ライフサイエンスコーパス: sugar

1 f nonpolar packing interactions of the fifth sugar.

2 id metabolism along with the availability of sugars.

3 stability and high selectivity for reducing sugars.

4 HH mAb-Ds had non-human sugars.

5 nvert lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars.

6 with an overall yield of 0.329 g/g available sugars.

7 ffset the obesogenic effects of some dietary sugars.

8 voring caries to a greater degree than other sugars.

9 g, manly oleic and linoleic acids), and free sugars (5.4 g/100 g) than the unviable ones.

10 bond to the pyranoside ring in higher carbon sugars, a model is advanced that relates the relative co

11 ucose levels by decreasing the rate of blood sugar absorption.

12 rry shrivel (BS) is characterized by reduced sugar accumulation, low anthocyanin contents, and high a

13 lant exposure to carbon monoxide) can reduce sugar accumulation, thus disrupting or delaying the reco

14 hey contain extraterrestrial amino acids and sugar acids (aldonic acids) with large enantiomeric exce

15 succinic, adipic and terephthalic acids) and sugar acids (like gluconic and glucaric acids).

16 Nonvolatile composition including sugars, acids and phenolic compounds (anthocyanins, hydr

17 In cells, Glk1 polymerized upon sugar addition and depolymerized upon sugar withdrawal.

18 The sugar additions are capped with the unique monosaccharid

19 lity, density and viscosity of sorbitol as a sugar alcohol in the ([mmim](MeO)(2)PO(2)) ionic liquid

20 he reduction of GalA to the oxidation of the sugar alcohol sorbitol that has a higher reduction state

21 Sugar alone, and in the presence of emulsifier, hindered

22 o-levy tier with removal of some but not all sugar, alongside changes in consumer attitudes and belie

23 etabolism to build and break down ketoacids, sugars, amino acids, and ribonucleotides in much the sam

24 Peptidoglycan, the sugar-amino acid polymer that composes the bacterial cel

25 industry because the accumulation of invert sugar and byproducts severely affect sucrose manufacturi

26 yveri showed greater changes in the reducing sugar and free amino acids in fermented cocoa beans.

27 id (Neu5Ac), and the ability to produce this sugar and its subsequent incorporation into cell-surface

28 (2020) compare intra-gastric sugar and non-caloric sweetener to investigate how post-

29 m together or by building both the conjoined sugar and nucleobase, part-by-part-toward the ultimate g

30 ditives, were assessed to characterise their sugar and phenolic profiles, flavonoid content, as well

31 ed using a 6-step process informed by the UK sugar and salt reduction programs.

32 Sugar and sodium are essential nutrients to above- and b

33 es of genomic variation to determine whether sugar and starch storage, energy reserves for trees unde

34 orchards, the FA5-produced fruit had higher sugars and acids.

35 lfur compounds, organic acids, water soluble sugars and amino acids in three onion varieties ('Shallo

36 to sink tissues, and to convert the incoming sugars and amino acids into storage compounds in the sin

37 bon and nitrogen, to transport the resultant sugars and amino acids to sink tissues, and to convert t

38 s could reduce population exposure to liquid sugars and associated health risks.

39 hate-linked and dolichylpyrophosphate-linked sugars and enzymatic glycan extension to generate donor

40 based on the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) by sugars and followed by the formation of a colored Cu(I)-

41 ce fermentation, as indicated by analysis of sugars and organic acids, and ethanol production was mai

42 ith similar pH, titratable acidity, reducing sugars and phenolic compounds.

43 t neurons are insensitive to nectar-specific sugars and respond to glucose only in the presence of ad

44 ncluding microbial necromass biomarker amino sugars and SOC, from two long-term agricultural field st

45 was a significant decrease in the amount of sugars and sodium in several groups of packaged foods an

46 od systems containing high concentrations of sugars and some electrolytes.

47 Most known sugars and sweeteners bind to the Venus Fly Trap domain

48 ression of genes involved in bile acid, fat, sugar, and amino acid metabolism.

