ライフサイエンスコーパス: selfish

1 models assume that humans are fundamentally selfish.

2 nkeys was blocked, choices became strikingly selfish.

3 in this species begging may not be entirely selfish.

4 : (1) It is unclear in what sense goals are "selfish"; (2) We need an account of how selfish goals mo

5 hat pro-social actions are often followed by selfish actions, thus suggesting that some moral manipul

6 mitigation of the cost incurred by their own selfish activities.

7 In the early bloom phase, selfish activity was accompanied by low extracellular hy

8 imitation after individuals have carried out selfish acts (such as laying eggs).

9 suggest that in contexts where recipients of selfish acts are capable of resistance, the usual predic

10 ifying selection benefiting one genome and a selfish advantage favoring the other [8].

11 envious agents, but affected if we introduce selfish agents that do not update their expectations.

12 n with the altruistic allele dominant to the selfish allele.

13 These selfish alleles are known as 'meiotic drivers', and thei

14 alleles - those that play fair - as well as selfish alleles involved in genetic conflict.

15 a stable equilibrium between altruistic and selfish alleles rather than the elimination of one allel

16 cruited for defense functions; the partially selfish and addictive behavior of the defense systems; a

17 genes, which rescue cooperative systems from selfish and destructive strategies.

18 Participants chose between selfish and generous alternatives, yielding either a lar

19 e social-distance-dependent conflict between selfish and generous motives during prosocial choice, co

20 nce a person as if the goals themselves were selfish and interested only in their own completion.

21 Selfish and mobile genetic elements, such as phages, pla

22 chopathic personality traits are linked with selfish and non-cooperative responses during economical

23 on would not replace but merely compete with selfish and other antisocial impulses.

24 ort-term gains oppose long-term aims or when selfish and prosocial interests collide.

25 In a different pairing, opposing selfish and purifying selection counterbalanced to give

26 isagreeable-that is, behaving in aggressive, selfish, and manipulative ways-help people attain power?

27 gher-income individuals are necessarily more selfish, and suggesting a previously undocumented way in

28 evel conscious processes are as likely to be selfish as prosocial.

29 ative networks are competed directly against selfish autocatalytic cycles, the former grow faster, in

30 A non-essential, selfish B chromosome known as Paternal Sex Ratio (PSR) i

31 orld, and adaptive responses to generous and selfish behavior are crucial to our economic and social

32 that children begin to systematically punish selfish behavior around the age of 6 y, the development

33 have revealed that in non-cooperative games selfish behavior generally dominates over cooperation an

34 e transfer caused by the defense systems and selfish behavior of some of these systems, such as toxin

35 ly, since natural selection typically favors selfish behavior which is not socially optimal.

36 egulated by norms of fairness that constrain selfish behavior.

37 states and microtubule stability enable this selfish behavior.

38 For example, third-party observers punish selfish behaviors committed by out-group members more ha

39 Diverse animal traits suppress selfish behaviors when cooperation is important for fitn

40 (1) promotion of individual fitness through selfish behaviour ("self-promotion") and (2) coercion of

41 er both behavioural contexts, or fixation of selfish behaviour under one context and altruistic behav

42 would appear to lead to a world dominated by selfish behaviour.

43 rely on enforcement mechanisms that suppress selfish behaviour.

44 two functions, and provides support for the selfish brain hypothesis due to the relative preservatio

45 slowing meiotic progression, suggesting that selfish centromeres can be suppressed by regulating meio

46 Selfish centromeres exploit asymmetric female meiosis to

47 tabilizing factors, leading to detachment of selfish centromeres from spindle microtubules that would

48 ere divergence between species, we show that selfish centromeres in two hybrid mouse models use the s

49 meiosis creates selective pressure favoring selfish centromeres that bias their transmission to the

50 s undergoing an evolutionary tug-of-war with selfish centromeric DNA.

51 first 2 h following inhalation, OT increased selfish choices associated with delivery of reward to se

52 y generous choices are slower or faster than selfish choices, and why they produce greater response i

53 ntation to the partner during prosocial than selfish choices.

54 prevents the fixation or loss of D and that selfish chromosomal transmission may affect both individ

55 rganelles and allows the spread of so-called selfish cytoplasmic elements.

56 HEs) promote the evolutionary persistence of selfish DNA elements by catalyzing element lateral trans

57 es, called piRNAs, defend the genome against selfish DNA elements such as transposons.

58 iRNAs) in germline development, silencing of selfish DNA elements, and in maintaining germline DNA in

59 rganisms use DNA methylation to silence such selfish DNA, but the mechanisms that restrict the methyl

60 mosomes are parasitic elements comparable to selfish DNA, like transposons.

