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1 y inhibited by a 20-fold excess of unlabeled systemin.
2 emic wound responses and were insensitive to systemin.
3 ed by an 18-amino-acid peptide signal called systemin.
4 umulation of defense proteins in response to systemin.
5 enzymes did not produce detectable levels of systemin.
6 e 18-amino acid polypeptide defense hormone, systemin.
7 hese plants by treatment with the homologous systemin.
8 bile 18-amino acid polypeptide signal called systemin.
9 reversibly antagonized systemic signaling by systemin.
10 ing, exhibits a severely reduced response to systemin.
11 sinolide application, but not in response to systemin.
12 ed response to a subsequent elicitation with systemin.
13 nse genes that are regulated by wounding and systemin.
14 ses of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) to systemin.
15 c activity that could process prosystemin to systemin.
16 efined family of signals collectively called systemins.
17 o activated by the 18-amino acid polypeptide systemin, a potent wound signal for the synthesis of sys
18                                              Systemin activates a lipid-based signaling cascade, also
19 stitution, which is a powerful antagonist of systemin activation of swrp genes.
20 vation of the octadecanoid pathway, and that systemin acts at or near the site of wounding (i.e. in r
21 d tomato plants with the polypeptide hormone systemin also caused (14)C-lysophosphatidylcholine to in
22                                              Systemin, an 18-amino acid polypeptide wound signal, act
23 itor proteins in a manner similar to that of systemin, an 18-amino-acid polypeptide found in tomato p
24 t suramin interfered with the binding of the systemin analog (125)I-Tyr-2, Ala-15-systemin to the sys
25                      A fluorescently-labeled systemin analog bound specifically to plasma membranes o
26 ation by systemin is strongly inhibited by a systemin analog having a Thr-17 --> Ala-17 substitution,
27                    A monoiodinated form of a systemin analog synthesized with Tyr-2 and Ala-15 (Tyr-2
28                              A photoaffinity systemin analog, N-(4-[p-azidosalicylamido]butyl)-3'(2'-
29 inding was assessed with alanine-substituted systemin analogs and was found to correlate with their r
30  of suspension-cultured cells in response to systemin and carbohydrate elicitors were also inhibited
31 le in the presence of high concentrations of systemin and carbohydrate elicitors.
32 milar to established peptide signals such as systemin and flg22, amino acid substitutions of Vu-In de
33 enes in tomato plants requires the action of systemin and its precursor protein prosystemin.
34 nd response pathway in tomato indicates that systemin and its precursor protein, prosystemin, are ups
35    Genetic analysis in tomato indicates that systemin and its precursor protein, prosystemin, are ups
36                                              Systemin and its precursor protein, prosystemin, play an
37 thesis, relatively little is known about how systemin and JA interact to promote long-distance signal
38 tion assays, we found that pretreatment with systemin and OEs transiently reduced the MAPK response t
39 se to UV-B increased after pretreatment with systemin and OEs.
40                            The expression of systemin and SYR2, but not SYR1, is upregulated upon SYR
41 ere we investigate the relationships between systemin and the tomato HypSys peptides in regulating wo
42 signals and further establish that wounding, systemin, and 35S::prosys induce defensive gene expressi
43 em parenchyma cells in response to wounding, systemin, and methyl jasmonate, and the nascent protein
44 ysophosphatidylcholine produced by wounding, systemin, and oligosaccharide elicitors followed by enzy
45 y, block the induction of SWRPs by wounding, systemin, and oligosaccharide elicitors, indicating that
46 ed in tomato leaves in response to wounding, systemin, and oligosaccharide elicitors.
47 unding or supplying young tomato plants with systemin, and peaked at 1 h.
48 hed JA accumulation in response to exogenous systemin, and reduced JA accumulation in wounded leaves
49  were initially treated with systemin or the systemin antagonist Ala-17-systemin, which competitively
50 ltured cells to the polypeptide wound signal systemin are the alkalinization of the culture medium an
51  leaves in response to wounding, implicating systemin as a primary wound signal.
52 -kDa MBP kinase is activated by wounding and systemin as in the wild-type plants.
53 mato bri1 null mutant cu3 is as sensitive to systemin as wild type plants.
