ライフサイエンスコーパス: scotopic

1 educed corresponding to areas with RDR (mean scotopic 12.8 dB and mean mesopic 17.2 dB) as compared t

2 super p53 mouse exhibited reduced rod-driven scotopic a and b wave and cone-driven photopic b wave re

3 y (ERG) was used to evaluate the recovery of scotopic a- and b-wave amplitudes after a single 137-cd.

4 significantly decreased functional response (scotopic a- and b-wave amplitudes) in the Mcoln1(-/-) mi

5 toreceptor decline, with significantly lower scotopic a- and b-wave amplitudes, decreased cell number

6 ographic responses, characterized by reduced scotopic a- and b-wave and oscillatory potentials.

7 RGs recorded from mutant mice had diminished scotopic a- and b-wave and photopic b-wave amplitudes.

8 Scotopic a- and b-waves and oscillatory potentials in th

9 The least sensitive component was the scotopic a-wave (RmP3) showing a 50% reduction at an IOP

10 months, and 40% at 9 months and older, while scotopic a-wave amplitudes were decreased by 20% at 9 mo

11 In hWtEPOR compared with WT mice, scotopic a-wave amplitudes were reduced by injury, despi

12 trast, outer retinal thickness, photopic and scotopic a-wave and b-wave amplitudes and photoreceptor

13 Rp2h(-/-) scotopic a-wave and photopic b-wave amplitudes declined

14 Rod ERG responses (scotopic a-wave) were not affected in CNGB3(-/-) mice.

15 croM) reduced the pSTR and nSTR, but not the scotopic a-wave, b-wave or OPs.

16 y more than 50%, whereas all five had normal scotopic a-wave, b-wave, and OP amplitudes.

17 on) was defined by the extent of photopic vs scotopic abnormality.

18 tly rod-driven, our results suggest that the scotopic acuity of the goldfish may improve as the anima

19 ng rate of AII amacrine cells limits central scotopic acuity.

20 t-adaptable synaptic functions (photopic and scotopic adaptation) of the biological visual perception

21 plitudes, and 11 had reduced photopic and/or scotopic amplitudes at their first visit.

22 However, at high scotopic and low mesopic stimulus intensities, close to

23 Scotopic and mesopic fundus-controlled perimetry was per

24 d mental and physical health and for optimal scotopic and mesopic vision.

25 es of full-field stimuli were obtained under scotopic and photopic conditions and were used to catego

26 reatly reduces the light response under both scotopic and photopic conditions, but it does not elimin

27 -driven pathways, which control vision under scotopic and photopic conditions, respectively.

28 onses to full-field stimuli were obtained in scotopic and photopic conditions.

29 concentrations, manifesting in dysfunctional scotopic and photopic electroretinogram (ERG) responses.

30 Scotopic and photopic electroretinogram responses declin

31 pening, Nphp5(-/-) mice exhibited absence of scotopic and photopic electroretinogram responses, a phe

32 of MT1 receptors within the retina, and the scotopic and photopic electroretinograms (ERG) and retin

33 Scotopic and photopic electroretinograms as well as pupi

34 photoreceptors, leading to abnormalities of scotopic and photopic electroretinograms with decreased

35 Consistently, the scotopic and photopic electroretinographic (ERG) respons

36 on of Cetn2 and Cetn3 resulted in attenuated scotopic and photopic electroretinography (ERG) response

37 njection, treated rd10 mice were examined by scotopic and photopic electroretinography and then kille

38 showed decreased a- and b-wave amplitudes of scotopic and photopic electroretinography responses 4 mo

39 INS37217 had no adverse effects on scotopic and photopic ERG amplitude and latency paramete

40 Scotopic and photopic ERG analysis did not reveal signif

41 Bilateral, full-field scotopic and photopic ERGs were made at 1, 7, and 14 day

42 Both scotopic and photopic ffERG values were abnormal and aff

43 All founders had abnormal scotopic and photopic ffERGs after 3 months.

44 Scotopic and photopic Ganzfeld ERGs were recorded from h

45 and cones and restore retinal sensitivity at scotopic and photopic luminances.

46 er several weeks, reducing the blind spot at scotopic and photopic luminances.

47 Scotopic and photopic microperimetry (MP-1S; Nidek Techn

48 hreshold sensitivities for each category for scotopic and photopic microperimetry.