61 Our data suggest that transposition of selfish DNA, low effective population size, and high-fid

62 cription of essential genes and silencing of selfish DNA.

63 spread in populations, as predicted by the "selfish-DNA" mechanism; (ii) nonautonomous copies act as

64 adaptation, which illustrates the power of a selfish element (a plasmid in this case) to exploit the

65 We discovered a selfish element causing embryonic lethality in crosses b

66 These include the Medea1 selfish element of Tribolium that spreads via post-zygot

67 is type II R-M system showed attributes of a selfish element.

68 n be engineered into site-specific synthetic selfish elements (SSEs) and demonstrate their transmissi

69 Viruses and/or virus-like selfish elements are associated with all cellular life f

70 te that some self-splicing ribozymes are not selfish elements but are harnessed by cells as metabolit

71 e that amplified repetitive sequences act as selfish elements by promoting expansion of CENP-A chroma

72 Selfish elements can enhance their transmission through

73 It has been suggested that selfish elements could be exploited to modify the genome

74 In female meiosis, selfish elements drive by preferentially attaching to th

75 developmental signals could be exploited by selfish elements for survival within the plant kingdom.

76 tic regulatory system through recruitment of selfish elements in a eukaryotic lineage, and describes

77 The presence of three selfish elements in C. burnetii's 23S rRNA gene is very

78 Two RNAi systems exist to control repetitive selfish elements in Neurospora crassa.

79 toxins for defense, offense or addiction of selfish elements is widely encountered across all life f

80 alism implies a hitchhiking role for viruses-selfish elements just along for the ride.

81 widely regarded as harmful genetic parasites-selfish elements that are rarely co-opted by the genome

82 Homing endonucleases (HEs) are ancient selfish elements that catalyze double-stranded DNA break

83 Transposable elements (TEs) are selfish elements that cause harmful mutations, contribut

84 nd utilize RNAi to defend the genome against selfish elements that manipulate fair meiosis.

85 These selfish elements use microRNA-mediated silencing of a ma

86 her inteins are primordial enzymes or simply selfish elements, whereas biochemists seek to understand

87 us collection of viruses, plasmids and other selfish elements, which are in constant exchange with mo

88 s one further factor-interference with other selfish elements-that could affect their prevalence.

89 ollectives can evolve to take up DNA despite selfish elements.

90 utators of hyper-variable genes, viruses and selfish elements.

91 stems themselves possess certain features of selfish elements.

92 tic screens may turn out to be components of selfish elements.

93 SD is thus evolutionarily "selfish," enhancing its own transmission at the expense

94 rvoir for bacterial innovation despite being selfish entities encoding an infection cycle inherently

95 Supernumerary or B chromosomes are selfish entities that maintain themselves in populations

96 for such games, reputation destabilizes the selfish equilibrium through a novel and robust feedback

97 interpreted as the remnants of a history of selfish evolution.

98 for harmful male traits that is based on the selfish evolutionary interests of sex chromosomes.

99 of biological life but can be threatened by selfish evolutionary strategies.

100 property of the reaction it is resistant to selfish exploitation.

101 epitomizes the evolutionary optimization of selfish extra-chromosomal genomes for stable persistence

102 We present a novel method called Selfish for the comparative analysis of Hi-C data that t

103 volution through gene amplification, and the selfish forces underlying this phenomenon, were dominati

104 conscious goals evolved from unconscious and selfish forms of pursuit.

105 he pressure for coregulation or formation of selfish gene clusters, thus supporting the role of the b

106 Hence, selfish gene drive by one haplotype will impact the evol

107 ions of evolution, and more particularly the selfish gene expression of those interpretations, form b

108 The selfish gene idea is not useful in the physiological sci

109 Among evolutionists, selfish gene theory promotes reductionist approaches whi

110 n an unproven biological paradigm (Dawkins's selfish gene theory) and overemphasizes the role of unco

111 of the publication of Richard Dawkins's The Selfish Gene, we explore the origins of cynical, strateg

112 The connection between selfish genes and selfish goals is not merely metaphoric

113 Selfish genes are DNA elements that increase their rate

114 The analogy with selfish genes pushes the authors towards the former inte

115 Meiotic drivers are selfish genes that bias their transmission into gametes,

116 to meiotic drive and highlights the power of selfish genes to shape genomes, even while imposing trem

117 Selfish genes were once controversial, but it is now acc

118 that these genes, classically considered as selfish genes, outnumber essential or housekeeping genes

119 Selfish genes, such as meiotic drive elements, propagate

120 licing introns associate to form a composite selfish genetic element is a question of long-standing i

121 herefore, widespread prion whose activity as selfish genetic element is counteracted by balancing sel

122 cterized mode of germ-line transmission by a selfish genetic element signifies a mechanistic variatio

123 ype specific to multiple-queen colonies is a selfish genetic element that enhances its own transmissi

124 Here, we describe a chromosomal selfish genetic element, CleaveR [Cleave and Rescue (Clv

125 tem, a modified DNA donor molecule acts as a selfish genetic element, replaces the targeted site and

126 ore are a unique combination of pathogen and selfish genetic element.