54 ls of Lycopersicon peruvianum by the peptide systemin, as well as by chitosan and beta-glucan elicito
55 our data suggest that BRI1 can function as a systemin binding protein, but that binding of the ligand
56                               Antagonists of systemin blocked both the release of (14)C-lysophosphati
57                                Perception of systemin by the membrane-bound receptor SR160 results in
58  The isolation to homogeneity of the 160-kDa systemin cell-surface receptor (SR160) from plasma membr
59 later, depending on the initial UV-B dose or systemin concentration, the cells regained their initial
60 n of prosystemin and the abnormal release of systemin, conferring a constitutive overproduction of se
61 pression of lipoxygenase (LOX) genes and the systemin-dependent wound response in tomato (Lycopersico
62            Supplying the excised plants with systemin did not result in an increase of PLPI levels th
63  of prosystemin containing the 18-amino acid systemin domain completely abolished its proteinase inhi
64 tivating the defense response resides in the systemin domain.
65 ct repetitive domains N-terminal to a single systemin domain.
66 osan and polygalacturonide) and polypeptide (systemin) elicitors.
67 t were initially treated with either UV-B or systemin exhibited a strongly reduced response to a subs
68 ed members of the functionally characterized systemin family of defense signals from plants that are
69  structural and biological properties of the systemin family, and discuss their possible roles in sys
70 K1 and LeMPK2, were activated in response to systemin, four different OEs, and UV-B radiation.
71 rotein may be the physiological receptor for systemin in suspension-cultured cells.
72 ced defense responses and support a role for systemin in the production of a transmissible signal tha
73   These results confirm the function of (pro)systemin in the transduction of systemic wound signals a
74            To study further the role of (pro)systemin in the wound response pathway, we isolated and
75  SYR1 and SYR2, of the wound peptide hormone systemin in tomato act in a ligand-concentration-depende
76 fication of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein systemins in tomato indicates that the initiation of wou
77 esponse genes, indicating the existence of a systemin-independent pathway for wound signaling.
78 y the low- M(r) species is weakly induced by systemin, indicating a differential expression of the tw
79                                Additionally, systemin induced an alkalinization response in the trans
80 ast pools of 18:3 is required for wound- and systemin-induced defense responses and support a role fo
81 IGS of the closely related MPK3 also reduced systemin-induced defense responses.
82 ntified mutation that blocks both wound- and systemin-induced gene expression and renders plants susc
83 s similar to the expression of the wound- or systemin-induced lipoxygenase and prosystemin genes, sig
84 ysulfonated compound heparin did not inhibit systemin-induced medium alkalinization.
85         Although it is well established that systemin induces PI expression through the octadecanoid
86 s question was addressed by characterizing a systemin-insensitive mutant (spr1) that was previously i
87                       The data indicate that systemin is a master signal for defense against attackin
88 8-amino acid peptide in tomato leaves called systemin is a primary signal released at wound sites in
89                                              Systemin is a wound-signaling peptide that mediates defe
90                                              Systemin is derived from a larger, 200-amino acid precur
91                      The tomato wound signal systemin is perceived by a specific high-affinity, satur
92 small sizes, hydroxyproline contents (tomato systemin is proline-rich), and defense-signaling activit
93 etic pathway in response to wounding or (pro)systemin is required for the production of a long-distan
94                     The kinase activation by systemin is strongly inhibited by a systemin analog havi
95  tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) wound hormone systemin, is performed by phytaspases, aspartate-specifi
96 ential, coordinated, and functional roles of systemin, jasmonic acid, oligogalacturonides, and H(2)O(
97 ds to signals which differ from those on the systemin/jasmonic acid pathway typical of well-character
98 and is expressed specifically in the nervous systemin late-stage embryos and adult mice.
99 thesized with Tyr-2 and Ala-15 (Tyr-2,Ala-15-systemin) likewise exhibits similar biological activitie
100                                              Systemin-mediated defense signaling in tomato (Lycopersi
101  isolated previously as a suppressor of (pro)systemin-mediated signaling, impairs wound-induced JA bi
102                 The results suggest that the systemin-mediated systemic defense response may have evo
103 ato plants after wounding, or treatment with systemin, methyl jasmonate, or linolenic acid.
104 ed the total binding of (125)I-Tyr-2, Ala-15-systemin more than threefold, suggesting that methyl jas
105 e of signaling components that are shared by systemin, OEs, and UV-B.
106                                              Systemin, OGA, chitosan, and methyl jasmonate (MJ) all i
107 both PG activity and H2O2 when supplied with systemin, OGA, chitosan, or MJ.
108 PG activity or H2O2 in response to wounding, systemin, OGA, or chitosan, but does respond to MJ, indi
109  within 2 hr after supplying the polypeptide systemin, oligogalacturonides, or chitosan to the plants
110 tested whether signaling pathways induced by systemin, oligosaccharide elicitors (OEs), and ultraviol
111 veral defense genes in response to wounding, systemin, oligosaccharides, and methyl jasmonate also wa
112 nase inhibitor synthesis that was induced by systemin, oligouronides, and jasmonic acid (JA).