49 network shapes visual processing in both the scotopic and photopic networks.

50 ing in both plexiform layers and in both the scotopic and photopic pathways in the mammalian retina.

51 Electroretinography showed that scotopic and photopic responses were reduced and delayed

52 electroretinogram identified mildly reduced scotopic and photopic responses.

53 and cone cell numbers were reduced, as were scotopic and photopic responses.

54 Ret function resulted in markedly diminished scotopic and photopic responses.

55 k, with implications for signal flow in both scotopic and photopic retinal networks during visual pro

56 mechanisms underlying the transition between scotopic and photopic vision in mesopic lights, when bot

57 optomotor tracking response was used to test scotopic and photopic visual performance.

58 ensitivity very different from the classical scotopic and photopic visual systems.

59 peripheral schisis, and retained near-normal scotopic b-wave amplitude and normal ERG waveforms.

60 between foveal HFONL-IS complex thinning and scotopic b-wave amplitude reduction (P = 0.005~0.01, fix

61 On ERG, scotopic b-wave amplitude was significantly preserved in

62 Saturated a-wave amplitude, maximal scotopic b-wave amplitude, and individual a-wave and b-w

63 ma progression rates had significantly worse scotopic B-wave amplitudes at their initial assessment t

64 observed in the saturated a-wave or maximal scotopic b-wave amplitudes between the PSS-injected eyes

65 e amplitudes) or tended toward (photopic and scotopic B-wave amplitudes) a higher mean rate of centra

66 (PDA, 5 mm); however, both also reduced the scotopic b-wave by approximately 40 %.

67 nstrated a reduction in the amplitude of the scotopic b-wave in 4 participants 3 months after implant

68 The scotopic b-wave was more severely affected than the a-wa

69 Scotopic b-waves were reduced in injured hWtEPOR mice co

70 erface reflectivity significantly influenced scotopic (beta = -0.002, P = .04) and photopic (beta = -

71 was significantly negatively associated with scotopic (beta = -0.25, P = .01) and photopic (beta = -0

72 of life with full-field ERGs that included a scotopic blue intensity series (n = 41) and a bright whi

73 d maximum when ganzfeld luminance was 10(-5) scotopic candela (scot.cd) per meter squared.

74 ined at approximately 2 seconds after the 67 scotopic cd s m(-2) conditioning flash and at approximat

75 The derived rod response to the 670 scotopic cd s m(-2) conditioning flash determined in nor

76 and at approximately 9 seconds after the 670 scotopic cd s m(-2) conditioning flash exhibited an aver

77 etween a fixed conditioning flash (67 or 670 scotopic cd s m(-2)) and a bright probe flash of fixed s

78 near the peak of A(t), k86 was 7.0 +/- 1.2 (scotopic cd s m-2)-1 (mean +/- s.d.; n = 4).

79 For Itest up to approximately 2.57 scotopic cd s m-2, the overall time course of A(t) was w

80 (2)) on a blue rod-saturating background (30 scotopic cd/m(2)).

81 39 to -12 um) and significant improvement in scotopic CDVA at 3 months (mean difference +1.6 lines; 9

82 t GCAP1 likely results in higher-than-normal scotopic cGMP levels which may, in turn, account for the

83 cts models were used to estimate mesopic and scotopic changes.

84 deficit in visual motor response (VMR) under scotopic condition.

85 spontaneous activity was typically low under scotopic conditions (range 0.2-17.2 Hz) and higher under

86 pic (M, 160 lx), low mesopic (L, 70 lx), and scotopic conditions (S, 1 lx) were obtained with the VX1

87 atial summation (Ricco's area) and age under scotopic conditions had been found.

88 de of both a- and b-waves under photopic and scotopic conditions in SSD participants.

89 of visual behaviors under both photopic and scotopic conditions might be due to alterations in visua

90 Electroretinogram recordings under scotopic conditions showed severe attenuation of the a-w

91 During mesopic and scotopic conditions the pupil size increases, increasing

92 t to retinal illumination under photopic and scotopic conditions to identify the types of photorecept

93 g with moving bar stimuli under photopic and scotopic conditions to measure the effects of the rod sc

94 The most common response under scotopic conditions was an 'on-excitation' (32 of 48, 62

95 By using intrinsic imaging under scotopic conditions we demonstrate that visual signals g

96 appropriate signals are carried centrally in scotopic conditions when sensitivity rather than acuity

97 under photopic conditions and <6.0 mm under scotopic conditions, a root mean square of higher order

98 mize traditional refractions for mesopic and scotopic conditions, by using the information that the Z

99 Under scotopic conditions, the two cell classes diverge-ON cel

100 tive fields may be radically different under scotopic conditions, when the ON and OFF pathways are ou

101 ivity of RGC responses may be modified under scotopic conditions.