127 development and instead is a component of a selfish genetic element.

128 Antagonistic coevolution with selfish genetic elements (SGEs) can drive evolution of h

129 Genomes are vulnerable to selfish genetic elements (SGEs), which enhance their own

130 environments, it also carries risks such as selfish genetic elements (SGEs).

131 of internal evolutionary arms races between selfish genetic elements and the genes of the host genom

132 volutionary study of gene collectives; these selfish genetic elements evolve rapidly, they usually co

133 Although several types of selfish genetic elements exist in nature, few have been

134 Here we show that: (1) when selfish genetic elements have a greater impact at the in

135 e, we report the creation of maternal-effect selfish genetic elements in Drosophila that drive popula

136 e a trois' highlights potential relevance of selfish genetic elements in facilitating lateral gene tr

137 This may also be true for many other selfish genetic elements in natural populations.

138 s provide sequence-specific immunity against selfish genetic elements in prokaryotes.

139 As generated by the fly RNAi pathway silence selfish genetic elements in the soma, much as Piwi-inter

140 ssion spreads more quickly; (2) selection on selfish genetic elements leads them towards a greater im

141 lian inheritance phenomenon in which certain selfish genetic elements skew sexual transmission in the

142 Selfish genetic elements spread in natural populations a

143 o acquire sequence-specific immunity against selfish genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, b

144 However, there is considerable evidence for selfish genetic elements that change the behaviour of in

145 Because selfish genetic elements that reduce sperm competitive a

146 ch to disease prevention involves the use of selfish genetic elements to drive disease-refractory gen

147 s to recognize diverse targets, ranging from selfish genetic elements to genes essential for gametoge

148 ions of horizontal gene transfer and diverse selfish genetic elements to genome evolution undermine t

149 Female meiosis provides an opportunity for selfish genetic elements to violate Mendel's law of segr

150 Most of the classic selfish genetic elements were discovered through their b

151 ses of viruses might descend from primordial selfish genetic elements, bona fide viruses evolved on m

152 endonuclease genes (HEGs), a class of simple selfish genetic elements, could be exploited for this pu

153 Coxiella burnetii contains a large number of selfish genetic elements, including two group I introns

154 tains an unusually high number of conserved, selfish genetic elements, including two group I introns,

155 tem that defends the germline genome against selfish genetic elements.

156 modification with "Cleave and Rescue" (ClvR) selfish genetic elements.

157 somal domains, and to restrain the spread of selfish genetic elements.

158 belies the concept of plasmids as apparently selfish genetic elements.

159 Transposable elements are selfish genetic sequences which only occasionally provid

160 Transposable elements (TEs) are selfish genetic units that typically encode proteins tha

161 selection for the horizontal transfer of a "selfish" genetic element from cell to cell via membrane

162 yces cerevisiae 2-mum plasmid is a multicopy selfish genome that resides in the nucleus.

163 ae 2 micron plasmid exemplifies a benign but selfish genome, whose stability approaches that of the c

164 In contrast, some selfish genomes can take over despite a cost to host fit

165 ing feature among otherwise widely differing selfish genomes suggests their evolutionary convergence

166 maintains genome stability by repression of selfish genomic elements.

167 Accordingly, 'selfish' genotypes that increase their own proliferation

168 Here we argue that the selfish goal concept may well be suitable to explain inc

169 The selfish goal metaphor is interesting and intriguing.

170 The Selfish Goal model challenges traditional agentic models

171 ological core of information processing, the Selfish Goal model denies the kind of locus of control i

172 We discuss the implications of the Selfish Goal model for moral responsibility, arguing it

173 We propose the Selfish Goal model, which holds that a person's behavior

174 ing the contributions and limitations of the Selfish Goal model.

175 ) metaphoric description of the unconscious, selfish goal on three points.

