ライフサイエンスコーパス: taste receptor

1 eas Tas1r1/Tas1r3 act as the principal umami taste receptor.

2 cose polymers may be mediated by a different taste receptor.

3 system, evidence that it is a bona fide sour taste receptor.

4 nia formation and a candidate mammalian sour taste receptor.

5 on of lactisole and cyclamate with the umami taste receptor.

6 f multiple ligand binding sites on the sweet taste receptor.

7 tify and characterize a mammalian amino-acid taste receptor.

8 n the interacting side of thaumatin with the taste receptor.

9 th the presence of a distinct polysaccharide taste receptor.

10 e T1R3 subunit common to the sweet and umami taste receptors.

11 e oral cavity, where they function as bitter taste receptors.

12 ough expression analysis of all 68 gustatory taste receptors.

13 sm of positive allosteric modulations of T1R taste receptors.

14 )C(7) triolein) to avoid activation of mouth taste receptors.

15 nockout studies has shown their functions as taste receptors.

16 will focus on events downstream of the umami taste receptors.

17 n intestinal sensing system based on lingual taste receptors.

18 roposed receptors and/or as-yet-undiscovered taste receptors.

19 3 and PKD2L1 heteromers may function as sour taste receptors.

20 nction in combination as heterodimeric sweet taste receptors.

21 1R3, a member of the T1R family of candidate taste receptors.

22 port the characterization of mammalian sweet taste receptors.

23 family is likely to encode both odorant and taste receptors.

24 s coexpress many members of the Gr family of taste receptors.

25 at the IR20a clade encodes a class of larval taste receptors.

26 "orphan" taste neurons that express no known taste receptors.

27 ch may both be regulated by intestinal sweet taste receptors.

28 ncated metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, or taste receptor 1 (T1R1) and T1R3 dimers], taken alone, d

29 Bitter taste receptor-14 (TAS2R14) is a GPCR also expressed on

30 though the heteromeric combination of type 1 taste receptors 2 and 3 (T1r2 + T1r3) is well establishe

31 maining Gr genes are likely to encode bitter taste receptors [9-11], albeit some function as pheromon

32 ue to nutrient absorption, rather than sweet taste receptor activation.

33 first demonstrate that, unlike other bitter-taste receptor agonists, absinthin alone (1 mum) in ASM

34 sensory cells (SCCs) that express T2R bitter taste receptors along with their downstream signaling co

35 using a cell-based assay for the human sweet taste receptor and a panel of selected sweeteners.

36 ate no functional amiloride-insensitive salt taste receptor and no salt taste sensitivity to vanilloi

37 ause T1R3 is the common subunit in the sweet taste receptor and the umami taste receptor, we tested t

38 rethral brush cells express bitter and umami taste receptors and downstream components of the taste t

39 ice and Drosophila have identified candidate taste receptors and examined the logic of taste coding i

40 , only a fraction of which express genes for taste receptors and intracellular signaling proteins.

41 cortex respond solely to sensory input from taste receptors and lingual somatosensory receptors.

42 properties for participating in signaling in taste receptors and other excitable cells.

43 rom both molecular studies of genes encoding taste receptors and other taste-signaling components, an

44 TAS1R taste receptors and their associated heterotrimeric G pr

45 ceptors do not also express sweet-responsive taste receptors and vice versa.

46 These chemosensory cells express T2R "bitter-taste" receptors and alpha-gustducin, a G protein involv

47 ell line NCI-H716 expresses alpha-gustducin, taste receptors, and several other taste signaling eleme

48 TAS1R3, a component of sweet and amino acid taste receptors, and the gustducin alpha-subunit GNAT3 l

49 For example, transcripts of taste receptors appear only or predominantly in late-sta

50 T2R bitter and T1R sweet taste receptors are coupled through G-proteins, alpha-gu

51 Taste receptors are expressed not only in taste buds but

52 Because bitter, sweet, and umami taste receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs),

53 Insect odor and taste receptors are highly sensitive detectors of food,

54 T1R taste receptors are present throughout the gastrointesti

55 Bitter taste receptors as targets for tocolytics in preterm lab

56 subunits in the heteromeric T1R2:T1R3 sweet taste receptor binds sweet stimuli though with distinct

57 ng digestion, activation of intestinal sweet taste receptors by natural sugars and artificial sweeten

58 We propose that dynamic regulation of taste receptors by ubiquitin-mediated protein degradatio

59 onds to low pH and was proposed to be a sour taste receptor candidate.

