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1 ified the largest linkage group, LG1, as the sex chromosome.
2 al bias in favor of the dominant segregating sex chromosome.
3 as reshaped the genomic architecture of both sex chromosomes.
4 sms for male coloration genes, mostly on the sex chromosomes.
5 olution of recombination suppression between sex chromosomes.
6 actor contributing to sex differences is the sex chromosomes.
7 ed no role for almost all genes expressed on sex chromosomes.
8 r impacts and account for unique features of sex chromosomes.
9 than XY mice, indicating a primary effect of sex chromosomes.
10 meiotic arrest and impaired inactivation of sex chromosomes.
11 nadal and dosage effects of genes encoded on sex chromosomes.
12 f sexual dimorphism and genomic expansion of sex chromosomes.
13 species with conspicuous heteromorphic ZW/ZZ sex chromosomes.
14 reduced recombination that characterize many sex chromosomes.
15 sinensis (P. sinensis), which exhibits ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes.
16 reveals that these snakes instead possess XY sex chromosomes.
17 cal for male meiosis and the inactivation of sex chromosomes.
18 ally favors recombination suppression on the sex chromosomes.
19 and elevated genetic differentiation on both sex chromosomes.
20 more prevalent in species without dimorphic sex chromosomes.
21 raries showed no evidence for differentiated sex chromosomes.
22 allele may be degrading, similar to neo-Y/W sex chromosomes.
23 ture based on the comparison of gametologous sex chromosomes.
24 lly determined by genetic factors carried by sex chromosomes.
25 ination dynamics of young, homomorphic plant sex chromosomes.
26 y lack external dimorphism and heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
27 ctions, possibly related to conflict between sex chromosomes.
28 sed on the selfish evolutionary interests of sex chromosomes.
29 era, a sexually reproducing group that lacks sex chromosomes.
30 SBs to the pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) of sex chromosomes.
31 ppressed recombination, likely precursors of sex chromosomes.
32 oss a handful of taxa with highly degenerate sex chromosomes.
33 rlying contributions of gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes.
34 ations associated with typical heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
36 to operate in organisms with relatively old sex chromosomes [6]; e.g., Drosophila overexpress X-link
41 rid form characterised by an A. gambiae-like sex chromosome and massive introgression of A. coluzzii
43 ghlights the dynamic evolution of vertebrate sex chromosomes and further enhances the value of snakes
44 , we use mouse models to separate effects of sex chromosomes and hormones on atherosclerosis, circula
45 gene decay, X-Y arms races molded mammalian sex chromosomes and influenced the course of mammalian e
46 erved that sex-related genes are copied from sex chromosomes and inserted into autosomes, a process t
48 the dynamic evolutionary history of songbird sex chromosomes and provide insights into the mechanisms
49 of modern felid genomes and the influence of sex chromosomes and sex-biased dispersal in post-speciat
51 ination allows divergence between homologous sex chromosomes and the functionality of their genes.
52 attles over segregation are rampant on young sex chromosomes and utilize RNAi to defend the genome ag
53 influenced by the evolution of the recipient sex chromosome, and this may be related to speciation.
54 evolution of gene content and dosage on the sex chromosomes, and are regulated by reproductive hormo
59 rodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in sex chromosome aneuploidies can inform appropriate manag
62 the effect of PGSs on 11 RGDs including four sex-chromosome aneuploidies (47,XXX; 47,XXY; 47,XYY; 45,
65 us, our analysis suggests that newly emerged sex chromosomes are a battleground for sexual and meioti
66 duals are viable in many species, suggesting sex chromosomes are at an incipient stage of their evolu
67 lution of sexual dimorphism and expansion of sex chromosomes are both driven through sexual conflict,
68 cy has evolved recently within Asparagus and sex chromosomes are cytogenetically identical with the Y
72 re also necessary for efficient MSCI and the sex chromosomes are not correctly silenced in Zfy-defici
78 phic within species, suggesting that nascent sex chromosomes arise frequently over the course of evol
79 riving both the independent establishment of sex chromosomes as well as their fine-scale sequence str
80 volution of recombination suppression on the sex chromosomes, as has been demonstrated for sex-specif
82 sequesters DDR factors from autosomes to the sex chromosomes at the onset of the pachytene stage, and
83 tor [1-3], with different species exhibiting sex chromosomes at varying stages of differentiation.