49 he contributions of Hoogsten hydrogen bonds, sugar, and phosphate moieties to the specific G-vacancy

50 vertising of food and beverages high in fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) from 05.30 hours to 21.00 hours (

51 uction of more fiber, whole grain, intrinsic sugars, and starch in the diet.

52 their consumption of refined cereals, added sugars, and sugar-sweetened beverages.

53 anada, rich in proanthocyanidins (PAs)] or a sugar- and energy-matched apple control beverage (CB) fo

54 the O type in the presence of an additional sugar antigen (GalNAc and Gal, respectively) on the core

55 ernative toluene alters which C-O bonds in a sugar are cleaved by the tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane/H

56 ydrates in the diet; dietary fiber and added sugar are components of GL.

57 ine pathway intermediates and phosphorylated sugars are abundant when cellular expressions of DHTKD1

58 vity and interaction features of fluorinated sugars are described, as well as their applications as p

59 ble, while nicotinate and non-phosphorylated sugars are when DHTKD1 expression is order(s) of magnitu

60 Adult male and female mosquitoes consume sugar as floral and extrafloral nectar.

61 Clostridioides difficile, use mucus-derived sugars as crucial nutrients in the gut.

62 d starch degradation and increase in soluble sugars, ascorbate, and TPC, together leading to higher g

63 ht loss, pH and titratable acidity, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, DPPH and ABTS as

64 a, the presence of a contrasting penultimate sugar assembled by a different glycosyltransferase enabl

65 ey readily undergo conjugation with reducing sugars at the desired 1:1 stoichiometry.

66 is work highlights that differential dietary sugar availability influences the relationship between t

67 C-terminal segment interact with the phospho-sugar backbone of the non-target strand.

68 ecological role, and the design of efficient sugar-baited traps will all benefit from understanding t

69 We do so by running transects of salt and sugar baits and inferring the magnitude of environmental

70 iber, carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio, and added sugar based on reported frequencies for individual foods

71 Env is covered with a large number of sugar-based glycan forms; about 50% of the Env molecular

72 as a powerful strategy to rapidly access to sugar-based ligands.

73 We expect that these sugar-based soft biomaterials will have applications bey

74 During vegetative growth, biennial sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) maintains a steep Suc concent

75 t specificity towards the conjugation of PPT/sugar beet pectin.

76 PPS, including sugar beet pectin/arabinan, apple/citrus pectin and pota

77 The effect of including sugar beet pulp (SBP) in laying hen diets on performance

78 vide insight into transcriptional changes in sugar beet roots during storage resulting in the charact

79 e comparative transcriptomic approach on six sugar beet varieties showing different amount of sucrose

80 Key residues for sugar binding and catalysis were identified by alanine s

81 oring of dextran synthesis, affinity assays, sugar binding pocket deletions, site-directed mutagenesi

82 mediator between the catalytic site and the sugar-binding pockets of domain V and contributing to a

83 We propose that sugar-binding pockets spatially closer to the catalytic

84 he side chain populations observed for these sugars both in free solution and bound to nonhydrolytic

85 These neurons are stimulated in response to sugar but not artificial sweeteners, and are activated b

86 n the presence of simpler substrates such as sugars but differs significantly among bacterial isolate

87 diabetic patients try to control their blood sugar, but the molecular mechanism of this 'metabolic me

88 Lowering blood sugar by the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor e

89 l-1 identification of the seven carbon (7-C) sugar C-methyl-scyllo-inositol (mytilitol) in mussels an

90 ons, diets high in processed foods, fat, and sugar can contribute to chronic inflammatory conditions,

91 Biomass-derived sugars can also be supplied for microbial fermentative p

92 Unnatural sugars can be either rationally designed to enable prefe

93 Western-style diet, which is high in fat and sugar, can cause significant dyslipidemia and nonalcohol

94 Sugars caused osmosis-related morphological changes, how

95 ) using metabolomics profiling and cell wall sugar characterization at different developmental stages

96 lent addition of the sugar moiety from a UDP-sugar cofactor to relatively low-molecular weight lipoph

97 nding interactions of a UGT protein with UDP-sugar cofactors.

98 The effects of sugar component ratio, water fraction, and storage condi

99 led changes in lignin, cellulose, and matrix sugar composition indicating an overall increase in seco

100 ypoxic metabolites, nectar volume and nectar sugar composition.

