ライフサイエンスコーパス: spikelet

1 he electrical connectivity between neurons ('spikelets').

2 derived position below a cluster of flowers (spikelet).

3 in the timing of initiation of the terminal spikelet.

4 ne duplication in the evolution of the grass spikelet.

5 of the lower floret from a maize (Zea mays) spikelet.

6 ion, resulting in two functional florets per spikelet.

7 genes in different regions of the floret and spikelet.

8 at ears accumulated up to 40% fewer necrotic spikelets.

9 polar or bipolar deflections that are termed spikelets.

10 in the membrane potential of neurons, termed spikelets.

11 utant when applied during infection of wheat spikelets.

12 nal spikelet and a limited number of lateral spikelets.

13 d with two-rowed spikes with sterile lateral spikelets.

14 as branches with production of higher order spikelets.

15 ontrol the variation of the number of seeded spikelets.

16 omplex spikes containing a greater number of spikelets.

17 ers are organized on small branches known as spikelets.

18 ave been involved in the evolution of paired spikelets.

19 pikelets and in the secondary florets of ear spikelets.

20 p, and present only in the developing median spikelets.

21 g indeterminate branches to form in place of spikelets.

22 nly in lemmas, paleas and awns of developing spikelets.

23 shoots and in the outer glumes of staminate spikelets.

24 ikelets, and in the secondary florets of ear spikelets.

25 Mutant tassels produce fewer branches and spikelets.

26 absent, and when present, are small with few spikelets.

27 e frequency of occurrence of the spontaneous spikelets.

28 rpel and awn emergence in developing lateral spikelets.

29 A and Gpmk1 MAP kinase by compounds in wheat spikelets.

30 ative tillers subtended by leaves instead of spikelets.

31 transition from glumes to florets in apical spikelets.

32 ulting in homeotic conversion of bristles to spikelets.

33 by a number of secondary components, termed spikelets.

34 fferences in the number of developed lateral spikelets.

35 nsitions from florets to glumes in the basal spikelets.

36 reflected a relationship with non-propagated spikelets.

37 ecede complex spikes with greater numbers of spikelets.

38 e waveform is composed of varying numbers of spikelets.

39 IDS1 (barley ortholog of maize INDETERMINATE SPIKELET 1) is a putative downstream target of COM2.

40 eflecting the hyperpolarization component of spikelets (a synapse-evoked action potential passively p

41 Cross-correlation of spikelet activity and membrane potential revealed direct

42 es of Cx36-KO mice displayed lower levels of spikelet activity compared to WT mice, indicating reduce

43 elet kinetics and lack of a direct effect on spikelet activity from hyperpolarizing current injection

44 stics and our functional characterization of spikelet activity indicate that spikelets originate from

45 In 'two-rowed' spikes, the central spikelet alone is fertile and sets grain, while in 'six-

46 d quantitatively as a saturating function of spikelet amplitude, rate of rise, or preceding interspik

47 cence is an unbranched spike with a terminal spikelet and a limited number of lateral spikelets.

48 Branch, spikelet and floral meristems that form in these lines a

49 pes of determinate meristems: spikelet pair, spikelet and floral meristems.

50 elet pair and spikelet meristem convert into spikelet and floret meristems, respectively.

51 nts showed delayed formation of the terminal spikelet and increased number of spikelets per spike.

52 rstanding of the mechanisms underlying wheat spikelet and spike development can inform future strateg

53 nd FUL3 play critical and redundant roles in spikelet and spike development, and also affect flowerin

54 f independent RNAi events, variation in both spikelet and tiller numbers correlated with the level of

55 acids accumulated over time in unpollinated spikelets and cobs, especially Asn.

56 ical activity has been attributed to ectopic spikelets and dendro-dendritic or axo-axonal gap junctio

57 ayed PTD and increased differentiated apical spikelets and final spikelet number, suggesting a possib

58 es is crucial for the correct development of spikelets and florets, and that this balance has been al

59 d the abortion of pistils in both the tassel spikelets and in the secondary florets of ear spikelets.

