ライフサイエンスコーパス: replicator

1 sequences that can initiate DNA replication (replicators).

2 but (ATTCT)48 could not act as an autonomous replicator.

3 tion of Mcm3, but not Orc2, across the c-myc replicator.

4 in activity was restored to the mutant c-myc replicator.

5 that function as components of a chromosomal replicator.

6 hange of shape--a step towards the Star Trek replicator.

7 Earth, for spontaneous incorporation into a replicator.

8 mer transiently, in the presence of the self-replicator.

9 ly changing platform than a spontaneous self-replicator.

10 t subunit previously recognized as a minimal replicator.

11 te that induced the initial emergence of the replicator.

12 d (3) design of a simple conformational self-replicator.

13 e evolution of physically linked cooperative replicators.

14 (ARS) elements that function as chromosomal replicators.

15 maintenance of chromosome fragments lacking replicators.

16 ypes of phenotypes can be produced by simple replicators.

17 ements for replication initiation from these replicators.

18 tion region contains two adjacent, redundant replicators.

19 two distinct kinetic possibilities for early replicators.

20 requent intervals that correspond to genetic replicators.

21 pping arrays in virtually all papillomavirus replicators.

22 gions flanking both sides of HMR-E contained replicators.

23 exes can form efficiently on closely apposed replicators.

24 hese were shown to outcompete less efficient replicators.

25 1 and 33% selectivity for two diastereomeric replicators.

26 systems and can aid the design of synthetic replicators.

27 tion among sibling genomes selects for super-replicators.

28 enefit from the enzymatic behaviour of other replicators.

29 nsequence of births and deaths of individual replicators.

30 ranging from interlocked structures to self-replicators.

31 est whether the region that displays plasmid replicator activity also acts as a chromosomal replicato

32 an c-myc replication origin is essential for replicator activity and is a target of the DNA-unwinding

33 These data support a combinatorial model for replicator activity and suggest that the initiation of D

34 eplicating sequence activity in plasmids and replicator activity at an ectopic chromosomal site.

35 consistent with the presence of chromosomal replicator activity in the 2.4-kb region of c-myc origin

36 299 that is necessary but not sufficient for replicator activity in transient assays.

37 the minimal HHV-7 DNA element necessary for replicator activity was mapped to a 600-bp region which

38 However, the specific sequences that confer replicator activity were not identified.

39 spaced EBNA-1 binding sites, had significant replicator activity when the other half had been deleted

40 factor binding sites, substantially reduced replicator activity, whereas deletion of the c-myc promo

41 e of this core-also required for significant replicator activity-had little effect.

42 ant sequences, which cooperatively determine replicator activity.

43 iple functional elements essential for c-myc replicator activity.

44 16, are ancillary elements required for full replicator activity.

45 AT-rich sequences were essential for replicator activity: a low frequency of initiation was o

46 Once in existence, the replicator aggregates promote further replication also i

47 lly simple building block, from which a self-replicator and a foldamer can emerge along two distinct

48 Replicator and adaptive dynamics describe short- and lon

49 actor Sp1 can bind to TR outside the minimal replicator and contributes to TR's previously reported e

50 contribution of each EBNA-1 site within the replicator and flanking sequences through the use of an

51 ic region within the human beta-globin Rep-P replicator and includes hnRNP C1/C2, SWI/SNF complex, an

52 nization of sequence-specific cis-regulatory replicator and origin elements.

53 The results suggest that ACE3 acts as a replicator and support and extend the replicator model f

54 The AMA1 sequence is an efficient plasmid replicator and transformation enhancer in Aspergillus ni

55 election pressure in the competition between replicators and can determine the outcome of a covalent

56 a more thorough analysis of the appropriate replicators and lineages for this model.

57 hich, unlike other theories, treats memes as replicators and looks to memetic as well as genetic adva

58 cells and organisms comprise a union between replicators and reproducers.

59 Most of these studies focus on single replicators and the effects of replicators on the emerge

60 that life could have originated with peptide replicators and transitioned to nucleic acid replicators

61 usion, the DS of oriP is an EBNA-1-dependent replicator, and its minimal active core appears to be si

62 enance (MCM) helicase activator Cdc45 to the replicator, and restored origin activity.

63 Therefore a symbiosis of membranes, replicators, and catalysts probably mediated the origin

64 These results suggest that researchers, replicators, and consumers should be mindful of contextu

65 o establishment of persistence, whereas high replicators appear to have an advantage under conditions

66 ional elements known to bind ORC, but no two replicators are identical in the arrangement of elements

67 The lipid replicators are metastable and their out-of-equilibrium

68 pool of substrates, during which recombinant replicators arose and grew to dominate the population.

