways, proper selecti

130 se turnover and oxidation were determined by radioisotope-dilution techniques in patients with chroni

131 The use of monoclonal antibodies to deliver radioisotopes directly to tumor cells has become a promi

132 In contrast to older methods that rely on radioisotope disappearance, the tracer incorporation met

133 and PET technology allows the measurement of radioisotope distribution in maternal and fetal organs i

134 and MRI technology allows the measurement of radioisotope distribution in maternal and fetal organs.

135 twigs with (13) N2 -enriched air and imaged radioisotope distribution in needles, the first experime

136 has been limited mostly to slow, bulk-scale radioisotope distribution methods.

137 ts and indicated that the homogeneity of the radioisotope distribution was also much improved when co

138 t(1/2) = 9.920(3) days] is an alpha-emitting radioisotope driving the next generation of TAT radiopha

139 contain evidence of now extinct short-lived radioisotopes (e.g., (26)Al, (41)Ca, and (182)Hf) synthe

140 optimal adsorption in vitro of commonly used radioisotopes (e.g., 99mTc or 111In) to activated charco

141 aic power sources based on the conversion of radioisotope energy to electrical power are considered a

142 Using radioisotope experiments, we found that mobilization of

143 Radioisotope, fluorescence labeling, and heme analog stu

144 AVLX-144-based probes were labeled with the radioisotopes fluorine-18 and tritium, as well as a fluo

145 all solutes, as assessed quantitatively with radioisotope flux and patch-clamp studies.

146 Fluorine-18 is the most widely used radioisotope for PET imaging and a thorough overview of

147 -, 0.579 MeV [39%]) has shown potential as a radioisotope for PET imaging and radiotherapy.

148 .655 MeV; 19%); beta- (0.573 MeV; 40%)] as a radioisotope for radiotherapy has been recently establis

149 a apheresis, and labeled with technetium-99m radioisotope for single-photon emission computed tomogra

150 eV (just above the K-edge of gold), an ideal radioisotope for such purposes.

151 (227)Th is a promising radioisotope for targeted alpha-particle therapy.

152 le isotopes provides an alternative to using radioisotopes for carrying out drug metabolism studies.

153 that stable isotope methods are superior to radioisotopes for determining rates of DNA synthesis and

154 ator-free labeling of LDH nanoparticles with radioisotopes for in vivo PET imaging.

155 iotin offers an alternative to labeling with radioisotopes for pharmacokinetic studies in humans.

156 Detecting either of the long-lived radioisotopes [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]

157 It is a cell- and radioisotope-free assay that has the advantage of allowi

158 described here, enables detailed, real-time, radioisotope-free interaction studies that can greatly f

159 t was used for rapid isolation of the (63)Zn radioisotope from the parent (63)Cu ions.

160 ossibility of obtaining radiochemically pure radioisotopes from an aqueous beam dump at a heavy-ion f

161 ity in ventilation studies involving inhaled radioisotope gas or radioaerosols.

162 nsufficient supplies of essential materials (radioisotopes, generators, and kits) were reported, espe

163 A trastuzumab radioisotope has been shown to localize in brain metasta

164 ield of conventional energy conversion using radioisotopes has almost exclusively focused on solid-st

165 isotopic inventory of the fissile and other radioisotopes has been obtained within <10% along with t

166 Parathyroid scanning using radioisotopes has evolved and now can localize adenomas

167 PET-based tracers using (68)Ga as the radioisotope have in most centers replaced SPECT-based t

168 on procedure, palladium-103, a brachytherapy radioisotope in clinical practice, was coated to monodis

169 Fluorine-18 is the most frequently used radioisotope in PET radiopharmaceuticals for both clinic

170 ue dye in 22 (73%) of these women, with only radioisotope in six (20%), and with only blue dye in two

171 nd long-term (7 to 14 days) exposures to the radioisotope in solutions of 0.56 mug Cd/L were followed

172 e with the addition of isosulfan blue dye to radioisotope in the identification of the SLN in the pre

173 led with near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores or radioisotopes in cell membranes of disease-associated pr

174 reagent and labor-intensive assays utilizing radioisotopes in DNA polymerase-based assays and/or chro

175 The increased use of copper radioisotopes in radiopharmaceutical applications has cr

176 Radioisotope incorporation in the presence of a viral DN

177 alphaH catalytic activities (determined by a radioisotope incorporation method) and enzyme protein ma

178 The mean time from radioisotope injection to incision was 19.9 minutes (SD

179 tient-reported breast pain immediately after radioisotope injection, using the Wong-Baker FACES pain

180 ale carriers are able to deliver therapeutic radioisotopes into tumors for internal RIT, or chemother

181 d with the subareolar injection technique of radioisotope, intraoperative injection would be feasible

182 therapy, the emission characteristics of the radioisotope is critical in determining the radiation do

183 Radioisotope is given preoperatively, without local anes

184 ments needed for routine production of these radioisotopes is also presented.

185 rug development process, although the use of radioisotopes is inherently coupled to issues concerning

186 Radioisotope labeled chimeric G250, a monoclonal antibod

187 (AChBPs), are frequently characterized with radioisotope-labeled alpha-bgtx-binding assays.