102 guided behaviour in the Gnat1-/- mouse under scotopic conditions.

103 es in the BTBR mice, under both photopic and scotopic conditions.

104 SBCs exhibited robust responses under low scotopic conditions.

105 tivity and visual symptoms under mesopic and scotopic conditions.

106 lity of psychophysical vision measures under scotopic conditions.

107 romatism confers a selective advantage under scotopic conditions.

108 ggests this pathway plays a major role under scotopic conditions.

109 ction in b-wave amplitude under photopic and scotopic conditions.

110 ed with elevated IOP under both photopic and scotopic conditions.

111 b-wave compared to Panx1 wildtype mice under scotopic conditions.

112 r than photon-budget or resolution, enhances scotopic contrast sensitivity by 18-27%, and improves mo

113 ation between a model of type 1 diabetes and scotopic contrast sensitivity of the optomotor response

114 We therefore examined scotopic contrast sensitivity of the optomotor response

115 An early, progressive loss in scotopic contrast sensitivity was observed in Ins2(Akita

116 were significant for all parameters (except scotopic dim-flash b-wave implicit time), ranging from 0

117 Improvement of scotopic dysfunction after (off-label) high-dose vitamin

118 trating mixed cone and rod dysfunction and a scotopic electronegative response to bright flashes.

119 gnostic value for patients and families with scotopic electronegative responses to bright flashes.

120 Scotopic electroretinogram (ERG) recording was used to i

121 tly from 9.4 +/- 4.6 to 57.6 +/- 8.8 muV for scotopic electroretinogram and from 10.9 +/- 5.6 to 45.8

122 appearance restricted peripheral vision and scotopic electroretinogram confirmed the diagnosis of re

123 monstrated increased a-wave amplitude of the scotopic electroretinogram.

124 Scotopic electroretinograms (ERGs) were performed 3, 7,

125 Full-field scotopic electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded from 44

126 Photopic and scotopic electroretinograms were reviewed.

127 Full-field scotopic electroretinographic analysis (ERG) was perform

128 isual function, detected as a deficit in the scotopic electroretinographic response, was improved in

129 hologic changes in the RPE, and a deficit in scotopic electroretinographic response, which is reflect

130 nt the time course of retinal dysfunction by scotopic electroretinography (ERG) and by quantitative m

131 Scotopic electroretinography (ERG) showed a diminished c

132 es of MNU-induced retinal degeneration using scotopic electroretinography (ERG), optical coherence to

133 ogenous C3 expression, mice were analyzed by scotopic electroretinography and fluorescein angiography

134 reatment rescued a- and b-wave amplitudes of scotopic electroretinography responses, compared with ve

135 ek after ischemia by histologic analyses and scotopic electroretinography, respectively.

136 nally, the mutant protein does not support a scotopic ERG a-wave and accelerates photoreceptor degene

137 Pcdh15av-5J and Pcdh15av-Jfb mutant mice had scotopic ERG amplitudes consistently reduced by approxim

138 Scotopic ERG b-wave amplitudes were reduced by 15% at 1

139 The mixed scotopic ERG b-wave was reduced more than the a-wave.

140 The scotopic ERG b-wave, which reflects activity of rod-driv

141 ess (CSNB), characterized by the loss of the scotopic ERG b-wave.

142 The amplitude of scotopic ERG b-waves in KO mice was lower than in wild-t

143 reported sensitive positive component of the scotopic ERG remained in both eyes.

