ライフサイエンスコーパス: spicule

1 lls and sclerites (e.g., scales, spines, and spicules).

2 nonhistaminergic pruritogens (e.g., cowhage spicules).

3 urchin embryo forms an endoskeletal calcitic spicule.

4 onstitute the protein matrix of the skeletal spicule.

5 port via the primary mesenchyme cells to the spicule.

6 thus increasing the overall strength of each spicule.

7 tment, where they integrate into the growing spicule.

8 together by organic matrix to form laminated spicules.

9 o mineralogically distinct layers within the spicules.

10 ower shocks that drive upward flows and form spicules.

11 rved occurrence and properties of individual spicules.

12 retory system, hermaphrodite vulva, and male spicules.

13 perimental manipulation of isolated skeletal spicules.

14 rant migrations and morphologically abnormal spicules.

15 ype male tail, including those that form the spicules.

16 a-generated acanthocytes were imprinted with spicules.

17 letogenic gene expression at the tips of the spicules.

18 this taxon possessed a skeleton comprised of spicules.

19 ugh the latter are built with biomineralized spicules.

20 develop a structural mechanics model for the spicules.

21 from the endoderm and is concentrated in the spicules.

22 ucture that directs the morphogenesis of the spicules.

23 ls (PMCs), which form the embryonic skeleton spicules.

24 e an endoskeleton consisting of two calcitic spicules.

25 deposition and integration into the forming spicules.

26 t linear, "h"- and "H"-shaped, or triradiate spicules.

27 letal elements of the siliceous sponges, the spicules.

28 Most sponges have biomineralized spicules.

29 r hypothesis predicts independent origins of spicules among sponge classes and presence of transition

30 silicateins in silicification of the sponge spicule and offer the prospect of a new synthetic route

31 nd modern heteroscleromorphs, with hexactine spicules and a globose body form inherited from reticulo

32 rrors were largest for shapes with many long spicules and for spherical shells with a thickness less

33 re presented: (1) the formation of siliceous spicules and frustules in sponges and diatoms, respectiv

34 r solar atmosphere appears to generate these spicules and heat the upper solar atmosphere.

35 We cut micrometer-size notches in the spicules and measure their initiation toughness and aver

36 Studies of mineralization of embryonic spicules and of the sea urchin genome have identified se

37 lineage, the lineage that gives rise to the spicules and other male copulatory structures.

38 nd fine-scale surface features consisting of spicules and spines that scatter light into intense stra

39 larval eyes or ocelli, epidermal calcareous spicules, and a collection of serially reiterated epider

40 s to calcite (CaCO3) formation in sea urchin spicules, and not proto-aragonite or poorly crystalline

41 d morphogenesis of the posterior hypodermis, spicules, and proctodeum.

42 ct SM30 proteins are identified in embryonic spicules, and they have apparent molecular masses of app

43 s diverged in the Cryogenian, but the oldest spicules are Cambrian in age.

44 tial filopodial cables within which skeletal spicules are deposited.

45 Spicules are dynamic jets propelled upwards (at speeds o

46 The sea urchin calcite spicules are formed within a tubular cavity generated by

47 his observation, we found that lin-29 mutant spicules are on average 43% shorter than wild-type spicu

48 Spicules are rapidly evolving fine-scale jets of magneti

49 Spicules are shown to occur when magnetic tension is amp

50 PMCs and spicules are therefore directly exposed to strong change

51 materials (namely mollusk shells and sponge spicules) are discussed here.

52 The skeletal elements, known as spicules, are millimeter-long, axisymmetric, silica rods

53 , e.g., teeth, bones, shells, carapaces, and spicules, are of considerable interest to chemists and m

54 anics calculations and information about the spicules' arrangement within the sponge to develop a str

55 , we question the validity of biomineralized spicules as a necessary criterion for the identification

56 ir-2.1(0) males, the hypercontraction of the spicule-associated muscles pinch the vas deferens openin

57 We show that the SPV and SPD spicule-associated sensory neurons and the spicule socke

58 pressed in the protractor muscles and in the spicule-associated SPC and PCB cholinergic neurons.

59 nstruct an elaborate calcareous endoskeletal spicule beginning at gastrulation.