101 tion by modifying apoplast pH and increasing sugar concentration in the xylem sap.

102 The sugars consumed during fermentation were used mainly for

103 haring common risk factors, including excess sugar consumption and tobacco use, as well as underlying

104 cronutrients primarily by suppressing simple sugar consumption.

105 Sugar-containing foods offered at cooler temperatures te

106 Sugar content and pack size targets were developed using

107 Mean reductions required in sugar content and pack size to meet the targets were 5.2

108 ClVST1(97) knockout lines show decreased sugar content and total biomass, whereas overexpression

109 , had a strong positive impact on both fruit sugar content and yield.

110 n participants believe the beverage has high sugar content as portrayed on the labels.

111 e the observed volume as well as calorie and sugar content of postregulation beverage purchases to a

112 Tiered and absolute sugar content taxes should be considered and evaluated f

113 ot been quantified, in particular, tiered or sugar content taxes that provide industry incentives for

114 ximately doubled for the tiered and absolute sugar content taxes.

115 inferior flavors and aromas, had a reducing sugar content three times higher than the aged cachacas,

116 cy tool and can be based on absolute volume, sugar content tiers, or absolute sugar content.

117 tion of 6 types based on colour and residual sugar content, 13 wine grape varieties and 4 locations b

118 ute volume, sugar content tiers, or absolute sugar content.

119 processing for prediction of alcohol degree, sugars content and total acidity in straw wine.

120 eric excesses (ee) of chiral amino acids and sugars could be a powerful indicator for extant or extin

121 Experimental data suggest that sugars could play a role in cancer etiology through obes

122 or example, XylE), GlcP(Se) has a loose H(+)/sugar coupling.

123 umor-ECM interactions is the glycocalyx, the sugar-decorated proteins and lipids that act as a buffer

124 melanoidins formed from Glc/Ala contain more sugar degradation products with lower absorption due to

125 This suggested that sugar degradation reactions were found responsible for a

126 y pure form utilizing commercially available sugar derivatives as the starting material.

127 omplex cyclic systems and highly substituted sugar derivatives.

128 In animals fed a high sugar diet, the response of PAM-beta'2 to sweet stimuli

129 d growth abnormalities in response to a high sugar diet.

130 hen water molecules sequentially bond to the sugar dimer.

131 double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (the SUGAR-DM-HF trial [Studies of Empagliflozin and Its Card

132 tructural analysis indicates that nucleotide sugar donors for GT-A fold glycosyltransferases bind in

133 for flavonol glycosides and their respective sugar donors.

134 rocytosis provides not only amino acids, but sugars, fatty acids and nucleotides for biosynthesis, co

135 as a general increase in the accumulation of sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and phytosterols in th

136 essed through proximate composition, soluble sugars, fatty acids, color, texture and microbial load,

137 These 'rare' sugars feature prominently in bioactive natural products

138 thod of vector control may involve targeting sugar-feeding mosquitoes.

139 s was shown to modulate the contents of free sugars, free amino acids and polyphenolic compounds such

140 Unloading sugar from sink phloem by transporters is complex and mu

141 s, resulting in preferential loss of neutral sugars from cell wall polymers.

142 We discovered that the sugar fructose in semen decreases the activity of a broa

143 a decline in primary metabolites content as sugars fructose and glucose, and short-chain organic aci

144 he isocaloric effect of substituting dietary sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) with other sugars or

145 ogen Toxoplasma gondii transfers a different sugar, fucose, to proteins involved in transcription, mR

146 secondary metabolites, metabolism of simple sugars, fungal cell wall deconstruction, biofilm formati

147 and selectivity for fuel precursors such as sugars, furanics, and lignin-derived monomers pose signi

148 upward trend in volume (ml) of and amount of sugar (g) in purchases of lower-levy-tier drinks was see

149 , the three main stressors present in honey: sugars, gluconic acid, and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)),

150 Hence, we investigated the influence of sugars (glucose, sucrose and lactose), at log phase (5 h

151 se studies: growth enrichment on alternative sugars, glycerol and galactose, and chemical overproduct

152 The position and identity of the sugar group is important for activity, as is the positio

153 s depending on the number and positioning of sugar groups on the core steviol backbone.