188 Analysis of radioisotope-labeled carbon flux from glucose to CO(2) i

189 Radioisotope-labeled formate uptake measurements showed

190 this end, we have developed fluorophore- and radioisotope-labeled immunoconjugates to target a DDR si

191 gested that they would be suitable to use as radioisotope-labeled ligands, and we therefore synthesiz

192 mpered by the inconveniences associated with radioisotope-labeled reagents.

193 ar-infrared imaging probe, as well as future radioisotope-labeled versions of it, should prove to be

194 combination of characteristics that warrant radioisotope labeling and further evaluation in tumor-be

195 se samples with slab gel electrophoresis and radioisotope labeling had not detected these changes wit

196 Regeneration speed was studied by radioisotope labeling of transported proteins and by ant

197 We show that the CAFE and radioisotope labeling provide the most consistent result

198 igand Assay (DRaCALA) with fluorescently and radioisotope-labelled c-di-GMP.

199 Radioisotope labels have drawbacks that hamper their app

200 29.37 h) has been proposed as a theranostic radioisotope leveraging both its diagnostic gamma-emissi

201 67 of 200 (83.5%) SLNs were hot according to radioisotope localization.

202 The dependence on radioisotopes means that uptake of the procedure is limi

203 that this system enhances the sensitivity of radioisotope measurement for metabolite identification i

204 werful tool for improving the sensitivity of radioisotope measurement in metabolite identification st

205 mitochondria in a light absorbance assay, in radioisotope measurements of matrix volume, and in measu

206 5)Fe X-ray photovoltaic cell prototype for a radioisotope microbattery (also called a nuclear microba

207 f a fabricated prototype Al0.2Ga0.8As (55)Fe radioisotope microbattery photovoltaic cells over the te

208 Neither radioisotopes nor large amounts of material are needed a

209 In the past half-century, techniques using radioisotopes of beta-carotene and vitamin A, depletion-

210 radioimmunotherapy (PRIT) based on a pair of radioisotopes of copper: positron-emitting copper-64 ((6

211 Organic compounds bearing radioisotopes of iodine are widely used for biological r

212 ceptor and that are also easily labeled with radioisotopes of iodine for biochemical and imaging stud

213 by extrinsically labeling the products with radioisotopes of iron and zinc and carrying out whole-bo

214 luorescent dye) and shell (conjugated with a radioisotope) of a heart-homing liposome (CRPPR-conjugat

215 que of laser-photodetachment spectroscopy of radioisotopes opens the path for future EA measurements

216 l advantages over existing methodology using radioisotopes or a solvent extraction procedure.

217 s that are intended for targeted delivery of radioisotopes or chemical agents to diseased tissues.

218 amers have potential for in vivo delivery of radioisotopes or cytotoxic agents.

219 ncement of antibodies labeled with cytotoxic radioisotopes or pulsed-HIFU exposure in addition to a c

220 or analyzing phospho-amino acid residues use radioisotopes or sequence-specific antibodies.

221 advantages over existing methodologies using radioisotopes or solvent extraction procedures.

222 possible using traditional decay counting of radioisotopes or stable isotope mass spectrometry due to

223 cer cells and using these to deliver toxins, radioisotopes, or cytotoxic drugs to the cancer cells.

224 of SLC transporter uptake to-date relied on radioisotope- or fluorescence-labeled reagents or low-th

225 model allows the noninvasive measurement of radioisotope pharmacokinetics in maternal and fetal brai

226 amplified from bisulfite-treated DNA, use of radioisotopes, polyacrylamide sequencing gel electrophor

227 activities were measured using the two-step radioisotope procedure (Thompson).

228 of cancer medicine concerned with the use of radioisotopes, radiolabelled molecules, nanoparticles, o

229 Intraoperative subareolar injection of radioisotope rapidly drains to the SLNs and allows immed

230 plasma epinephrine concentration, percent of radioisotope recovery, and mean carotid arterial blood p

231 esulted in a significant increase in percent radioisotope recovery, but not in plasma epinephrine con

232 in plasma epinephrine concentration, percent radioisotope recovery, or carotid arterial blood pressur

233 stal environment to (131)I and perhaps other radioisotopes released from nuclear accidents.

234 labeling a specific mAb with the therapeutic radioisotopes Rhenium-188 and Bismuth-213.

235 arities with aluminum and for its convenient radioisotope (Sc-46), which can be used as a tracer in s

236 livery, and a dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) radioisotope scan at 3 months was done on those with VUR

237 r chromatography and were quantified using a radioisotope scanner.

238 r steroid metabolites and quantified using a radioisotope scanner.

239 lites, separated by TLC and quantified using radioisotope scanning.