60 Six-rowed spikes show fertile lateral spikelets and produce increased grain yield per spike, c

61 Next, the relationship between CS spikelets and SS activity was investigated.

62 thway results in the arrest of stamen in ear spikelets and the abortion of pistils in both the tassel

63 contrast, binocular disparity preferences of spikelets and the principal neuron were unrelated.

64 pair meristem initiates more than a pair of spikelets and the spikelet meristem initiates more than

65 sses produce florets on a structure called a spikelet, and variation in the number and arrangement of

66 and 18 d after silking; dissected into cob, spikelet, and/or pedicel and kernel fractions; then anal

67 s have a similar waveform to the spontaneous spikelets, and also show the ability to override the fre

68 primary and secondary florets of the tassel spikelets, and in the secondary florets of ear spikelets

69 vity, including subthreshold depolarization, spikelets, and suprathreshold responses with widely dist

70 expression in only the upper flowers of the spikelet appears to be the ancestral state; expression i

71 ory module provides an opportunity to modify spikelet architecture and improve grain yield.

72 In most grasses, spikelets are borne singly on the inflorescence.

73 However, paired spikelets are characteristic of the Andropogoneae, a tri

74 Spikelets are indeterminate and give rise to a variable

75 that complex spikes with greater numbers of spikelets are preceded by higher simple spike firing rat

76 EED2 RNA but functional pistils found in ear spikelets are protected from cell death by the action of

77 isplay noncanonical spike-branching in which spikelets are replaced by lateral branch-like structures

78 three spikelets (one central and two lateral spikelets) are produced at each rachis internode.

79 oxygenase (Rubisco) to show that the sterile spikelet assimilates carbon, which is translocated to th

80 bserved for very high frequencies or for the spikelets associated with complex spikes.

81 op a central spikelet flanked by two lateral spikelets at each inflorescence node.

82 ies, which bear one to three single-flowered spikelets at each rachis internode.

83 Fertility of the lateral spikelets at triple spikelet meristem gives row-type ide

84 ) with tri-partite clusters of uni-floretted spikelets attached alternately along its length.

85 opment on LR, designated as Lsa1 for lateral spikelet awnless 1.

86 nshattering domesticated rice (Oryza sativa) spikelet bases increased over this period from 27% to 39

87 ains of biphasic waves, which we have termed spikelets because of their similarity to truncated actio

88 Thus, the sterile spikelet, but not the awn, affects yield in the cultivat

89 of AP2L2 (henceforth ap2l2) developed normal spikelets, but ap2l2 ap2l5 double mutants generated spik

90 grain, while in 'six-rowed' spikes, lateral spikelets can also produce grain.

91 ing photosynthate allocation to the grain by spikelet clipping significantly increased white root bio

92 tary experiments (variety, mutant study, and spikelet clipping) to examine the impacts of rice plant

93 APO1 transcription domains in the developing spikelets contributes to normal floret development.

94 number and arrangement of both branches and spikelets contributes to the great diversity of grass in

95 duction of TaFROG by F. graminearum in wheat spikelets correlated with the activation of the defense

96 The probability of propagation of individual spikelets could be described quantitatively as a saturat

97 The number of spikelets/CS correlated with the average SS firing rate

98 tassel with increased lateral branching and spikelet density compared with nontransgenic siblings.

99 ets diseased and amount of fungal biomass in spikelets, depicting the role of HvWRKY23 in disease res

100 with lateral spikelet fertility and loss of spikelet determinacy.

101 -phosphate homeostasis implicated to control spikelet determinacy.

102 le of Ppd-1, which hastens the completion of spikelet development and accelerates flowering time.

103 iscovers a key regulatory mechanism of grass spikelet development and suggests that the role of JA in

104 six-rowed spike3 (vrs3) mutants with altered spikelet development for gene identification and functio

105 MOS1 may regulate the transition to terminal spikelet development in other closely related and agricu

106 ancestral role for TGA1-like genes in early spikelet development, but do not support the hypothesis

107 OI1b, to trigger OsJAZ1's degradation during spikelet development.

108 ting OsMADS1, an E-class gene crucial to the spikelet development.