154 generated by fermentation of biomass-derived sugars have not been explored.

155 electrophysiology, how chronic high-fat high-sugar (HFHS) diet changes the physiology of the VP and w

156 seawater in hydrolysis of seaweed increased sugar hydrolysis yield and subsequent bioethanol product

157 syltransferases (GLCATs), is the only acidic sugar in AGPs with the ability to bind calcium.

158 ned to receive chow diet, high fat diet with sugar in drinking water (Western diet- WD).

159 ronutrients fat, protein, carbohydrates, and sugar in over 235,000 individuals of European ancestries

160 was no evidence that volume of or amount of sugar in purchases of all drinks combined was different

161 - 0.30%, 69.19 +/- 0.11% and 63.03 +/- 0.04% sugar in seawater compared with 52.82 +/- 0.16%, 45.93 +

162 IL incentivised many manufacturers to reduce sugar in soft drinks.

163 XRD results revealed that sugaring in Thompson raisins was delayed at low temperat

164 incorporated into nucleic diphosphate (NDP) sugars in 4 h, and (13)C labelled peaks were identified

165 was associated with the presence of specific sugars in the capsule.

166 Soluble sugars increased, while starch concentration decreased g

167 ed potent antihyperglycemic activity against sugar-induced postprandial hyperglycemia in rats plausib

168 ss during storage is a major concern for the sugar industry because the accumulation of invert sugar

169 In contrast, relative carbohydrate and sugar intake have negative genetic correlations with wai

170 Excessive sugar intake is now recognized as a key risk factor for

171 High sugar intake was associated with greater CHD risk [HR: 1

172 st competitive conversion of biomass-derived sugars into biofuel will require high yields, high volum

173 rose causes severer dental caries than other sugars is largely unknown.

174 ed" or l-amino acids and "right-handed" or d-sugars, is a unique property of life that is crucial for

175 Here we report the preparation of rare sugar isomers directly from biomass carbohydrates throug

176 ycosylation, extracellular matrix structure, sugars, Krebs cycle intermediates, microbe-derived metab

177 nclude targets involved in metabolism (e.g., sugar, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism), inflammation,

178 These results suggest that sugars may represent a modifiable risk factor for cancer

179 assimilate methanol differs from the typical sugar metabolism by only three enzymes, turning a non-me

180 A protein network module linked to sugar metabolism emerged as one of the modules most sign

181 e sorbitol dehydrogenase-1 SODH-1, a crucial sugar metabolism enzyme.

182 aled a S. parasanguinis-driven alteration in sugar metabolism that restricts biofilm development by S

183 Moreover, genes associated mainly with sugar metabolism were differentially expressed in bottle

184 labelling and traced the (13)C flux through sugar metabolites with isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (

185 sponse to Metformin and Glipizide in Humans (SUGAR-MGH), we constructed weighted polygenic scores usi

186 ino-pS moieties and therapeutically relevant sugar modifications in tandem to create novel oligonucle

187 ically catalyze the covalent addition of the sugar moiety from a UDP-sugar cofactor to relatively low

188 ctions at position 8 and deprotection of the sugar moiety gave eight derivatives of pyrazolo-fused de

189 e and a hydrophilic headgroup built from two sugar molecules.

190 Non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) samples obtained by traditional moulding and

191 In addition to sugars, nectars contain nitrogenous compounds such as am

192 s) are activated by slight cooling, although sugar neurons are insensitive to the same mild stimulus.

193 entrations of arabinoxylan fibre and soluble sugars (notably sucrose, maltose and fructose) increasin

194 influenced the measured T(gs) (P < 0.05) and sugaring of fructose-glucose-water model solutions.

195 aboratory studies used simple fatty acids or sugars, often at relatively high concentrations.

196 effects of 2 wt% emulsifier and crystalline sugar on the isothermal solidification and polymorphic b

197 the link observed between effects of dietary sugars on cancer proliferation.

198 that achieve their activity by transferring sugars on small molecules.