60 or indirect effects on taste transduction or taste receptor cell excitability.

61 A model for immune modulation of taste receptor cell function is proposed based on these

62 To identify genes important for taste receptor cell function, we analyzed the sequences

63 gues that this signaling cascade may specify taste receptor cell lineages within an already specified

64 therapeutic value for improved bone healing, taste receptor cell regeneration, and alleviation of col

65 ion patterns of clones isolated from a mouse taste receptor cell-enriched cDNA library.

66 ent of intracellular pH (pH(i)) in polarized taste receptor cells (TRCs) and by chorda tympani (CT) t

67 Specific subsets of taste receptor cells (TRCs) are activated upon tastant s

68 the operation of taste buds with individual taste receptor cells (TRCs) communicating with one anoth

69 ste buds of the circumvallate papillae, some taste receptor cells (TRCs) express YRs localized primar

70 ( b) Acid-sensing taste receptor cells (TRCs) expressing otopetrin 1 on ty

71 cludes: (1) PAA on [In(OH)(bdc)]n mimics the taste receptor cells (TRCs) for their structural flexibi

72 wed that each taste is detected by dedicated taste receptor cells (TRCs) on the tongue and palate epi

73 Here we show that acid-sensing taste receptor cells (TRCs) that were previously suggest

74 Acids are detected by type III taste receptor cells (TRCs), located in taste buds acros

75 eliminates acid responses from sour-sensing taste receptor cells (TRCs).

76 on of neuronal Shh expression causes loss of taste receptor cells (TRCs).

77 regarding the direct effect of capsaicin on taste receptor cells (TRCs).

78 apical Na+ fluxes in polarized rat fungiform taste receptor cells and by chorda tympani taste nerve r

79 ember of this subfamily, TRPM5, functions in taste receptor cells and has been reported to be activat

80 ctivated cation channel expressed in type II taste receptor cells and pancreatic beta-cells.

81 nd alpha-gustducin, suggesting that both the taste receptor cells and synapse-forming cells in the ta

82 situ calcium-imaging findings imply that rat taste receptor cells are more narrowly tuned to respond

83 independently of sweet and amino acids, and taste receptor cells are not broadly tuned across these

84 hly novel conclusions: potassium currents in taste receptor cells are significantly modulated by PIP2

85 m intracellular transduction cascades within taste receptor cells but also from cell-to-cell communic

86 Taste receptor cells constitute a highly specialized cel

87 Taste receptor cells detect chemicals in the oral cavity

88 In the tongue, distinct classes of taste receptor cells detect the five basic tastes; sweet

89 e tongue, PKD2L1 is expressed in a subset of taste receptor cells distinct from those responsible for

90 somatosensory neurons, retinal neurons, and taste receptor cells do not appear to express physiologi

91 ic tracing originating from umami and bitter taste receptor cells does not selectively label taste qu

92 ACh is an autocrine transmitter secreted by taste Receptor cells during gustatory stimulation, enhan

93 c tastes are mediated by separate classes of taste receptor cells each finely tuned to a single taste

94 tinct and strictly segregated populations of taste receptor cells encode each of the taste qualities.

95 appetitive responses to NaCl are mediated by taste receptor cells expressing the epithelial sodium ch

96 Taste receptor cells harbor functional similarities to n

97 We examined calcium responses of rat taste receptor cells in situ to a panel of bitter compou

98 3 and PKD2L1, are coexpressed in a subset of taste receptor cells in specific taste areas.