144 o these components are relatively small; (2) scotopic ERG response components to brighter flashes rec

145 ence between ERG amplitudes, recovery of the scotopic ERG response, or retinal morphology between EGF

146 tinal dysfunction, with reduced photopic and scotopic ERG responses and reduced b-wave/a-wave ratios

147 P14 were evaluated at 8 months by full-field scotopic ERG responses and retinal immunohistochemistry.

148 Scotopic ERG responses over a range of flash intensities

149 Scotopic ERG responses to brighter flashes, including a-

150 Scotopic ERG responses were lower than age-matched WT re

151 were decreased by approximately 75%, whereas scotopic ERG responses were unchanged; visual acuity was

152 Substantial scotopic ERG signals were maintained in treated rd10 eye

153 Scotopic ERG stimuli were brief white flashes (-6.1 to 2

154 Scotopic ERG stimuli were brief white flashes (-6.64-2.7

155 ities, a sensitive negative component of the scotopic ERG, which normally peaks approximately 200 mse

156 reduced in patients with AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD in scotopic ERGs (compared with AQP4-IgG- subjects, patient

157 Scotopic ERGs to flash strengths 0.01 to 0.1 phot cd s/m

158 Photopic and scotopic ERGs were recorded in R439H tryptophan hydroxyl

159 Scotopic ERGs were simultaneously recorded from both eye

160 with diminished amplitudes of the b-wave in scotopic ERGs.

161 Photopic and scotopic fine matrix mapping (FMM) were performed to tes

162 The ERG demonstrated a greater reduction in scotopic function compared with photopic function.

163 acuity, Rod-Function Anxiety correlated with Scotopic Function controlling for visual field area, and

164 s by 1 mum was associated with a decrease of scotopic function of 0.96 dB.

165 vision, color vision, contrast sensitivity, scotopic function, photopic peripheral vision, mesopic p

166 y testing but have not specifically assessed scotopic function.

167 solution retinal imaging in combination with scotopic fundus-controlled perimetry allows for a more r

168 G b-wave amplitudes were reduced (photopic > scotopic) in FeSO(4)-injected eyes compared with those i

169 al pathway that controls the transmission of scotopic information.

170 s of ON and OFF ganglion cells for which the scotopic inputs derive only from the primary pathway or

171 horizontal meridian, under both photopic and scotopic levels of lighting.

172 intensity of the light phase was reduced to scotopic levels.

173 e solely responsible for photoentrainment at scotopic light intensities.

174 cross cell types was similar at photopic and scotopic light levels, although additional slow correlat

175 additional slow correlations were present at scotopic light levels.

176 as low luminance visual acuity (P < .01) and scotopic light sensitivity (P = .05).

177 eficit, mesopic light sensitivity), or rods (scotopic light sensitivity, rod-mediated dark adaptation

178 tors define circadian responses at very dim "scotopic" light levels but also at irradiances at which

179 acting downstream from phototransduction in scotopic lights, (2) rod response kinetics in mesopic li

180 sh, highly sensitive, and operates in dim or scotopic lights, whereas cone-driven vision is brisk, le

181 n the inner retina limit sensitivity in dim (scotopic) lights.

182 consistent measurements of pupil size under scotopic, low mesopic and photopic conditions, with a re

183 10(8) photons/cm(2)/s lowered the latency of scotopic (</= 2.4 x 10(8) photons/cm(2)/s) light-evoked

184 In STGD1, in extrafovea, loss of scotopic macular function preceded and was faster than t

185 D1R-KO mice showed anomalies in photopic and scotopic maximal amplitude, whereas D2R-KO mice showed h

186 ere decreased in heterozygous KI mice, their scotopic, maximal, and photopic electroretinography resp

187 re baseline mesopic mean deviation (mMD) and scotopic MD (sMD) and rates of longitudinal changes in t

188 but only transient changes were observed for scotopic measures.

189 e region (SMR) thickness, DMR/SMR ratio, PD (scotopic, mesopic and photopic light conditions), CMT1 (

190 On the pupil, chronic smoking increased the scotopic, mesopic and photopic pupil diameter and the ea

191 kup time (NCTBUT); mean NCTBUT; meibography; scotopic, mesopic and photopic pupil sizes; and dynamic

192 were smaller in the Parkinson's group under scotopic, mesopic, and photopic conditions in static pup

193 Under bright scotopic/mesopic conditions, this novel form of Mb outpu

194 s of dark adaptation, the same eye underwent scotopic microperimetry with an 18-degree-wide grid (52

195 er time in retinal sensitivity assessed with scotopic microperimetry with Brimo DDS than with sham (P

196 Photopic and scotopic multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) were rec

197 chanism allowed the adaptive exploitation of scotopic niches during the nocturnal bottleneck early in

198 ir temporal adaptation to photopic (day) and scotopic (night) conditions and that the asymmetry confe

199 t (P = 0.0031), and mesopic (P = 0.0018) and scotopic (P < 0.0001) sensitivity.