60 spicule elongation rate and induces ectopic spicule branching.

61 , containing the three molluscan groups with spicules but without true shells, and they support the m

62 ransitional forms with weakly biomineralized spicules, but this prediction has not been tested using

63 50, SM30, and PM27, in the three-dimensional spicule by studying changes in protein localization duri

64 l slit to widen, so that the male copulatory spicules can easily insert.

65 The spicules can function as single-mode, few-mode, or multi

66 evelopment goes awry after the generation of spicule cells, when spicule morphogenesis occurs in wild

67 eticulate, tufted skeleton of minute monaxon spicules, characteristic of the fossil demosponge family

68 A minority of these aggregates had short spicule-coated membranes, which resembled the beginnings

69 e aggregates finally are introduced into the spicule compartment, where they integrate into the growi

70 , while SM30 may play a role in secretion of spicule components.

71 respectively; (2) the structure of skeletal spicules composed of amorphous calcium carbonate in some

72 The difference in spicule composition of the classes is interpreted throug

73 We observed trails of densely interwoven spicules connected directly to the underside or lower fl

74 Silica spicules constitute 75% of the dry weight of the sponge

75 Each spicule contains a central protein filament, shown by x-

76 triggered rapid erythrocyte conversion into spicule-covered echinocytes, followed by MP shedding.

77 cowhage, the nonhistaminergic itch-producing spicules covering the pod of the legume Mucuna pruriens.

78 longation: elongated spicules with defective spicule cuticle can be formed.

79 for both spicule elongation and formation of spicule cuticle.

80 nly necessary but also sufficient to produce spicule cuticle.

81 NA-mediated interference results in the same spicule defect as caused by overexpression of POP-1, a T

82 cues secreted by other cells in the embryo, spicules deposited in PMC culture lack the complex branc

83 in defining the extracellular space in which spicule deposition occurs, while SM30 may play a role in

84 In lin-29 mutants, spicule development goes awry after the generation of sp

85 A TGFbeta-like signal is required for spicule development in Caenorhabditis elegans males.

86 show that during Caenorhabditis elegans male spicule development, the specification of a glial versus

87 body size, but functional in sensory ray and spicule development.

88 LEV-11 (tropomyosin) regulates the spicules directly by controlling the male sex muscles an

89 etinal degeneration and the presence of bone spicules distributed throughout the retina at younger ag

90 eir role in the continued elaboration of the spicule during later stages of embryogenesis.

91 spicule socket cells are essential for both spicule elongation and formation of spicule cuticle.

92 hibition after spicule formation reduces the spicule elongation rate and induces ectopic spicule bran

93 to provide essential mechanical feedback on spicule elongation to the skeletogenic gene regulatory n

94 beta signaling pathways might be involved in spicule elongation.

95 y separable from their function in mediating spicule elongation: elongated spicules with defective sp

96 the Big Bear Solar Observatory, we observed spicules emerging within minutes of the appearance of op

97 the defecation cycle in hermaphrodites, and spicule eversion during mating in the male.

98 ric skeletal elements in demosponges, called spicules, follows a unique biomineralization mechanism i

99 uncated PDGF receptor-beta inhibited gut and spicule formation and differentiation along the oral-abo

100 e role of proteases in these early events of spicule formation and their role in the continued elabor

101 ROCK inhibition after spicule formation reduces the spicule elongation rate an

102 lation (which has been considered before for spicule formation) and by p-modes (which are solar globa

103 verexpressed in regions of increased calcite spicule formation, including 17 calcarins-proteins analo

104 PMCs) are the cells that are responsible for spicule formation.

105 ody size, male tail sensory ray identity and spicule formation.

106 letogenesis, and knockdown of otop2l impairs spicule formation.

107 chymal cells (PMCs) that are responsible for spicule formation.

108 ntly transferred to the syncytium, where the spicule forms.

109 d study of the optical properties of basalia spicules from the glass sponge Euplectella aspergillum a

110 Because cutaneous application of spicules from the plant Mucuna pruriens (cowhage) has be

111 on itch produced by intradermal insertion of spicules from the pods of a cowhage plant (Mucuna prurie

112 s elegans males to protract their copulatory spicules from their tail and insert them into the hermap

113 ons and sheath cells, although important for spicule function, are dispensable for spicule morphology

114 ate that unc-103 controls various aspects of spicule function.