199 lass of antiviral agents that target mannose sugars on the envelope protein of HIV-1.

200 Cancer risk factors, such as high-sugar or high-fat diet and inflammation, impact cell com

201 s were not observed for perceptions of added sugar or positive sugary drink attitudes (p's > 0.10).

202 gars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) with other sugars or starch on cardiometabolic risk markers, includ

203 ences associated with relative carbohydrate, sugar, or fat intake.

204 fruits and juices, nine primary metabolites (sugars, organic acids and vitamin C) were determined in

205 Changes in sugars, organic acids and volatile compounds (VC) of red

206 during storage root bulking and analyzed for sugars, organic acids, amino acids, phosphorylated inter

207 For most sugar-parameters, negative correlations were found with

208 Drinks with >=8 g of sugar per 100 ml (higher levy tier) are taxed at pound 0

209 d 0.24 per litre, drinks with >=5 to <8 g of sugar per 100 ml (lower levy tier) are taxed at pound 0.

210 t pound 0.18 per litre, and drinks with <5 g sugar per 100 ml (no levy) are not taxed.

211 drinks over the lower levy threshold of 5 g sugar per 100 mL.

212 d as key to fruit quality aspects, including sugars; phenolic compounds like phenylpropanoids and fla

213 d inhibited complexes while binding multiple sugar phosphates, including its substrate ribulose 1,5-b

214 me inhibited by its substrate RuBP and other sugar phosphates.

215 ntify molecular determinants involved in the sugar polymerization mechanism and that confer its abili

216 d atactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (CB-aPMP) sugar-polyolefin conjugate can be used to exert external

217 Here we show that a readily-accessible sugar-polyolefin conjugate quantitatively produces an ex

218 nd scalable quantities of a diverse range of sugar-polyolefin FK A15 phases with unique intrinsic phy

219 se by ants all point to factors constraining sugar production: net above-ground productivity, how far

220 f detecting undeclared addition of exogenous sugar products in foods and beverages susceptible to eco

221 ductions were in the proportion of "high in" sugars products (in beverages, milks and milk-based drin

222 The sugar profile in honey can be used as a fingerprint to c

223 thocyanins, saponins, carotenoids, terpenes, sugars, proteins, capsaicinoids, fatty acids, alkaloids

224 nd does not alter the 'clover leaf' bend and sugar puckers that are critical for anchoring the 5'-pho

225 These were offset by increases in sugar purchased from no-levy drinks.

226 was associated with reductions in volume and sugar purchased in lower-levy-tier drinks before impleme

227 led to a 6.1 g (95% CI 3.9-8.2) increase in sugar purchased in these drinks per household per week.

228 nd -6.4 g (95% CI -9.8 to -3.1) reduction in sugar purchased in these drinks per household per week.

229 suggested benchmark for a potential national sugar reduction program in NZ.

230 or the development of feasible yet impactful sugar reduction program targets are needed.

231 vides an in-depth insight into the impact of sugar reduction reformulation on the sensory perception

232 t taxes that provide industry incentives for sugar reduction.

233 ar taxation, marketing regulation, and other sugar-related policies.

234 ecise modification of specific amino acid or sugar residues.

235 s in multiple ways, most commonly by robbing sugar resources from within hives.

236 e grains, fruits and vegetables, and high in sugar, salt, saturated fat and ultra-processed foods) ar

237 es of energy and nutrients of concern (total sugars, saturated fats, and sodium, per 100 g/100 mL) an

238 ligosaccharides (HMO) are a diverse range of sugars secreted in breast milk that have direct and indi

239 for the hepatic vagus nerve in transforming sugar sensing by the gut into behavioral reinforcement v

240 of all foods and beverages containing added sugars, sodium, or saturated fats that exceed set nutrie

241 d high levels of nutrients of concern (i.e., sugars, sodium, saturated fat, or energy) according to C

242 When sugar sources are scarce, female mosquitoes of some spec

243 ntial are dependent upon the availability of sugar sources.

244 ely dependent on plant nectar or alternative sugar sources.