109 similar expression profiles to AP2L5 during spikelet development.

110 Principal neurons and spikelets did not, however, generally share preferences

111 and recordings of fast prepotentials called 'spikelets', direct evidence for such coupling remains sp

112 eum vulgare L.) are characterized by sessile spikelets directly borne on the main axis, thus forming

113 o associated with an increased proportion of spikelets diseased and amount of fungal biomass in spike

114 creased numbers of flowers in tassel and ear spikelets, disrupted rowing in the ear, fused kernels, a

115 Spikelets exhibited matched orientation tuning preferenc

116 We found that spikelet expression is regulated by somatic, and not by

117 Our model predicts the occurrence of spikelets (fast prepotentials) in some pyramidal cells d

118 2) were specifically associated with lateral spikelet fertility and loss of spikelet determinacy.

119 s1 (HvHox1), a negative regulator of lateral spikelet fertility in barley.

120 ations in barley TB1 correlated with lateral spikelet fertility phenotypes.

121 ative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for rice spikelet fertility under high temperature at flowering s

122 vrs3, vrs4 or vrs5 alleles increased lateral spikelet fertility, despite the presence of a functional

123 ransport gibberellin (GA), a key hormone for spikelet fertility, sterility and BB susceptibility migh

124 ding rate, shoot biomass, stem strength, and spikelet fertility.

125 se complete to intermediate gains of lateral spikelet fertility.

126 During complex spikes, where Na(+)-mediated spikelets fire atop slower depolarizing conductances, se

127 Hordeum species develop a central spikelet flanked by two lateral spikelets at each inflor

128 Sos1 mutants have fewer branches and spikelets for two reasons: (1) fewer spikelet pair meris

129 The completion of spikelet formation is promoted by FLOWERING LOCUS T2, wh

130 ed post-processing exploiting the known CPMG spikelet frequencies allowed to probe the near-absence o

131 omatic-dendritic recordings that demonstrate spikelet generation at axosomatic membranes.

132 Salt treatment was found to reduce spikelet growth, silk growth, and kernel set.

133 Spikelets have been proposed to originate from various s

134 The vrs3 allele caused loss of spikelet identity and determinacy, improved grain homoge

135 -like proteins were expressed throughout the spikelet in the early development of all grasses, and th

136 of Kcnc3-null Purkinje cells revealed fewer spikelets in complex spikes and a lower intraburst frequ

137 cited slow membrane current oscillations and spikelets in ET cells when synaptic transmission and int

138 ia also cause disease symptoms on inoculated spikelets in infection assays with barley and Brachypodi

139 Removal of sterile spikelets in sorghum significantly decreases seed weight

140 The number of spikelets in the complex spike waveform is increased aft

141 lk1 (ba1) mutants produce fewer branches and spikelets in the inflorescence due to defects in auxin b

142 t of maize produces single instead of paired spikelets in the inflorescence.

143 of the body wall evoked fast, short-duration spikelets in the MGF, which we suggest are the product o

144 s to produce ears and has fewer branches and spikelets in the tassel, indicating that ba2 functions i

145 Andropogoneae bear their flowers in pairs of spikelets in which one spikelet (seed-bearing or sessile

146 pping gene expression patterns in leaves and spikelets indicate that FUL1 and FUL2 probably share som

147 (RR) metabolites to contain the pathogen to spikelet infection.

148 Interactions amongst VRS genes control spikelet infertility, determinacy and outgrowth, and nov

149 Mutations in hvcen accelerated spikelet initiation and reduced axillary bud number in a

150 d that HvCEN interacts with HvFT3 to control spikelet initiation.

151 n the mutants, which produce two florets per spikelet instead of one.