69 A fragment containing two closely associated replicators, ARS1-A (0.8 kb) and ARS1-B (1.2 kb).

70 The removal of the inefficient replicator ARS308 from this originless region caused lit

71 Analysis of the chromosome III replicator ARS309 unexpectedly revealed that its essenti

72 addition of a small amount of the preformed replicator at a specific location within a microsyringe,

73 nction without the Watson-Crick pairs, or no replicator at all, remain as viable alternatives.

74 When integrated alongside the c-myc replicator at an ectopic chromosomal site in the HeLa ge

75 reviously mapped IR serves as an independent replicator at ectopic chromosomal sites in hamster cells

76 may have led to the accumulation of specific replicators at or near the origin of life.

77 supramolecular structures to which different replicators attached and were selected as a higher-level

78 on to analyze the collective behavior of RNA replicators based on known experimental kinetics data.

79 Which of the two replicators becomes dominant is influenced by whether th

80 Here we report a replicator-binding protein complex involved in the preve

81 e rate of monomer formation determines which replicator building blocks are the fittest.

82 een experimentally defined for most of these replicators but not for ARS318 (HMR-I), which is one of

83 that ori-beta does not contain an essential replicator, but that distant sequence elements have prof

84 nstrate that the presence of the amphiphilic replicator, by lowering the interfacial tension between

85 In this work a replicator can be maintained out-of-equilibrium by the c

86 results reveal for the first time how a new replicator can emerge in a process that relies criticall

87 how how a population of self-assembling self-replicators can autonomously oscillate, so that simple m

88 , the results demonstrate that two mammalian replicators can be activated at ectopic sites in chromos

89 at, while the outcome of competition between replicators can be altered selectively, it is limited by

90 the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, replicators can function outside the chromosome as auton

91 The realization of a replicator capable of initiating a reaction-diffusion fr

92 ters, the notion that RNA was the first self-replicator carries many difficulties.

93 ith reduced silencing; inactivation of these replicators caused by either the orc2-1 mutation or the

94 The replicator clustering and redundancy exemplified in the

95 lection: the physical encapsulation of local replicator communities into the pores of the mineral sub

96 lly feasible, selection mechanisms acting on replicator communities need to be invoked and the corres

97 We now report two systems in which two replicators compete for a common building block and wher

98 In other words, both replicators compete with each other by catalyzing their

99 replicator through cross-catalysis and that replicator composition is history dependent.

100 e forms were most likely to have been simple replicators, considerable evolutionary change must have

101 Instead, we suggest that the self-replicator consisted of both peptides and nucleic acid s

102 amers), we observed the emergence of hexamer replicator consisting of six units of the threonine pept

103 rs: the acknowledgment that interactors, not replicators, constitute the causal unit of selection; an

104 ptide only when it is seeded with an octamer replicator containing eight units of a serine building b

105 letion mapping revealed a 71-bp-long minimal replicator containing two distinctive sequence elements:

106 Significantly, chimeric c-myc replicators containing ATX10 DUEs displayed length-depen

107 on the right arm showed that both groups of replicators contribute significantly to the maintenance

108 Thus, if replicators control the positions of nascent strand star

109 bly, the activity of one of the non-silencer replicators correlated with reduced silencing; inactivat

110 Modules from the two replicators could combine to initiate replication.

111 replicators or that peptide and nucleic acid replicators could have been interdependent.

112 Here, we show that "replicator degrees of freedom" make it far too easy to o

113 ly and differentially bound across the c-myc replicator, dependent on discrete structural elements in

114 Unexpectedly, this replicator depends on a 9/11-bp match to the ACS that po

115 Here we report that a 32-residue peptide replicator, designed according to our earlier principles

116 But, what was the very first self-replicator directly ancestral to all life?

117 ors on the left end of the chromosome or the replicators distal to ARS310 on the right arm showed tha

118 Optical monitoring of replicators dramatically reduces the analysis time and s

119 ution of the GAL4-binding site for the c-myc replicator DUE allowed Orc2 and Mcm7 binding, but elimin

120 early development and its staying power, the replicator dynamics has helped set both the baseline exp

121 hat when a model of imitation used to derive replicator dynamics in isolated populations is generaliz

122 me on uniform hypergraphs corresponds to the replicator dynamics in the well-mixed limit, providing a

123 olymorphism is the attractor of the standard replicator dynamics operating on an infinite population

124 However, much like the original 1973 paper, replicator dynamics rests on the assumption that individ

125 gue that this assumption limits the scope of replicator dynamics to such an extent as to warrant not

126 utionary game theory by proposing a class of replicator dynamics with feedback-evolving games in whic

127 ions is adequately described by conventional replicator dynamics, and these equations are known to ha

128 werful machinery of the soon-to-be-developed replicator dynamics, EGT took off at an accelerated pace

129 ymptotically stable under a class of delayed replicator dynamics, for any lag distribution.