115 emoval of the inhibitor allows resumption of spicule growth.

116 bonate and matrix proteins to the site(s) of spicule growth.

117 rs close to observational limits (< 500 km), spicules have been largely unexplained since their disco

118 rents to different chemical stimuli (cowhage spicules, histamine, capsaicin).

119 ponge monophyly and demosponge-hexactinellid spicule homology, and supports the primitive, stem-silic

120 Continued elaboration of the spicule, however, is completely stopped; addition of the

121 dylcholine into irregular, curved and knobby spicules; i.e., echinocytosis became acanthocytosis.

122 ubunits comprising the axial cores of silica spicules in a marine sponge chemically and spatially dir

123 We present a case of follicular spicules in a patient with MM, which is very reminiscent

124 The arrangement of these spicules in Eiffelia is shown to be precisely equivalent

125 n microscopy (PEEM), here we examine forming spicules in embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea

126 Follicular spicules in MM are probably not caused by the trichodysp

127 The cause of follicular spicules in multiple myeloma (MM) is not known.

128 ation, growth, and morphology of the calcite spicules in the sea urchin larva.

129 e chromosphere is permeated by jets known as spicules, in which plasma is propelled at speeds of 50 t

130 -actin, and vinculin are enriched around the spicules, indicating the formation of focal adhesion com

131 ore, urea converted the axisymmetric conical spicules induced by lysophosphatidylcholine into irregul

132 the subsequent steps of vulva attachment via spicule insertion and sperm transfer.

133 response, backing, turning, vulva location, spicule insertion and sperm transfer.

134 Here, we report that confinement of spicule insertion attempts to the vulva is facilitated b

135 ndependent spicule protraction show abnormal spicule insertion behavior during sex.

136 phrodites, backing, turning, vulva location, spicule insertion, and sperm transfer, culminating in cr

137 response, backing, turning, vulva location, spicule insertion, and sperm transfer.

138 rs undergo prolonged contraction to keep the spicules inside the hermaphrodite until sperm transfer i

139 how the presence of diagnostic hexactinellid spicules integrated into the skeletal mesh.

140 The assembly of these spicules into bundles, effected by the laminated silica-

141 muscle contractions to insert his copulatory spicules into his mate.

142 mating, the insertion of the male copulatory spicules into its mate, requires UNC-103 ERG (ether-a-go

143 ng behavior, the male inserts his copulatory spicules into the hermaphrodite by regulating periodic a

144 f the Caenorhabditis elegans male copulatory spicules into the hermaphrodite during mating.

145 The erythrocytes have numerous spicules irregularly distributed over the cell surface.

146 Each spicule is covered with recurved barbs and has an intern

147 chromospheric plasma in fountainlike jets or spicules is accelerated upward into the corona, with muc

148 The origin of the spicules is poorly understood, although they are expecte

149 spicule traces, in which the cuticle of the spicules is secreted.

150 , as well as other proteins found within the spicule, is central to understanding their function, we

151 process in sponges, particularly in forming spicules, is not well understood.

152 nce (59%), and mild-moderate peripheral bone-spicule-like deposits (63%).

153 he midperipheral retina, accompanied by bone spicule-like pigmentary deposits and a reduced or absent

154 Dilated funduscopy also showed bone spicule-like pigmented deposits, typical for retinitis p

155 apparatus consisting of thousands of anchor spicules (long, hair-like glassy fibers).

156 ges were observed on top of a thick layer of spicule mat (Figure 1 and Video S1), intermixed with und

157 alogous to corals' galaxins localized in the spicule matrix and expressed in sclerocytes.

158 rize the proteins that comprise the integral spicule matrix of the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embr

159 blotting analysis indicates that SM50 is the spicule matrix protein with the most alkaline isoelectri

160 Comparisons between embryonic spicule matrix proteins and adult spine integral matrix

161 eals that there are 12 strongly radiolabeled spicule matrix proteins and approximately three dozen le

162 ular matrix proteins, cell surface proteins, spicule matrix proteins and transcription factors.