152 Division of spikelets into likely axonally propagated and non-propag

153 and hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum), the spikelet is a short indeterminate branch with two proxim

154 In addition, the lower floret of each ear spikelet is aborted early in its development, leaving th

155 The spikelet is the basal unit of inflorescence in grasses,

156 The spikelet is the basic unit of the grass inflorescence.

157 The function of the sterile spikelet is unknown and that of the awn has not been tes

158 efore suggest that one important function of spikelets is the modulation of Purkinje cell simple spik

159 Spikelet kinetics and lack of a direct effect on spikele

160 e examined the functional characteristics of spikelets measured in neurons from cat primary visual co

161 GABAergic IPSCs and/or depolarizing events (spikelets, mediated via electrical coupling) in a large

162 FF recruitment of the spikelet-mediated inhibition curtails the integration ti

163 le for LHS1 in specifying determinacy of the spikelet meristem and also in determining the identity o

164 types of axillary meristem: branch meristem, spikelet meristem and floral meristem.

165 quired for specifying a single floret on the spikelet meristem and for floret organ development, but

166 In the absence of ids1 gene function, the spikelet meristem becomes indeterminate and produces add

167 itiating one meristem, the spikelet pair and spikelet meristem convert into spikelet and floret meris

168 In addition, spikelet meristem determinacy is altered in the mutants,

169 kelet1 (ids1), an APETALA2 gene required for spikelet meristem determinacy, is a key target of ts4.

170 to initiate floral meristems and to control spikelet meristem determinacy.

171 specifying bristle identity and maintaining spikelet meristem determinacy.

172 pikelet1 (ids1) that specifies a determinate spikelet meristem fate and thereby limits the number of

173 hat the function of this gene in determining spikelet meristem fate is conserved with distantly relat

174 peating unit of the maize inflorescence, the spikelet meristem gives rise to an upper and a lower flo

175 Fertility of the lateral spikelets at triple spikelet meristem gives row-type identity to barley spik

176 APETALA2 transcription factor related to the spikelet meristem identity genes branched silkless1 (bd1

177 data support similar roles for both genes in spikelet meristem identity, a general role for FUL1 in f

178 he transition to flowering, specification of spikelet meristem identity, and specification of floral

179 tiates more than a pair of spikelets and the spikelet meristem initiates more than the normal two flo

180 is required for the timely conversion of the spikelet meristem into the floral meristem.

181 In maize, the spikelet meristem is determinate, producing one floral m

182 Triple spikelet meristem is one of the unique features of barle

183 ize mutation that alters the identity of the spikelet meristem, causing indeterminate branches to for

184 increased number of floret meristems by each spikelet meristem.

185 ereas the male floral meristem converts to a spikelet meristem.

186 and is expressed in a distinct domain of the spikelet meristem.

187 eristem identity from lateral domains of the spikelet meristem.

188 suppressing indeterminate growth within the spikelet meristem.

189 spikelet1 (ids1) ifa1 double mutants, female spikelet meristems convert to branch meristems and male

190 ristems convert to branch meristems and male spikelet meristems convert to spikelet pair meristems.

191 ower number; it is strongly expressed in all spikelet meristems even as they are producing flowers, a

192 These in turn initiate spikelet meristems which finally produce the floret meri

193 ion of axillary meristems (spikelet-pair and spikelet meristems) that are unique to grasses.

194 ed, the spikelet pair meristem, produces two spikelet meristems, each of which produces two floral me

195 ed by determinate axillary spikelet-pair and spikelet meristems.

196 ms that are produced make one instead of two spikelet meristems.

197 types of lateral organ primordia as well as spikelet meristems.

198 acid (JA) in determining rice (Oryza sativa) spikelet morphogenesis.

199 lume 1 (eg1) and eg2 mutants exhibit altered spikelet morphology with changed floral organ identity a

200 Other spikelet-neuron pairs revealed indirect effects, likely

201 ommon wheat cultivar increases the number of spikelet nodes per spike and produces more tillers and s

202 In this study, we identified a gene, SPIKELET NUMBER (SPIKE), from a tropical japonica rice l

203 The extent to which differences in spikelet number affect simple spike activity (and vice v

204 extent to which differences in complex spike spikelet number affects simple spike activity (and vice

205 loci (QTL) related to yield traits, such as spikelet number and 1000-seed weight.