200 Scotopic P2 amplitude, but not sensitivity, was signific

201 meters of middle and outer retinal function (scotopic P2 and P3) remained normal.

202 The scotopic P2, OPs, and positive STR (pSTR) had intermedia

203 Pde6d(-/-) scotopic paired-flash electroretinograms indicated a del

204 se in cCSNB than in iCSNB; this was the only scotopic parameter that differed between the two CSNB gr

205 o regain proper visual processing within the scotopic pathway.

206 amacrine cell-a central element of the rod (scotopic) pathway.

207 sual field sensitivity, and performance on a scotopic perceptual task were measured.

208 ion was evaluated using electroretinography (scotopic, photopic, and pattern).

209 ill displayed overt obesity and diabetes, no scotopic, photopic, or c-wave ERG defects were present t

210 In addition, mean scotopic photoreceptor (R(rod)) and postreceptor (V(max)

211 ss of Tmem30a in adult mice led to a reduced scotopic photoresponse, mislocalization of ATP8A2 to the

212 that have failed to find a correlation with scotopic pupil size and night vision complaints.

213 The role of scotopic pupil size as a factor in predicting night visi

214 be wise to inform their patients that large scotopic pupil size is a potential risk factor for night

215 In cataract surgery, patients with larger scotopic pupil sizes may benefit more from aspheric IOLs

216 We aim to establish normative data for scotopic pupillary size and function in the pediatric po

217 s are less sensitive to light stimuli in the scotopic range during the day, when histamine release in

218 and RPE and larger b-wave amplitudes in the scotopic range when compared with the control animals.

219 extensive under dark-adapted conditions (low scotopic range) and similar in the subjective day, subje

220 560-nm, weak, full-field flashes in the low scotopic range.

221 TR (nSTR), a positive STR (pSTR), a positive scotopic response (pSR), PII (the bipolar cell component

222 Scotopic response recovery peaked at 50% to 60% of the u

223 on of melatonin during the day decreased the scotopic response threshold and the amplitude of the a-

224 topic response with later attenuation of the scotopic response.

225 extinguished photopic responses, and reduced scotopic responses observed on electroretinography consi

226 Scotopic responses tended to show lower heritability (po

227 hotopic responses were preserved better than scotopic responses, corresponding with preferential cone

228 t cone-driven responses and slow insensitive scotopic responses.

229 idual ERGs characterized by slow insensitive scotopic responses.

230 associated with the extent of impairment in scotopic retinal function, indicating a direct structura

231 d in the Rp2(null) mice, photopic (cone) and scotopic (rod) function as measured by ERG showed a grad

232 system with preservation of night vision or scotopic (rod) function.

233 Adaptation for scotopic (rod) vision is known to occur partly in the ro

234 For scotopic (rod) vision, substantial adaptation occurs in

235 Scotopic sensitivity losses encroach on areas within the

236 Scotopic sensitivity losses were more severe, and they e

237 Parafoveal scotopic sensitivity of the older subjects was also posi

238 Mesopic and scotopic sensitivity were reduced corresponding to areas

239 ling glare also reduce nighttime mesopic and scotopic sensitivity.

240 Dark-adapted (scotopic) sensitivity of rod-dominated visual mechanisms

241 hours, indicating an early, rapid decline in scotopic signaling.

242 he loss of visual information carried by dim scotopic signals.

243 Photoreceptor function was assessed with scotopic single-flash ERGs and photoreceptors were count

244 Rod-driven responses to dim scotopic single-flash stimuli were normal in 7 patients

245 icient, >0.35) for the following parameters: scotopic standard and bright-flash a-wave implicit times

246 annel undisturbed; on the other hand, in the scotopic state, APB application blocks all ganglion cell

247 ifferent from those in wild-type mice at low scotopic stimulus intensities.

248 In the mammalian retina, the scotopic threshold of ganglion cells is in part dependen

249 both positive and negative components of the scotopic threshold response (pSTR and nSTR).