240 lection showcases salient aspects of medical radioisotope science ranging from the production, recove

241 es in administering the targeting vector and radioisotope separately and having the 2 components comb

242 Both blue dye and radioisotope should be used to maximize the yield and ac

243 The radioisotope SLN identification method up to the common

244 ds can be synthesized with the corresponding radioisotopes so as to serve as PET/SPECT probes for ima

245 cancer, the addition of 1% lidocaine to the radioisotope solution can improve patient comfort, witho

246 There were seven beta-particle-emitting radioisotope stents (32P, activity level 0.14 microCi) a

247 Radioisotope studies demonstrated significant (p < .05)

248 Radioisotope studies help to detect neuroinflammation an

249 ns may not be sufficient for estimating GFR; radioisotope studies may be needed for a better assessme

250 try to quantify minute amounts of long-lived radioisotopes such as (14)C.

251 eling of cells with low-energy beta-emitting radioisotopes such as [(35)S]methionine is often used to

252 Among the material ejected, long-lived radioisotopes, such as (60)Fe (iron) and (26)Al (aluminu

253 roximately 100 keV/microm) of alpha-emitting radioisotopes, targeted alpha-particle therapy offers th

254 vide measures of brain metabolism similar to radioisotope techniques.

255 powerful techniques used in adults, such as radioisotope testing, are not appropriate for use in chi

256 ctor to reconstruct the 3D distribution of a radioisotope that emits alpha or beta particles, and sho

257 eV; beta-: 37%, E(beta- max) = 578 keV) is a radioisotope that has clinical potential for application

258 Strontium-89 and samarium-153 are radioisotopes that are approved in the USA and Europe fo

259 ing vectors are labelled with alpha-emitting radioisotopes that deliver destructive radiation discret

260 ternal beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and internal radioisotope therapy (RIT) has been widely used for clin

261 We anticipate that combined radioisotope therapy will ultimately supplant single rad

262 tope therapy will ultimately supplant single radioisotope therapy, much as combination chemotherapy h

263 shed, Betalutin was described as directing a radioisotope to CD45-expressing B cells; in fact, it dir

264 moregulin-specific antibodies will deliver a radioisotope to prostate tumor cells and metastases.

265 approach to many applications, from medical radioisotopes to aneutronic energy production.

266 ugates promising vectors for the delivery of radioisotopes to cancer cells; however, their long pharm

267 d soil fractionation and stable isotopes and radioisotopes to explore changes in soil organic carbon

268 been conjugated to toxic payloads, PEGs, or radioisotopes to increase and optimize their therapeutic

269 the production, recovery and purification of radioisotopes to the methods used to attach them to biom

270 ectively, attached to chemotherapy agents or radioisotopes-to treat those with acute myeloid leukemia

271 were found to clear rapidly, thus mitigating radioisotope toxicity, and were shown to be therapeutica

272 This study utilized a commonly used radioisotope tracer (excess (210)Pb, (210)Pbxs) from 32

273 We used stable and radioisotope tracers ((15) N, (33) P, (14) C) to quantif

274 cular fingerprints of algal productivity and radioisotope tracers of sedimentation to document eight

275 Our radioisotope tracers revealed reciprocal C-for-phosphoru

276 e overcomes many drawbacks inherent to using radioisotope tracers.

277 Fluorescence and electron microscopy, and radioisotope tracing revealed that anti-ICAM NCs specifi

278 cean emigrants acquire the (134)Cs signal, a radioisotope undetectable in Pacific biota prior to the

279 method for laboratories wishing to minimize radioisotope use.

280 cs, tumor characteristics, prior treatments, radioisotope used for PRRT, and blood chemistry.

281 Radioisotopes used for PET emit photons via Cerenkov rad

282 uring spontaneous breathing and quantitative radioisotope V/Q scan (QVQS) results were available for

283 d by the excretion of the most commonly used radioisotope via the urinary tract, making pelvic imagin

284 diolabeling of 7 with no carrier added (18)F-radioisotope was accomplished starting from iodonium sal

285 bodies labeled with alpha- and beta-emitting radioisotopes was significantly more efficient in killin

286 Understanding how and when short-lived radioisotopes were added to the Solar System is necessar

287 Carrier-free terbium radioisotopes were obtained after purification, with act

288 quired the addition of isosulfan blue dye to radioisotope when an SLN was identified on a preoperativ

289 r imaging and preclinical research involving radioisotopes will be significantly accelerated in the n

290 ing somatostatin receptor ligand linked to a radioisotope with intermediate half-life and favorable p

291 ociated with tritium ((3)H) make it an ideal radioisotope with which to conduct ADME studies early in

292 Terbium offers 4 clinically interesting radioisotopes with complementary physical decay characte

293 S) enables the simultaneous acquisition of 3 radioisotopes with high quantitative accuracy and only l

294 rmacologic half-lives necessitate the use of radioisotopes with long physical half-lives, a combinati

295 s, together with the large panel of suitable radioisotopes with unique physicochemical properties, al

296 le values for the elements, and particularly radioisotopes, with no or sparse data.

297 amplifier and illuminating it with an (55)Fe radioisotope X-ray source (Mn Kalpha = 5.9 keV; Mn Kbeta

298 was illuminated by a standard 206 MBq (55)Fe radioisotope X-ray source and characterised over the tem

299 ature, and under illumination from an (55)Fe radioisotope X-ray source, X-ray spectra were accumulate

300 binds MX-DTPA (tiuxetan), which chelates the radioisotope yttrium-90.