176 Although the proposed Selfish Goal Theory constitutes a major theoretical tour

177 Selfish Goal Theory is compatible with a behaviorally ba

178 Integrating Selfish Goal Theory with evolutionary theory can explain

179 Conceptually integrating Selfish Goal Theory with modern evolutionary psychology

180 Inconsistency, a key principle of Selfish Goal Theory, illustrates this insight.

181 argue that it is possible to go beyond the "selfish goal" metaphor and make an even stronger case fo

182 The selfish goal, at some point in evolution, gave rise to a

183 cified and integrated with the notion of the selfish goal.

184 If selfish goals are not in the replication business, then

185 The metaphor of selfish goals is misguided.

186 The connection between selfish genes and selfish goals is not merely metaphorical.

187 are "selfish"; (2) We need an account of how selfish goals motivate people.

188 The metaphor of selfish goals provides no purchase on this problem.

189 Proximate selfish goals reflect the machinations of more fundament

190 dd depth and nuance to our understanding of "selfish goals" and their implications for human cognitio

191 not only value motivation, which relates to "selfish goals," but also truth motivation and control mo

192 Free Distribution (IFD) and Geometry of the Selfish Herd (GSH) to address an apparent conflict in th

193 iberative self-control necessary to reign in selfish impulses, or does self-interested deliberation r

194 vors agents who use deliberation to override selfish impulses: Deliberation only serves to undermine

195 ndividuals (i.e., 1/1), and the other being "selfish" in that it rewarded the chooser only (i.e., 1/0

196 of social conflicts between cooperative and selfish individuals (cheaters).

197 ce in reports of anger between prosocial and selfish individuals after finding out that others use mo

198 y outcome was a stable equilibrium involving selfish individuals and both discriminating and non-disc

199 Selfish individuals are motivated by anger to retaliate

200 e emergence of cooperation in populations of selfish individuals is a fascinating topic that has insp

201 ative systems are susceptible to invasion by selfish individuals that profit from receiving the socia

202 s that counter evolutionary transitions from selfish individuals to cooperative societies.

203 crimination reduced the benefits obtained by selfish individuals, more so as the number of discrimina

204 nsight into how natural selection, acting on selfish individuals, results in the highly effective col

205 whether cooperation can evolve in a group of selfish individuals.

206 espite this vulnerability to exploitation by selfish individuals.

207 n the same population of both altruistic and selfish individuals.

208 second-order interactions by punishing other selfish individuals.

209 with prior generous individuals and avoiding selfish individuals.

210 ial genomes and the mechanisms that suppress selfish interactions, drawing parallels and contrasts wi

211 olicing can serve a collective rather than a selfish interest.

212 Selfish interests usually preclude resource sharing, but

213 moval of imported DNA and protection against selfish invading DNA elements are also important.

214 ralleled success stemming in large part from selfish invasive strategies.

215 results on simulated and real data show that Selfish is more accurate and robust than state-of-the-ar

216 and disappearance suggest that persistently "selfish" machinery shapes telomere elongation across Dro

217 cruited when altruistic choices prevail over selfish material interests.

218 Thus, selfish meiotic drivers exploit the asymmetry inherent i

219 Second, we situate evaluations of the selfish metaphor within the similarities and differences

220 fied as PPRs is consistent with a history of selfish mitochondrial evolution and compensatory nuclear

221 ribozymes commonly function as components of selfish mobile genetic elements.

222 Polysaccharides can be taken up in a 'selfish' mode, where initial hydrolysis is coupled to tr

223 st mannan by B. thetaiotaomicron presents a 'selfish' model for the catabolism of this difficult to b

224 ur study delineates environmental effects on selfish mtDNA dynamics at different levels of selection.

225 We find that the proliferation of selfish mtDNA within hosts depends on nutrient status st

226 city from accelerating the selection against selfish mtDNA.

227 stasis and neurogenesis, the consequences of selfish mutations that hijack this process within the te

228 s show a dramatic paternal age effect due to selfish mutations: substitutions that grant spermatogoni

229 rs, who match the cooperation of others, and selfish noncooperators.

230 inant Embryonic Arrest ("Medea") factors are selfish nuclear elements that combine maternal-lethal an

231 ignaling and regulatory mechanisms for their selfish oncogenic goals of unlimited proliferation, perp

232 eed to invoke long-range conservation or the selfish operon concept(7).

233 For those games in which the selfish optimal contribution to the common good increase

234 so-called dictator game--they preferred the selfish option.

235 h a partner, subjects could select either a "selfish" option that rewarded only themselves, or a "pro

236 equilibrium conditions including fixation of selfish or altruistic behaviour under both behavioural c

237 Selfish or cheater mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) proliferate

238 Despite often being classified as selfish or junk DNA, transposable elements (TEs) are a g

239 ify led to their initial characterization as selfish or junk DNA; however, it is now known that they

240 wing people to blend into the group (so that selfish or lazy efforts are not punished), but it may al

241 giving and taking can be motivated either by selfish or otherish concerns, we next consider the costs

242 Although 8-y-olds also punished selfish out-group members more harshly, they were equall

243 ionary theory because selection should favor selfish over caring strategies.