250 re was a selective reduction of the positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR; P < 0.001), whereas o

251 Systematic delays in the timing of the scotopic threshold response (STR) and photopic b-wave we

252 onal effects were evaluated by recording the scotopic threshold response (STR) and photopic negative

253 rable beyond P40, although a small-amplitude scotopic threshold response (STR) could still be elicite

254 The oscillatory potentials (OPs) and scotopic threshold response (STR) were also reduced.

255 he dark-adapted electroretinogram (ERG), the scotopic threshold response (STR) which originates from

256 er photopic b-wave amplitudes, and increased scotopic threshold response sensitivity in the RGS11(-/-

257 Thresholds of the scotopic threshold response were 0.5 +/- 0.1 log cd/m2 l

258 he a-wave, b-wave, and positive and negative scotopic threshold responses (pSTR, nSTR).

259 the amplitudes of the a-waves, b-waves, and scotopic threshold responses of the ERG and also produce

260 Scotopic threshold responses were augmented as well.

261 RG b-wave amplitudes and diminished negative scotopic threshold responses, consistent with inner reti

262 oretinogram (ERG) oscillatory potentials and scotopic threshold responses, which reflect AC and RGC a

263 relative and sharply demarcated reduction of scotopic threshold values compared with areas of categor

264 filter was applied revealed a difference of scotopic threshold values in areas of category 1 (mean,

265 Mean scotopic thresholds over parafoveal areas within the rin

266 he existence of ganglion cells with elevated scotopic thresholds.

267 p to seven ambient light levels covering the scotopic to photopic regimes.

268 Sets of four white flashes (3.2-4.4 log scotopic troland [scot td-s]) were presented in the dark

269 ted half-saturation at approximately 1.5 log scotopic troland second.

270 lashes (lambda(max) 462 nm; -6.1 to +1.8 log scotopic Troland seconds(sc td s)) under fully dark-adap

271 At the dimmest flash intensity (-0.70 log scotopic trolands [scot td]/s) and the smallest stimulus

272 blue light filtering could negatively affect scotopic vision and circadian rhythms in older patients.

273 Scotopic vision and pupillary responsiveness have typica

274 yl esters in the eyes, exhibiting comparable scotopic vision and rod degeneration.

275 coupling is expected to extend the range of scotopic vision by circumventing saturation at the rod t

276 n an essential component of the evolution of scotopic vision in early vertebrates.

277 whereas other patients experience a loss of scotopic vision over time.

278 Although scotopic vision remains good until old age, disproportio

279 e decreased dynamic range and sensitivity of scotopic vision that has been observed in diabetes.

280 cd m(-2)) are blind below -4.0 log cd m(-2) (scotopic vision).

281 Thus, during scotopic vision, Na conductances in AIIs serve to accele

282 ells indicates a role of endocannabinoids in scotopic vision, whereas the more widespread distributio

283 e have slightly enhanced photopic but normal scotopic vision.

284 e A cells play a crucial role in night-time (scotopic) vision and have been proposed as a target for

285 lity of rod photoreceptors and rod-mediated (scotopic) vision in early AMD, including delayed rod-med

286 During night (i.e., scotopic) vision in mammals, rod photoreceptor output is

287 Night (scotopic) vision is mediated by a distinct retinal circu

288 Behavioral tests revealed that scotopic visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were dec

289 point in a psychophysically derived plot of scotopic visual acuity versus eccentricity.

290 merous, AII amacrine cells form the limit of scotopic visual acuity.

291 ty closely matched the peak sampling rate of scotopic visual acuity.

292 while also avoiding the unwanted mesopic and scotopic visual disturbances that are experienced with m

293 subject the time course of dark adaptation, scotopic visual field sensitivity, and performance on a

294 ntrol subjects, but their performance at the scotopic visual field test and perceptual task did not d

295 In contrast to BCVA, scotopic visual function tests are suitable to quantify

296 and eAMD eyes and associate with mesopic and scotopic visual functions in addition to risk-indicating

297 , which play an essential role in processing scotopic visual signals.

298 hypothesize that their acuity is set by the scotopic visual system, and have minimized the number of

299 Inspired by natural scotopic visual systems, we adopt an all-optical method

300 ed to cone-mediated loci when measured under scotopic with a blue or red stimulus compared to standar