130 Here, we consider stochastic replicator dynamics, operating on a finite population of

131 uman beta globin locus contains two adjacent replicators, each capable of initiating DNA replication

132 , each of which harbors a 71-bp-long minimal replicator element (MRE).

133 this report we demonstrate that the minimal replicator element (RE-LBS1/2) replicates in synchrony w

134 e only essential single-sequence HCMV oriLyt replicator element described to date.

135 cation of the plasmid containing the minimal replicator element, confirming the involvement of the ho

136 two synthetic molecules, two different self-replicators emerge in a stochastic fashion.

137 We also prove that a modified replicator equation can describe how the expected values

138 It derives a simple replicator equation for allele frequencies under conditi

139 me can be predicted from the behavior of the replicator equation for the modified game.

140 e spatial game is different from that of the replicator equation for the modified game.

141 s and inclusion of stochastic processes, the replicator equation remains, half a century later, its m

142 example, if a rock-paper-scissors game has a replicator equation that spirals out to the boundary, sp

143 volutionary dynamics is well captured by the replicator equations when the population is infinite and

144 A network of two synthetic replicators exhibits a critical unidirectional cross-cat

145 Centrifugation experiments show that replicator fibers can exhibit the necessary selectivity

146 Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential t

147 rected and template-independent pathways for replicator formation has significant relevance to ongoin

148 complex between the components that mediates replicator formation through a template-independent path

149 It demonstrates that foldamers and self-replicators, formed from the same building block, can st

150 R and UV-vis spectroscopies confirm that the replicator forms efficiently and with high diastereosele

151 To better characterize ARS305, a replicator from a chromosomal origin, we swapped functio

152 he cross-catalyzed emergence of a novel self-replicator from a dynamic combinatorial library made fro

153 hed this question by systematically deleting replicators from chromosome III.

154 ection criteria that govern the emergence of replicators from these systems.

155 binding sites was shown to be essential for replicator function of HHV-7 oriLyt.

156 ionship with a sequence element essential to replicator function, and its similarities to replicator

157 inactivation of one pair does not eliminate replicator function.

158 o that of sites 1 and 4 is not essential for replicator function.

159 EBNA-1 and this protein(s) are critical for replicator function.

160 nces across this entire region contribute to replicator function.

161 relative orientation are able to perform the replicator function.

162 ntify a single-sequence element essential to replicator function.

163 ions within dhfr oribeta which contribute to replicator function: the origin of bidirectional DNA rep

164 lement showed that it is essential to oriLyt replicator function; it is the only essential single-seq

165 ely as dimers to proximal sites in the viral replicator generating a sequence-specific E1E2-ori compl

166 that, instead, selection itself can lead to replicators grouping themselves together in a way that f

167 vitro reconstitution of an evolving DNA self-replicator has remained challenging.

168 DNA-unwinding elements (DUEs) at eukaryotic replicators has raised the question of whether these ele

169 , and a small number of fully synthetic self-replicators have already been described.

170 Short oligonucleotide and peptide replicators have been described.

171 Minimal artificial replicators have been designed based on molecular recogn

172 plicator activity also acts as a chromosomal replicator, HeLa cell sublines that each contain a singl

173 reductase locus functions as an independent replicator in ectopic locations in both hamster and huma

174 ORC and Mcm6 associated with just the ARS1-A replicator in G(1) phase when pre-replicative complexes

175 ion around the genetically defined ss-globin replicator in logarithmically growing HeLa cells, using

176 nd Cdc45 are not bound at the inactive c-myc replicator in the absence of a functional DUE or at the

177 wever, if the concentration of the potential replicator in the DCL fails to exceed its critical aggre

178 ted that contain ectopic copies of the c-myc replicator in which the essential DUE was replaced by AT

179 Chromosomal replicators in budding yeast contain an autonomously rep

180 Inclusion of functional replicators in gene therapy vectors may provide a tool f

181 understanding of the operation of synthetic replicators in isolation, this field has progressed to e

182 ic evidence for the existence of chromosomal replicators in metazoan cells and are consistent with th

183 ient origin usage in yeast cells because the replicators in question are not active in every cell cyc

184 Cooperators pay a cost for other replicators in the cell to receive a benefit.

185 ed only after all five efficient chromosomal replicators in the left two-thirds of the chromosome (AR

186 which function as the cis-acting chromosomal replicators in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, depen

187 ytic connections that exist between the four replicators in this network and the system-level behavio

188 control the population of out-of-equilibrium replicators in time.