206 moted by FLOWERING LOCUS T2, which regulates spikelet number and is activated by Ppd-1.

207 d gene variants that contribute to increased spikelet number and yield.

208 eased indica cultivar IRRI146, and increased spikelet number in the genetic background of other popul

209 processing, and suggests that complex spike spikelet number may maintain Purkinje cells within their

210 nts flowered early and showed a reduction in spikelet number per spike, tiller number, and yield in t

211 of the gene in controlling tiller number and spikelet number per spike.

212 let interval) showed that the correlation of spikelet number with SS firing rate primarily reflected

213 hanges in primary branch number and density, spikelet number, and bristle (sterile branchlet) number;

214 nd overexpressor lines revealed increases in spikelet number, leaf size, root system, and the number

215 ed differentiated apical spikelets and final spikelet number, suggesting a possible strategy to incre

216 are reduced in a manner that is graded with spikelet number.

217 In contrast, correlations across CSs between spikelet numbers and the amplitudes of the SS modulation

218 pagation of high-frequency simple spikes and spikelets of complex spikes is likely to regulate inhibi

219 mutant reduced vegetative characteristics in spikelets of squamosa mutants.

220 re required for generation of the repetitive spikelets of the complex spike.

221 Additionally, one bract of the SS spikelet often produces a long extension, the awn, that

222 assel and a single pistillate floret in each spikelet on the ear includes a pistil abortion process t

223 e formation of two staminate florets in each spikelet on the tassel and a single pistillate floret in

224 barley control the fertility of the lateral spikelets on the barley inflorescence.

225 Finally, we examined the impact of spikelets on the principal neuron's membrane potential;

226 ue features of barley spikes, in which three spikelets (one central and two lateral spikelets) are pr

227 inflorescence branches terminate in either a spikelet or a sterile bristle, and these structures appe

228 an FUL2, but both genes are expressed in all spikelet organs in some cereals.

229 , FUL1 has a wider expression pattern in all spikelet organs than FUL2, but both genes are expressed

230 erization of spikelet activity indicate that spikelets originate from a separate, nearby cell.

231 After initiating one meristem, the spikelet pair and spikelet meristem convert into spikele

232 The spikelet pair meristem initiates more than a pair of spi

233 The first meristem formed, the spikelet pair meristem, produces two spikelet meristems,

234 e and the outer layer and glume primordia of spikelet pair meristems and floral meristems, respective

235 hes and spikelets for two reasons: (1) fewer spikelet pair meristems are produced due to defects in i

236 s in inflorescence meristem size and (2) the spikelet pair meristems that are produced make one inste

237 ouble mutants extra branching is observed in spikelet pair meristems, a meristem that is not affected

238 y localized in specific cells at the base of spikelet pair meristems.

239 The inflorescence meristem initiates spikelet pair meristems.

240 stems and male spikelet meristems convert to spikelet pair meristems.

241 oduces three types of determinate meristems: spikelet pair, spikelet and floral meristems.

242 explain the formation of axillary meristems (spikelet-pair and spikelet meristems) that are unique to

243 structures, produced by determinate axillary spikelet-pair and spikelet meristems.

244 It is associated with increased number of spikelets per spike and decreased kernel size.

245 on of 5AL colocalized with QTL for number of spikelets per spike, kernel weight, kernel length, and t

246 he terminal spikelet and increased number of spikelets per spike.

247 bly, MpLOS1 expression rescued the elongated spikelet phenotype of a MpLOS1 homolog in rice.

248 e si1 zag1 double mutant produces a striking spikelet phenotype where normal glumes enclose reiterate

249 potentials in fast-spiking interneurones and spikelet potentials in both pyramidal and stellate princ

250 e pistil in each floret was fertile, but the spikelet produced just one kernel composed of a fused en

251 In normal maize (Zea mays), each spikelet produces an upper and lower floral meristem, wh

252 ain events increased B. tectorum biomass and spikelet production in INTR plots only.