99 r-tasting" ligands are coexpressed in single taste receptor cells in taste buds, leading to the predi

100 In mammals, information from taste receptor cells in the tongue is transmitted throug

101 ry discovered in specialized neuroepithelial taste receptor cells of the lingual epithelium is operat

102 e 2 taste receptors [T2Rs]) are expressed in taste receptor cells of the tongue, where they play an i

103 e of taste buds, as well as in the number of taste receptor cells per taste bud, suggesting that IL-1

104 either potassium current from rat posterior taste receptor cells produced essentially parallel resul

105 unication reports the novel observation that taste receptor cells respond to adrenergic stimulation.

106 cal studies, however, reveal that individual taste receptor cells respond to stimuli representing mul

107 ACh biosensors confirmed that, indeed, taste Receptor cells secrete acetylcholine during gustat

108 en validated against responses recorded from taste receptor cells that are the native detectors of um

109 that taste buds use separate populations of taste receptor cells that coincide with sweet/umami and

110 s, produces several physiological actions on taste receptor cells that include inhibition of KIR and

111 Sour taste is detected by taste receptor cells that respond to acids through yet p

112 esponsible for capacitative calcium entry in taste receptor cells that respond to bitter and/or sweet

113 ferential screening of cDNAs from individual taste receptor cells to identify candidate taste transdu

114 leading to interruption in the supply of new taste receptor cells to taste buds.

115 ssion is traditionally thought to occur from taste receptor cells to the afferent nerve.

116 d-organs, taste buds and a class of putative taste receptor cells were counted from progeny of BDNF-O

117 physiological actions of cholecystokinin on taste receptor cells were observed.

118 ecystokinin (CCK) is expressed in subsets of taste receptor cells, and that it may play a signaling r

119 w not only out of information ascending from taste receptor cells, but also from the cycling of infor

120 n (alpha(t-rod)), which is also expressed in taste receptor cells, plays a role in any of the taste r

121 encing of synapses in defined populations of taste receptor cells, we demonstrated that the sour-sens

122 ferent neurotransmitter (ATP) secretion from taste Receptor cells.

123 (GlucR) are coexpressed in a subset of mouse taste receptor cells.

124 vocally identify TRPM5-dependent currents in taste receptor cells.

125 genetic ablations of selected populations of taste receptor cells.

126 pression is highly restricted to a subset of taste receptor cells.

127 is also selectively expressed in a subset of taste receptor cells.

128 eceptor (IP(3)R3) as the dominant isoform in taste receptor cells.

129 tastants are thought to stimulate different taste receptor cells.

130 ormation about taste quality is extracted by taste receptor cells.

131 istry localized noradrenaline to a subset of taste receptor cells.

132 ess the issue of quality detection in murine taste receptor cells.

133 ke human TAS1R3, is expressed selectively in taste receptor cells.

134 transgenes in bitter or sweet/umami-sensing taste receptor cells.

135 r, bitter and umami-are mediated by separate taste-receptor cells (TRCs) each tuned to a single taste

136 buds typically contain 50-100 tightly packed taste-receptor cells (TRCs), representing all five basic

137 affeine and related methylxanthines activate taste-receptor cells through inhibition of a cyclic nucl

138 a receptor-based, positive, off-response in taste-receptor cells, ultimately inducing a gustatory pe

139 class C G protein-coupled receptor T1R1/T1R3 taste receptor complex is an early amino acid sensor in

140 We then show that expression of a bitter taste receptor confers sensitivity to selected aversive

141 suggest the existence of a wider Ca(2+) and taste receptor-coordinated transport network incorporati

142 ive allosteric modulators of the human sweet taste receptor could help reduce the caloric content in

143 lated, metabolite production in proximity to taste receptors could reach relatively high concentratio

144 hat taste cells expressing bitter-responsive taste receptors do not also express sweet-responsive tas

145 mosensory receptors (including olfactory and taste receptors), exhibit increased rates of evolution r

146 Artificial sweeteners, acting on sweet taste receptors expressed on enteroendocrine GLUTag cell

147 Moreover, we visualized for the first time taste receptor-expressing cells in the PNS and CNS.

148 We focused on the impact of obesity on taste receptor expression in brain areas involved in ene

149 transfer of the tracer in the taste bud and taste receptor expression in sensory ganglia and brain.