113 ns or mRNAs, compared with levels induced by systemin or jasmonic acid over the 24 h following treatm
114 icantly affected in their response to either systemin or mechanical wounding.
115    Within 30 to 50 min following wounding or systemin or methyl jasmonate treatments, the TomLoxD mRN
116 duced when cells were initially treated with systemin or the systemin antagonist Ala-17-systemin, whi
117 ely to be the missing functional homologs of systemin outside of the Solanaceae.
118 efense genes, similar to the activity of the systemin peptide.
119 is involved in a signaling step that couples systemin perception to activation of the octadecanoid pa
120                                  The deduced systemin polypeptides were synthesized and tested for th
121 eplacement of Arg-57 with Thr-Gly in the non-systemin portion of the protein.
122 rohormones that harbor multiple signals, the systemin precursor contains five imperfect repetitive do
123  solanaceous species that does not express a systemin precursor gene nor responds to systemin, when t
124 encing (VIGS) in plants that overexpress the systemin precursor prosystemin (35S::prosys plants).
125  jasmonate, similar to the expression of the systemin precursor prosystemin in tomato leaves.
126 nic plants that overexpress prosystemin, the systemin precursor, from a 35S::prosystemin (35S::prosys
127                          (125)I-Tyr-2,Ala-15-systemin rapidly, reversibly, and saturably bound to sus
128 a provide evidence for an involvement of the systemin receptor and/or systemin-responsive signaling e
129                     Suramin, an inhibitor of systemin receptor function, strongly inhibited the UV-B-
130 usual behavior and the nature of the elusive systemin receptor will be discussed.
131                Additionally, labeling of the systemin receptor with a photoaffinity analog of systemi
132  analog (125)I-Tyr-2, Ala-15-systemin to the systemin receptor with an IC(50) of 160 microM.
133                                   The tomato systemin receptor, SR160, a plasma membrane-bound, leuci
134 titively inhibits binding of systemin to the systemin receptor.
135        Here, we report that two antagonistic systemin receptors, SYR1 and SYR2, of the wound peptide
136 As the first described plant peptide signal, systemin regulates antiherbivore defenses in the Solanac
137  involvement of the systemin receptor and/or systemin-responsive signaling elements in the UV-B respo
138 temin at two aspartate residues flanking the systemin sequence.
139 PK1 and MPK2 are essential components of the systemin signaling pathway and most likely function upst
140 acco cells indicates that early steps of the systemin signaling pathway found in tomato are present i
141 The results indicated that components of the systemin signaling pathway normally found in leaves have
142 acts as a high-affinity receptor to initiate systemin signaling, SYR2 functions as a low-affinity rec
143 ions as a low-affinity receptor to attenuate systemin signaling.
144  A gene encoding a preprohydroxyproline-rich systemin, SnpreproHypSys, was identified from the leaves
145 mutant, spr-1, which carries a mutation in a systemin-specific signaling component, and transgenic to
146    On the other hand, signaling responses to systemin, such as activation of mitogen-activated protei
147                                              Systemin (SYS), an octadecapeptide hormone processed fro
148  doses of UV-B and subsequently treated with systemin, the UV-B response reached levels higher than t
149 mide markedly decreased binding of iodinated systemin to the cells, indicating that the binding prote
150  of the systemin analog (125)I-Tyr-2, Ala-15-systemin to the systemin receptor with an IC(50) of 160
151 min, which competitively inhibits binding of systemin to the systemin receptor.
152 leaves of intact tomato plants, or supplying systemin to young tomato plants through their cut stems,
153 emin receptor with a photoaffinity analog of systemin was inhibited in the presence of suramin.
154 ure until 1991, when an 18-aa peptide called systemin was isolated from tomato leaves and shown to be
155 ctive as tomato systemin, whereas nightshade systemin was ten-fold less active.
156 est the function of MAPKs in the response to systemin, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in
157                            Potato and pepper systemins were approximately as active as tomato systemi
158 in was found to be as biologically active as systemin when assayed for proteinase inhibitor induction
159 ss a systemin precursor gene nor responds to systemin, when transformed with the SR160 receptor gene,
160 emins were approximately as active as tomato systemin, whereas nightshade systemin was ten-fold less
161 or protein of the 18 amino acid wound signal systemin which activates systemic defense in tomato leav
162 h systemin or the systemin antagonist Ala-17-systemin, which competitively inhibits binding of system

 
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