244 pwards shift in generosity from an initially selfish partner.

245 Laying workers therefore show a mix of selfish personal reproduction and altruistic cooperative

246 ve derived from the partitioning elements of selfish plasmids.

247 ng generous play and decreased for inferring selfish play.

248 Selfish players are preferentially elected and are hence

249 Across all treatments, we identify the selfish players as extortioners.

250 Thus, our evolved populations function as selfish police that inhibit cheaters, both to their own

251 We present a model whereby 'selfish' positive selection acting on a regulatory varia

252 that is supposed to be attributable to the 'selfish' property.

253 This model identifies a strategy called "selfish punisher" that involves behaving selfishly in fi

254 Selfish punishers cause selfishness to be a self-limitin

255 Examples of selfish punishment can be found in organisms as diverse

256 negatively correlated, leading to a form of selfish punishment.

257 s survive in Arabidopsis by a combination of selfish replication and of amplification of highly diver

258 , we review recent advances in understanding selfish replication and sexual antagonism in the evoluti

259 cytoplasmic genomes evolved to curtail such selfish replication by minimizing within-individual vari

260 Strict selfish replication does not explain all the patterns ob

261 o under which different types of primordial, selfish replicons gave rise to viruses by recruiting hos

262 nd workers enforce cooperation by "policing" selfish reproduction by workers.

263 males use the threat of infanticide to deter selfish reproduction by younger females, but that female

264 hat by age 6, punishment was already biased: Selfish resource allocations received more punishment wh

265 .g., prosocial decisions) and hedonic (e.g., selfish rewards and risky decisions) rewards differentia

266 to show how both intrinsic mutation rate and selfish selection contribute to the mutational burden bo

267 These results support proposed selfish selection of spermatogonial mutations affecting

268 Exhibiting powerful selfish selection, a genome carrying a detrimental mutat

269 negative or lethal consequences, indicating selfish selection.

270 In humans, this selfish self might exert influence over goals, deciding

271 , at some point in evolution, gave rise to a selfish self.

272 Hamilton noted that the spread of "selfish" sex ratio-distorting elements could be rapid an

273 seudoobscura against extinction caused by a "selfish" sex-ratio-distorting element.

274 o engage in costly third-party punishment of selfish sharing behavior.

275 that this happens because programming causes selfish short-term rewards to become less salient, leadi

276 of anger and guilt, as well as prosocial or selfish social preferences in a repeated social dilemma

277 ough a process akin to tumorigenesis, termed selfish spermatogonial selection.

278 , achondroplasia), this process is known as "selfish spermatogonial selection." This mechanism favors

279 onflict, and molecular evidence of the rapid selfish spread of these alleles.

280 intestinal ecosystem, microbes often enforce selfish strategies that limit resource loss to neighbori

281 experiment to explain why altruism can be a selfish strategy from the perspective of genes.

282 t that aggression is favoured primarily as a selfish strategy to compete for resources, despite causi

283 pendent of the individual player's strength: Selfish subjects tend to be voted out of their agency an

284 stinct from those of their hosts, leading to selfish tendencies.

285 ishness in order to signal that they are not selfish themselves.

286 ire a shift in personal priorities away from selfish to more altruistic behaviors.

287 between two differently colored tokens: one "selfish" token resulting in a reward for the actor only

288 of genetic drift and potential selection for selfish traits.

289 of haplotypes under positive selection for 'selfish' traits, such as replicative advantage.

290 , containing origins of replication, governs selfish transmission.

291 of animals from the deleterious activity of selfish transposable elements (TEs) through small-RNA me

292 We aimed to examine the effects of primary (selfish, uncaring) and secondary (impulsive, irresponsib

293 As the bloom progressed, selfish uptake increased markedly, and external hydrolys

294 a broad range of polysaccharides and reduced selfish uptake of polysaccharides, except for laminarin.

295 dict distinct optimal couplings in groups of selfish vs. altruistic agents, reflecting how it can be

296 ls assume that people are fully rational and selfish, while experiments often point to different conc

297 inseminated queen's colony declined because selfish workers invested in personal reproduction at the

298 sed investment in reproductive physiology by selfish workers might result from greater incentive for

299 -Y crossing-over unleashed a second dynamic: selfish X-Y arms races that reshaped the sex chromosomes

300 People are selfish, yet morally motivated.