150 ifferences in terms of gustatory anatomy and taste-receptor families, these gustatory systems share a

151 ein known to be a member of the invertebrate taste receptor family.

152 ne that encodes a member of the TAS2R bitter taste receptor family.

153 opts the stimulus-response properties of the taste receptor field it cross-reinnervates.

154 salt discrimination task is dependent on the taste receptor field origin of the input as well as the

155 cSNP), K172N, in hTAS2R16, a gene encoding a taste receptor for bitter beta -glucopyranosides, shows

156 tification by Laugerette et al. of CD36 as a taste receptor for fatty acids provides insight into the

157 th T1R1 or T1R3, can serve as a low-affinity taste receptor for l-glutamate in the presence of IMP.

158 eterodimer is thought by many to be the only taste receptor for sugars.

159 T1R2 and T1R3 proteins serves as the primary taste receptor for sweeteners, there is growing evidence

160 discovery and characterization of vertebrate taste receptors from the T1R and T2R families, which are

161 We propose that changing taste receptor function enabled hummingbirds to perceive

162 ide strong support for the view that loss of taste receptor function in mammals is widespread and dir

163 ted to common variants of the TAS2R31 bitter taste receptor gene and to NNS intake.

164 -specific neuronal circuits and reveal local taste receptor gene expression in the gustatory ganglia

165 esis through cross-mammal analyses of bitter taste receptor gene repertoires.

166 r signal of positive selection at the bitter-taste receptor gene TAS2R16.

167 Here we identified putative taste receptor gene transcripts in the gastrointestinal

168 Here we describe a candidate taste receptor gene, T1r3, that is located at or near th

169 morphic trait mediated by the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor gene.

170 mong adults due to polymorphisms in a bitter taste receptor gene.

171 reference) locus is identical to the Tas1r3 (taste receptor) gene.

172 found a significant interaction between two taste receptor genes (i.e., TAS2R16 and TAS2R38) in affe

173 te qualities, given the staged expression of taste receptor genes and taste transduction elements in

174 It is assumed that the orthologous bitter taste receptor genes mediate the recognition of bitter t

175 m discovery and study of the TAS2R family of taste receptor genes, hand in hand with genetic linkage

176 es generated species-specific sets of bitter taste receptor genes.

177 o smaller surviving mammals with more bitter taste receptor genes.

178 on of berries as well as children's hTAS2R38 taste receptor genotypes on liking.

179 y, the expression of sweet G protein-coupled taste receptor (GPCTR) subunits (T1R2 and T1R3) and bitt

180 that interspecies mating is inhibited by the taste receptor Gr32a (Gustatory receptor 32a) and a neur

181 terior tongue (glossopharyngeal), or palatal taste receptors (greater superficial petrosal) or in whi

182 The discovery of two families of mammalian taste receptors has provided important insights into tas

183 ive allosteric modulators of the human sweet taste receptor have been developed as a new way of reduc

184 emonstrated that sequence-orthologous bitter taste receptors have distinct agonist profiles.

185 Thus, LITE-1, a taste receptor homolog, represents a distinct type of ph

186 A human taste receptor, hT2R4, and an olfactory receptor of Caen

187 t, we tested the role of the candidate umami taste receptor hTAS1R1-hTAS1R3 in a functional expressio

188 dogenous alpha-gustducin's interactions with taste receptors, i.e., it acted as a dominant-negative.

189 Most of these cells also express the T1R3 taste receptor implicated in sweet and/or umami taste.

190 how that mice engineered to express a bitter taste receptor in 'sweet cells' become strongly attracte

191 on in combination as a heteromeric glutamate taste receptor in humans.

192 olleagues investigate the role of the bitter taste receptors in airway epithelial cells, and find tha

193 identification of the first insect odor and taste receptors in Drosophila melanogaster, these recept

194 nsporter-1, glucose transporter-2, and sweet taste receptors in humans and mice.