84 e of large palindromic structures in a plant sex chromosome, based on a highly contiguous assembly of
85 python (Python bivittatus) indeed possess XY sex chromosomes, based on the discovery of male-specific
86 n is halted between the X and Y chromosomes, sex chromosomes begin to differentiate and transition to
87 lative size of these regions is critical for sex-chromosome biology both from a functional and evolut
88 pid following the establishment of new (neo) sex chromosomes, but it is not known if neo-sex chromoso
90 k shows that the evolutionary forces shaping sex chromosomes can cause relatively rapid changes in th
92 These findings provide direct evidence that sex chromosomes can function through linkage of two sex
94 empirical support for longstanding models of sex chromosome catalysis, and suggest an important role
95 e prevalence of Haldane's rule suggests that sex chromosomes commonly have a key role in reproductive
97 the mechanisms by which gonadal hormones and sex chromosome complement each contribute to lipid metab
98 e Ldlr(-/-) deficient mice with an XX and XY sex chromosome complement had similar sex organ weights
100 d the effect of female (XX) versus male (XY) sex chromosome complement on angiotensin II-induced AAA
102 eptor (Ldlr) deficient mice with an XX or XY sex chromosome complement were infused with angiotensin
103 to deconvolve the interwoven effects of sex, sex chromosome complement, and brain size on human cereb
104 that accompany interwoven variations in sex, sex chromosome complement, and brain size.SIGNIFICANCE S
107 oimaging of humans with typical and atypical sex-chromosome complements has established the marked in
110 e lin-28/let-7/lin-41 heterochronic pathway, sex chromosome configuration and neuron-type-specific te
114 targeting one specific site, we found that a sex chromosome could be selectively eliminated in cultur
115 ce, age of onset, progression and prognosis; sex chromosomes could play a role in these differences.
116 ted that all extant snakes share the same ZW sex chromosomes derived from a common ancestor [1-3], wi
117 dy investigates the origins of the XY(1)Y(2) sex chromosome determination system in P. goeldii (PGO)
120 hese observations paint a dynamic picture of sex chromosome differentiation, suggesting that rapidly
122 ble variation across clades in the degree of sex chromosome divergence, far less is known about the v
125 some-specific forms of regulation, including sex chromosome dosage compensation in the soma and meiot
127 ation occurs that is distinct from canonical sex chromosome dosage compensation or meiotic inactivati
128 male) animals, moths and butterflies exhibit sex chromosome dosage compensation patterns typically se
130 s that the evolutionary pressures imposed by sex chromosome dosage reductions in different amniotes w
132 antagonism for increased transmission, where sex chromosome drive suppression is probably mediated by
136 raw cerebellar volume, (2) compare these to sex chromosome effects estimated across five rare sex (X
137 onal (programmed) and activational (acute)), sex chromosome effects, and the interaction of sex with
142 s, and brown algae, which are a model for UV sex chromosome evolution in the context of a complex hap
143 sex chromosomes, but it is not known if neo-sex chromosome evolution plays an important role in spec
145 ex-specific life cycle stages that can drive sex chromosome evolution to include gametic competition
147 on, and inversions are sometimes involved in sex chromosome evolution, gradual expansion of the non-r
148 supergene does not follow standard models of sex chromosome evolution, in which distinct evolutionary
149 ed recombination is a critical change during sex chromosome evolution, leading to such properties as
150 We specifically address questions related to sex chromosome evolution, sexual dimorphisms, and the ge
158 we reveal patterns of the earliest stages of sex-chromosome evolution in the diploid dioecious herb M
159 The suppression of recombination during sex-chromosome evolution is thought to be favoured by li
161 s which control sex-specific expression, and sex chromosomes evolve through reduced recombination and
163 ant species, one in which separate sexes and sex chromosomes evolved recently and one which maintaine
166 dded regions, and conversion of autosomes to sex chromosomes from which we propose a model of chromos
167 ent sex chromosomes can arise if an existing sex chromosome fuses to an autosome or an autosome acqui
173 in females, emerging evidence suggests that sex-chromosome genes contribute to the male bias in PD.
174 arbitrarily small fitness differences among sex chromosome genotypes can determine the system to whi
185 female typical behaviors, and is directed by sex chromosomes, hormones and early life experiences.