189 d chromosome (ACE3) appears to function as a replicator, in that it is required in cis for the activi

190 n which bamfordviruses evolved from nonviral replicators, in particular plasmids, by recruiting a hos

191 enting instructions to synthesize a specific replicator, induces changes in the output composition of

192 In both replicators, initiation required a combination of an asy

193 likely involves mechanisms other than simple replicator-initiator interactions and that in vivo other

194 By binding to the replicator, initiators mark the site and contribute to m

195 By binding to the replicator, initiators mark the site and contribute to m

196 munities as interactors (in line with Hull's replicator-interactor framework or Dawkins's idea of the

197 Here, the self-assembly of self-replicators into fibers is visualized in real-time by hi

198 eplication is driven by self-assembly of the replicators into fibrils and relies critically on mechan

199 These observations suggest that replicators introduce epigenetic chromatin changes that

200 A simple synthetic autocatalytic replicator is capable of establishing and driving the pr

201 Such a nucleopeptide replicator is more feasible both in the light of the rep

202 Every replicator is related to itself by 100%, but in most cas

203 put of instructions in the form of preformed replicators is demonstrated through a series of quantita

204 ps and system-level interactions between the replicators, is persistent, thereby limiting the ability

205 Both replicators lack type I elements and hence complementari

206 ot even in those with the same deterministic replicator limit as imitation.

207 To determine how early replicators may have competed with one another, we have

208 s as a replicator and support and extend the replicator model for the organization of metazoan chromo

209 ucture is known to be critical, as effective replicators must be insulated from parasites.

210 his framework is the equivalence between the replicator-mutator equation and the Price equation.

211 Replicator-mutator equation is used to describe the dyna

212 First, the replicators need to have a critical macrocycle size that

213 efforts to design programmable and adaptable replicator networks.

214 ed, and then use a Deep Learning Inspired 3D replicator neural network to identify the most effective

215 dividuals, as group-level traits are neither replicators nor interactors.

216 he replication of a plasmid bearing the oriP replicator of Epstein Barr virus (EBV), and this defect

217 present evidence that shows that the minimal replicator of oriP consists of EBNA-1 sites 3 and 4 and

218 The replicator of oriP contains four binding sites for Epste

219 DS) element in oriP is the essential minimal replicator of oriP Here we report the X-ray crystal stru

220 The replicator of oriP is an approximately 120-bp region cal

221 The DS appears to function as the replicator of oriP, while the FR acts in conjunction wit

222 shown to require the presence of the 120-bp replicator of oriP.

223 Upon seeding of this library with different replicators of different macrocycle size (hexamers and o

224 uence having counterparts in the lytic-phase replicators of several herpesviruses.

225 Although a largely inactive replicator on the chromosome, ARS318 becomes active if t

226 d a multiple sequence alignment of confirmed replicators on chromosomes III, VI, and VII.

227 cus on single replicators and the effects of replicators on the emergence of other replicators remain

228 entations that removed the normally inactive replicators on the left end of the chromosome or the rep

229 replicators and transitioned to nucleic acid replicators or that peptide and nucleic acid replicators

230 in of a primitive genome required individual replicators, or genes, to act like enzymes and cooperati

231 s essential components with a chromosome III replicator, ORI305.

232 agment that carries its normal complement of replicators (originless fragment maintenance mutants, or

233 ned human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) lytic-phase replicator, oriLyt, comprises more than 2 kb in a struct

234 human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) lytic-phase DNA replicator, oriLyt, which spans more than 2 kbp in a str

235 The metastable replicator persists at a higher concentration than achie

236 lates onto large agar pads using inexpensive replicator pins and automatically imaging the resulting

237 st that the interaction of LARC complex with replicators plays a role in preventing gene silencing an

238 e we show that PIF is required for the viral replicator protein NS1 to nick and become covalently att

239 ng RNA-RNA hybrid permits translation of the replicator protein, but blocks base-pairing with a natur

240 to a region of the mRNA encoding the plasmid replicator protein.

241 stions regarding whether the optimal size of replicators reflects a trade-off between the information

242 The replicator regions of the Ti plasmids of Agrobacterium t

243 cts of replicators on the emergence of other replicators remains under-investigated.