163 we undertook to develop methods to localize spicule matrix proteins in intact spicules, using immuno

164 ctrophoresis of [35S]methionine radiolabeled spicule matrix proteins reveals that there are 12 strong

165 oelectric points; however, there are several spicule matrix proteins that have more alkaline isoelect

166 t prevent the continued synthesis of several spicule matrix proteins.

167 ately three dozen less strongly radiolabeled spicule matrix proteins.

168 of a gene, SM50, encoding a component of the spicule matrix, which plays an integral role in the form

169 e rock, covered with a mixed layer of sponge spicule mats intermixed with detrital debris composed of

170 position; small fossils containing putative spicules may specifically record the presence of sponges

171 xtractions categorized as healed, minor bone spicules (MBS), or ORN.

172 after the generation of spicule cells, when spicule morphogenesis occurs in wild-type males.

173 Caenorhabditis elegans male spicule morphogenesis requires the coordinated cellular

174 During spicule morphogenesis, the expression of an egl-17::GFP

175 lt of failure of socket cell movement during spicule morphogenesis.

176 Cs), are important both for PMC guidance and spicule morphogenesis.

177 demonstrate that substrate stiffness alters spicule morphology and growth, indicating a mechanosensi

178 Similarly, the spicule morphology clearly differed between both treatme

179 in-31 result in identical cell migration and spicule morphology defects.

180 Calcification rate, spicule morphology, major biochemical constituents (prot

181 nt for spicule function, are dispensable for spicule morphology.

182 These repetitive spicule movements continue until the male shifts off the

183 is required for the male to sustain rhythmic spicule muscle contractions during attempts to breach th

184 hrodite by regulating periodic and prolonged spicule muscle contractions.

185 NAD(+) salvage pathway, cannot mate due to a spicule muscle defect.

186 nt ACh receptors and calcium channels in the spicule muscles to mediate these contractile behaviors.

187 opodia that elongates anteriorly towards the spicule muscles.

188 R-3(mAChR)/G alpha(q) pathway sensitizes the spicule neurons and muscles before and during mating so

189 We found that the spicule neurons and sheath cells, although important for

190 tocoelic cavity, as well as abnormalities in spicule number and shape.

191 scan shells; (4) the development of skeletal spicules of sea urchin embryos; and (5) the formation of

192 indrically layered architecture found in the spicules of the marine sponge Euplectella aspergillum.

193 hat silicatein-a protein found in the silica spicules of the sponge Tethya aurantia--can hydrolyse an

194 organisms, including the primitive skeleton (spicule) of the sea urchin embryo, the structural and fu

195 rganic core of the glassy skeletal elements (spicules) of a marine sponge, has led to the development

196 monkey after topical application of cowhage spicules or intradermal injection of histamine and capsa

197 n sponges may have had weakly biomineralized spicules or lacked them altogether, hence their poor rec

198 of eight shell plates (valves) surrounded by spicules or scales, and fossil evidence suggests that th

199 letal structures, such as frustules, shells, spicules, or scales.

200 On the other hand, epidermal spicules originate from both pretrochal and postrochal c

201 nts of these parameters in the native sponge spicules, our modeling results correlate remarkably well

202 ive in TGF-beta signaling display a crumpled spicules phenotype as a result of failure of socket cell

203 us photography, such as depigmentation, bone-spicule pigmentation, vascular tortuosity, retinal pigme

204 ) amplitudes, cataract, and funduscopic bone spicule pigmentation.

205 thy volunteers with heat-inactivated cowhage spicules previously soaked in the peptide.

206 ro, also using XANES-PEEM, assay to identify spicule proteins that may play a role in stabilizing var

207 itability levels that regulate the timing of spicule protraction and the success of male mating behav

208 unc-103-induced spicule protraction can be suppressed by killing the SPC

209 Additionally, unc-103-induced spicule protraction can be suppressed by reducing a phar

210 UNC-103 also regulates the timing of spicule protraction during mating behavior.

211 males that do not display mating-independent spicule protraction show abnormal spicule insertion beha

212 holinergic transmission reduces drug-induced spicule protraction, suggesting that drug-stimulated neu

213 rg1); unc-103(lf) males restores spontaneous spicule protraction.

214 elated gene/UNC-103 K(+) channels to control spicule protraction.