186 tomic and genomic data, to identify distinct sex chromosomes in boas and pythons, demonstrating that
188 e take advantage of independently formed neo-sex chromosomes in Drosophila species that have evolved
190 ffects on global transcription levels of the sex chromosomes in haploid spermatids via regulation of
191 ely frequent and facilitate the evolution of sex chromosomes in humans, and potentially also in other
193 ic: selfish X-Y arms races that reshaped the sex chromosomes in mammals as different as cattle, mice,
196 large body of work studying the role of the sex chromosomes in regulating spermatogenesis (recent re
198 endosymbionts triggered the evolution of new sex chromosomes in the common pillbug Armadillidium vulg
200 in the meiotic progression and silencing of sex chromosomes in the male germline, which may explain
201 ack Y shows convergence with more degenerate sex chromosomes in the retention of haploinsufficient ge
202 previous studies have reported heteromorphic sex chromosomes in the species and yet marker-based stud
205 sms, such as dosage compensation and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI), are mostly assumed f
207 hromosome REs were subject to robust meiotic sex chromosome inactivation, although an extensive de-re
208 erized example of meiotic silencing, meiotic sex chromosome inactivation, we reveal this AAD-containi
212 t this important but elusive heterochromatic sex chromosome is evolving extremely rapidly and harbors
218 Recombination in ancient, heteromorphic sex chromosomes is typically suppressed at the sex-deter
219 tic drive, the non-Mendelian transmission of sex chromosomes, is the expression of an intragenomic co
220 requires zygotic gene expression to read the sex chromosome karyotype, early embryos must remain gend
222 ooth enamel and subsequent identification of sex chromosome-linked isoforms of amelogenin, an enamel-
223 ious or monoecious populations, autosomal or sex chromosomes, local adaptation, dominance, epistasis,
225 t that the translocation of an autosome to a sex chromosome may share a common origin among phylogene
226 acquisition of reproduction-related genes on sex chromosomes may be specific to the male germ line.
229 r analyses point to a complex origin for the sex chromosome of C. gomesi and highlight the utility of
230 ciated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) to study the sex chromosomes of Characidium gomesi, a species with co
235 make up substantial proportions of mammalian sex chromosomes, often contain genes, and have high rate
236 sex hormones and chromosomes, but effects of sex chromosomes on circulating lipids and atherosclerosi
240 ation is a degenerative phenomenon unique to sex chromosomes, or if it conveys a potential selective
243 provides a mechanism for how one member of a sex chromosome pair can experience evolutionary turnover
244 genes were added to an ancestral PAR of the sex chromosome pair in two distinct events probably invo
245 ghly differentiated sex chromosomes, nascent sex chromosome pairs are homomorphic or very similar in
248 he degree of genetic differentiation between sex chromosome pairs, and therefore offer the opportunit
249 play recombination suppression, as occurs in sex chromosomes, plant self-incompatibility loci and fun
250 rus determined the sex of their offspring by sex chromosomes rather than by environmental temperature
251 Our results demonstrate that genes on the sex chromosomes regulate aortic vascular biology and con
252 between related species yet the evolution of sex chromosomes remains poorly understood in all but a f
257 nes are well supported, the possibility that sex chromosomes similarly influence HPA activity is unex
258 eiotic drive can lead to the invasion of new sex chromosomes solely to benefit the driver, and not to
259 has repeatedly resulted in the evolution of sex chromosome-specific forms of regulation, including s
260 aster, a novel but poorly understood form of sex chromosome-specific transcriptional regulation occur
262 mpensation mechanism in an ancient reptilian sex chromosome system and highlights that the evolutiona
263 a closely related dioecious plants whose XY sex chromosome system is inherited from a common ancesto
265 aracterize the structure and conservation of sex chromosome systems across Poeciliidae, the livebeari
273 chromosome fusions occurred, forming Ascaris sex chromosomes that become independent chromosomes foll
274 the evolution of sex-determining systems and sex chromosomes that require studies of young systems, i
276 nts of genes originally present on the proto-sex-chromosome that escaped degeneration, but instead we
278 immune response genes have been localized to sex chromosomes themselves or found to be regulated by s
279 ile trisomic XXY and XYY mice lose the extra sex chromosome through a phenomenon we term trisomy-bias
284 ndromes caused by variation in the number of sex chromosomes: Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome,
286 ur results provide further evidence that the sex chromosomes undergo mosaic events more frequently th
287 r, most sequencing projects have ignored the sex chromosomes unique to the heterogametic sex - Y and
290 sually strong linkage disequilibrium for the sex chromosomes variation within the autosomes has not b
291 suppressed on non-homologous portions of the sex chromosomes via the DSB-responsive kinase ATM, which
293 nts involving individuals with a recombinant sex chromosome we found developmental abnormalities lead
294 different species with independently formed sex-chromosomes, we find that Y-linked genes have evolve
295 often determined by the presence of specific sex chromosomes which control sex-specific expression, a
297 -biased genetic elements-such as the W and X sex chromosomes-will evolve mating preferences for males
298 cross these species in the proportion of the sex chromosome with suppressed recombination, and the de
299 ous plant Mercurialis annua, which has young sex chromosomes with limited X-Y sequence divergence.