244 In this model, the replicator Rep protein complex binds, destabilizes, and

245 The replicator (rep) of the nopaline-type Ti plasmid pTiC58

246 th two other genetically defined chromosomal replicators reveals a conservation of functional element

247 , indicating that a non-silencer chromosomal replicator(s) existed in close proximity to the silencer

248 act silencer, initiation by the non-silencer replicator(s) was abolished in an orc2-1 mutant, indicat

249 n, the replicon, is governed by a cis-acting replicator sequence and a trans-activating initiator fac

250 We found that the minimal replicator sequence of OriP, referred to as the dyad sym

251 A common feature of replicator sequences from a variety of organisms is mult

252 an initiator protein are a common feature of replicator sequences from various organisms.

253 nt for the extreme difficulty in identifying replicator sequences in mammalian cells and suggest that

254 ation initiation, which occurs at cis-acting replicator sequences that are spaced at intervals of app

255 Here we report a detailed analysis of replicator sequences that dictate initiation of DNA repl

256 dies have shown that mammalian cells contain replicator sequences, which can determine where DNA repl

257 by replication delay and can be prevented by replicator sequences.

258 that, from the earliest stages of evolution, replicators split into mutualists and parasites.

259 at creates and maintains a set of privileged replicator structures through auto- and cross-catalyzed

260 Replicators such as parasites invading a new host specie

261 ergence of genomic parasites in any evolving replicator system, these multiple lines of evidence reve

262 Our results suggest that synthetic replicator systems are more evolvable than previously th

263 This replicator templates its own synthesis through a 1,3-dip

264 endent pathway, and the catalytically active replicator that mediates the template-directed pathway.

265 h recognition sites, T(p) and T(m), are self-replicators that can harness the DCL as feedstock for th

266 it would have been susceptible to parasitic replicators that did not act like enzymes but could stil

267 Theories that involve replicators that function without the Watson-Crick pairs

268 ) for episomal retention and the beta-globin Replicator, the DNA replication-Initiation Region from t

269 sequence (ARS) assay for isolating potential replicators, the identification of origins has proven to

270 kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the replicators, the initial reagent concentrations, and the

271 lies critically on the assistance by another replicator through cross-catalysis and that replicator c

272 ngineer one of the components of a synthetic replicator to encode an additional recognition function,

273 nucleic acid world of independent molecular replicators to a nucleic acid/protein/lipid world of rep

274 The ability of these replicators to direct their own formation from the compo

275 e consumption of fuel allows the high-energy replicators to persist at a steady state, much like a si

276 Replicator trans-T(m) also reduces the efficiency of its

277 These cycloaddition reactions create replicators trans-T(p) and trans-T(m).

278 l accumulation and structure of the smallest replicator transcript, which we call SRT, and identify a

279 replicator function, and its similarities to replicator transcripts in other systems suggest the poss

280 stead of CMV and the addition of beta-globin Replicator, transferred into CD34(+) cells, produced CD3

281 es that govern the behavior of the competing replicators under conditions where their formation is co

282 a cohort of liver transplant patients, high replicator variants are exclusively found in individuals

283 Each replicator was capable of initiating DNA replication ind

284 protein DUE-B to the endogenous human c-myc replicator was studied by chromatin immunoprecipitation.

285 hypothesis that ori-beta contains a genetic replicator, we restored a deletion in the 3' end of the

286 Within each of these two replicators, we identified short, discrete, nonredundant

287 d in an orc2-1 mutant, indicating that these replicators were extremely sensitive to defects in ORC.

288 When replicators were included in silencing-prone transgenes,

289 ives of yeast chromosome III that lack known replicators were replicated and segregated properly in a

290 nd DUE-B were also bound at an ectopic c-myc replicator, where deletion of sequences essential for or

291 ication apparently descended from primordial replicators, whereas most virus genes, starting with tho

292 rganisms can be thought of as imperfect self-replicators which produce closely-related species, allow

293 A mutant replicator, which could not initiate replication, could

294 iral genomes show genetic signatures of high replicators, which are enriched in recipients of liver t

295 , but in most cases is less related to other replicators, which generates selfishness and conflicts o

296 re the environment dictates which of the two replicators wins.

297 omplex and emergent behaviour in networks of replicators with the connectivity and catalytic relation

298 his work has led to spontaneous emergence of replicators with unrivalled structural complexity, being

299 inefficient, suggesting that closely spaced replicators within HMR contributed to an inhibition of r

300 amples where catalytic relationships between replicators within the same network and the extant react