253 elayed emergence, yet there was no change in spikelet production or biomass accumulation at the time

254 These observations suggest that the spikelets result from electrotonic coupling between the

255 elet, which together with a higher number of spikelets, resulted in a significant increase in the num

256 f these three genes in the fate of the upper spikelet ridge and the suppression of the lower leaf rid

257 ion in the presence of a naked caryopsis and spikelet row number between eastern and western barley a

258 r flowers in pairs of spikelets in which one spikelet (seed-bearing or sessile spikelet [SS]) of the

259 Spikelets shared a number sensory selectivities with the

260 Among these branches are the spikelets, short grass-specific structures, produced by

261 ion factors within the lateral organs of the spikelet, similar to the function of AP2 in Arabidopsis,

262 which one spikelet (seed-bearing or sessile spikelet [SS]) of the pair produces a seed and the other

263 Spikelet statistics and functional properties suggest th

264 nce, and tolerance to cold- and heat-induced spikelet sterility could provide benefits similar to tho

265 y vary in the number of florets within their spikelets, suggesting that ids1 may play a role in inflo

266 -activated inward currents and subthreshold "spikelets," suggestive of electrical coupling.

267 e development suggests a role in pedicellate spikelet suppression.

268 Within the spikelet, the basic repeating unit of the maize inflores

269 h as the presence/absence of the pedicellate spikelet, the data indicate multigenic inheritance with

270 t are borne in a unique structure called the spikelet, the fundamental unit of inflorescence architec

271 ynchronized occurrence of distinct groups of spikelets; their rate and distribution enabled an accura

272 s to assess amino acid metabolism in cob and spikelet tissues during the critical 2 weeks following s

273 ted in leafy glumes and lemmas, reversion of spikelets to spikes, and downregulation of MADS-box gene

274 tity gene, show its role in facilitating the spikelet-to-floret meristem transition.

275 rd inhibition, the depolarizing component of spikelets transiently increases the peak amplitude of EP

276 Therefore, spikelet transmission can propagate within the BC networ

277 ffects of shared synaptic depolarization and spikelet transmission.

278 Second, fast spike-triggered spikelets transmitted through gap junctions conditionall

279 ion of neurons that generates Ca(2+) -driven spikelets upon depolarization and stimulation with odora

280 osa mutants, which produce more branches and spikelets, was investigated.

281 local interneurons, in which Ca(2+) -driven spikelets were absent, had no ChAT-like immunoreactivity

282 ion, complex spikes with a greater number of spikelets were associated with a subsequent reduction in

283 ood of bursts and the interval between their spikelets were controlled by Ca(2+) acting across two na

284 ntial; we did observe some records for which spikelets were correlated with the membrane potential of

285 The spikelets were inhibited by TTX and anaesthetics such as

286 al findings, gap junction-dependent feedback spikelets were only observed in Hb9(+) DSGCs.

287 cted to inoculated wheat (Triticum aestivum) spikelets, whereas the wild-type strain colonized the wh

288 eld component is the number of grain-holding spikelets which form on the spike during inflorescence d

289 The spikelet, which is a short branch bearing the florets, i

290 the ful2-null mutant showed more florets per spikelet, which together with a higher number of spikele

291 In cereals, flowers and grain are borne from spikelets, which differentiate in the final iteration of

292 barley, Lem1 mRNA was absent in the lateral spikelets, which fail to develop, and present only in th

293 urrent oscillations associated with rhythmic spikelets, which were sensitive to the gap junction bloc

294 cted both duration before and after terminal spikelet while not affecting final leaf number (FLN) so

295 s in vascular bundles of directly inoculated spikelets, while these callose deposits were not observe

296 ts, but ap2l2 ap2l5 double mutants generated spikelets with multiple empty bracts before transitionin

297 dividual amino acid levels in young cobs and spikelets, with Asn being the most notably enhanced.

298 2+) channel block can decrease the number of spikelets within a complex spike and can even block sing

299 Relative fertility of lateral spikelets within each cluster leads to spikes with two o

300 The number of spikelets within individual complex spikes is highly var