215 we show that specific slo-1 isoforms affect spicule protraction.

216 lopment is critical for function of the male spicule protractor muscles during adulthood, but these m

217 ACh (acetylcholine) activates nAChRs on the spicule protractor muscles to induce the attached spicul

218 Cowhage spicules provide an important model for histamine-indepe

219 te gonad and for the development of the male spicule, rays and gonad.

220 uniform silicon structures, the anisotropic spicule requires greater force for detachment from colla

221 aics, that the formation of wild-type-length spicules requires lin-29(+) in the AB.p lineage, the lin

222 the years; (2) retinal examination with bone spicules, retinal vascular sheathing, or retinal hemorrh

223 We find that while the spicule's architecture provides toughness enhancements,

224 ca cylinder progressively decreases from the spicule's core to its periphery, which we hypothesize is

225 nes serving as illumination points along the spicule shaft.

226 tor, induces spiculogenesis and controls the spicule shape in PMC culture.

227 same length and volume, we predict that the spicules' shape enhances this critical load by up to 30%

228 We also find that the spicules' shape is close to the shape of the column that

229 chanics model along with measurements of the spicules' shape to estimate the load they can transmit b

230 one of the matrix proteins of the sea urchin spicule, SM 30, has been shown to contain a carbohydrate

231 nt occluded matrix protein in the sea urchin spicules, SM50, stabilizes ACC . H(2)O in vitro.

232 an egl-17::GFP reporter gene is found in the spicule socket cells and its expression appears to be re

233 In contrast, the spicule socket cells are essential for both spicule elon

234 D spicule-associated sensory neurons and the spicule socket neuronal support cells function with intr

235 03(lf) alleles cause males to protract their spicules spontaneously in the absence of mating cues.

236 nhibitor during the active elongation of the spicule stops further elongation immediately.

237 ted from California purple sea urchin larval spicules, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) ACC were studie

238 To evaluate this hypothesis, we created a spicule structural mechanics model, in which we fixed th

239 e two antigens are widely distributed in the spicule, suggest that this technique should be applicabl

240 Cambrian silica hexactine spicules that are approximately 535 Myr old now represen

241 tein could not be detected on the surface of spicules that had been isolated from embryo homogenates

242 ptic sex muscles execute rhythmic copulatory spicule thrusts.

243 ment through cellular endings exposed at the spicule tips and regulate both sperm release into the he

244 When the spicule tips penetrate the vulva, the protractors underg

245 ules to extend from the male tail before the spicule tips penetrate the vulva.

246 xperiments emphasize the similarity of these spicules to commercial optical fibers, the absence of an

247 e premature prolonged contractions cause the spicules to extend from the male tail before the spicule

248 le protractor muscles to induce the attached spicules to extend from the tail.

249 s undergo periodic contractions to allow the spicules to reattempt insertion if a previous thrust fai

250 tal materials (bone, shark cartilage, sponge spicules) to attachment devices (mussel byssal threads),

251 ions of these cells form cellular molds, the spicule traces, in which the cuticle of the spicules is

252 emporally and spatially, specific to certain spicule types, indicating that fine-tuned gene regulatio

253 We find, however, that the spicules use a completely new strategy.

254 o localize spicule matrix proteins in intact spicules, using immunogold techniques and scanning elect

255 However, when isolated spicules were etched for 2 min with dilute acetic acid (

256 long after their divergences or Precambrian spicules were not amenable to fossilization.

257 isolated from the skin lesions; however, the spicules were positive for Merkel cell carcinoma virus,

258 the constraints imposed by neighboring bone spicules, which limit the amount of interstitium from wh

259 es are on average 43% shorter than wild-type spicules while other male mating structures appear unalt

260 tear and treated retinoblastoma scar), bone spicules, white without pressure, and peripheral drusen,

261 that results in oriented single-crystalline spicules with a complex branching shape and smoothly cur

262 n in mediating spicule elongation: elongated spicules with defective spicule cuticle can be formed.

263 biomineralized and hexactine-based siliceous spicules with large axial filaments and high organic pro

264 e compare magnetohydrodynamic simulations of spicules with observations from the Interface Region Ima

265 -selective, producing mesostructured silicon spicules with skeletonlike morphology, 3D tectonic motif