245 Their dynamics was sugar-specific and depended on concentrations of alpha-d

246 dulatory compounds are modified with complex sugar structures (or glycans), which play an important r

247 se positions overlap the polar groups of the sugar substrate.

248 f HA is dependent on the availability of its sugar substrates, thus linking glycocalyx biology direct

249 Increased consumption of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and high-glycemic diet

250 Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated

251 Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is linked to

252 he cross-sectional association of cumulative sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption with concentr

253 st milk is increased in response to maternal sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake in lactation.

254 All sugar-sweetened beverage tax designs would generate subs

255 Sugar-sweetened beverage taxes are a rapidly growing pol

256 ition Examination Survey, policy effects and sugar-sweetened beverage-related diseases from meta-anal

257 etary patterns emerged: Home foods (HF(dp)), Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB(dp)), and Eating out nood

258 Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been consistently a

259 Beverages, especially sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), have been increasingly

260 n of refined grains, red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets.

261 Increased consumption of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and high-glycemic diets were

262 egetables, whole grains, fish and shellfish, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sodium).

263 alth importance of drinking water in lieu of sugar-sweetened beverages, have raised interest in water

264 althy plant foods (refined grains, potatoes, sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets, salty foods).

265 mption of refined cereals, added sugars, and sugar-sweetened beverages.

266 c index of diet; lower intakes of trans fat, sugar-sweetened beverages/fruit juices, and red/processe

267 tatistically significant association between sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages and a moderately in

268 her, we evaluated whether maternal intake of sugar-sweetened drinks increased the risk of offspring c

269 al radiation can be correlated with enhanced sugar synthesis and polyphenol formation.

270 ut they also highlight binding to additional sugar targets that have not previously been recognized.

271 the current debate on the implementation of sugar taxation, marketing regulation, and other sugar-re

272 y plants occurs predominantly at night, with sugars that accumulate during the day assisting in mesop

273 a diverse family of 9-carbon alpha-keto acid sugars that are involved in a wide range of functions ac

274 n of intervention drinks over the lower levy sugar threshold had fallen by 33.8 percentage points (95

275 a common practice among producers is to add sugar to adjust sensory deficits in the final product.

276 ers, and are activated by direct delivery of sugar to the gut.

277 methylation and 0.5-1.2 M ratios of neutral sugars to UA.

278 Nitrogen compounds, fermentable sugars, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity,

279 crobial metabolic pathways (mainly microbial sugar transport) after the aFMT.

280 od glucose lowering properties by inhibiting sugar transporters in the small intestine and improving

281 ata demonstrate that the naturally occurring sugar trehalose at doses safely achieved in humans inhib

282 ody mass index, transaminases, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein level, and

283 he three drivers that best predict exogenous sugar use by ants all point to factors constraining suga

284 ctive compounds while reducing the amount of sugar used in traditional ketchup formulations.

285 atalytic acetylations of partially protected sugars using light as external stimulus and oligopeptide

286 Reducing sugar values determined were in good agreement with thos

287 r (CDNW) or high fat western diet and ad lib sugar water (WDSW).

288 n GL, carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio, and added sugar were associated with modestly reduced fecundabilit

289 Intakes of free sugars were assessed at 1 and 2 y of age.

290 de (AA), asparagine and low molecular weight sugars were evaluated during an industrial coffee roasti

291 h level of oxalic acid, minerals and soluble sugars were observed in FF infusions (P < 0.05).

292 Consumption of high fat, high sugar (western) diets is a major contributor to the curr

293 a unique composition of proteins, salts, and sugars, which can affect the infectivity potential of th

294 se is found as a closed-ring or an open-ring sugar with a reactive C1' aldehyde group.

295 RBCs should be achievable by removal of that sugar with an appropriate glycosidase.

296 m-catalyzed conversion of unprotected aldose sugars with acetylacetone to polyhydroxyalkyl furans or

297 Successful separation of three sugars with direct detection is also demonstrated.

298 alpis saliva mostly consists of oligomannose sugars, with Man(5)GlcNAc(2) being the most abundant, an

299 d upon sugar addition and depolymerized upon sugar withdrawal.

300 lties, offsetting their gains in fermentable sugar yield.