195 ares luminal nutrient receptors with lingual taste receptors in order to detect the five basic tastes

196 jury on taste responses from anterior tongue taste receptors in sodium-restricted rats.

197 multiple members of the T2R family of bitter taste receptors in the antral and fundic gastric mucosa

198 To assess the importance of the sweet-taste receptors in the brain, we conducted transcriptomi

199 detection by the entire repertoire of sweet taste receptors in the fly and lay the foundation for st

200 s view, including reports on the presence of taste receptors in the gastrointestinal lumen and the st

201 mary means of controlling stimulus access to taste receptors in the mouth.

202 Thaumatin interacts with taste receptors in the oral cavity eliciting a persisten

203 These findings (i) demonstrate that bitter taste receptors in the stomach and the oral cavity are i

204 C. elegans and implicate the function of a 'taste receptor' in phototransduction.

205 ter than three glucose moieties, stimulate a taste receptor independent of the T1R2+3 heterodimer.

206 preference for sugar even if they lack sweet taste receptors, indicating a mechanism independent of t

207 oviding chemical biology tools for thaumatin:taste receptor interaction studies.

208 y, we identified a large family of mammalian taste receptors involved in bitter taste perception (the

209 indicate that the amiloride-insensitive salt taste receptor is a constitutively active non-selective

210 The umami taste receptor is a heteromeric complex of 2 class C G-p

211 onclude that the mammalian non-specific salt taste receptor is a VR-1 variant.

212 llular functional assays show that the sweet taste receptor is activated in vitro by a new scaffold o

213 The amiloride-insensitive salt taste receptor is the predominant transducer of salt tas

214 ste bud cells, two different T1R heteromeric taste receptors mediate signal transduction of sugars (t

215 The T1R family of taste receptors mediates 2 taste qualities: T1R2/T1R3 fo

216 The type 1 taste receptor member 3 (T1R3) is a G protein-coupled re

217 The two Caenorhabditis elegans taste receptor neurons "ASE left" (ASEL) and "ASE right"

218 ditis elegans, two morphologically bilateral taste receptor neurons, ASE left (ASEL) and ASE right (A

219 rectional asymmetry displayed by the two ASE taste receptor neurons, ASE left (ASEL) and ASE right (A

220 The taste receptors of larvae fed on host plants show an enh

221 results demonstrate the expression of bitter taste receptors of the T2R family in the mouse and rat g

222 ts increase the receptive range of the sweet taste receptor, offering a functional mechanism for phen

223 the Gr genes, and predicted that they encode taste receptors on the basis of their structure and spec

224 odium-glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT1), sweet taste receptors, or both.

225 olecular docking of these molecules on sweet taste receptor performed to obtain their binding energy,

226 stimuli through the papilla matrix to reach taste receptors, processes that are poorly understood.

227 onclusion, it appears that some signals from taste receptor proteins binding with sugars and some L-a

228 believed that the receptive ranges of bitter taste receptor repertoires match the profiles of bitter

229 umami taste and suggest that sweet and umami taste receptors share a common subunit.

230 prolonged food deprivation in the absence of taste-receptor signaling.

231 n) the adsorption energy of each molecule on taste receptor sites.

232 Sweet taste receptor stimulation only increased GLP-1 secretio

233 Glucose is a natural ligand for sweet taste receptors (STRs) that are expressed on the tongue

234 iously established that the intestinal sweet taste receptors (STRs), T1R2 and T1R3, were expressed in

235 Because the sweet taste receptor structure has not been experimentally sol

236 ion, we identify members of the Gr5a-related taste receptor subfamily that are coexpressed in sugar n

237 Here, we show that the sweet taste receptor subunit T1R3 and the taste G protein gust

238 ockout mice that lack gustducin or the sweet taste receptor subunit T1r3 have deficiencies in secreti

239 ntly associated with expression of the sweet taste receptor subunit, Tas1r2.

240 e human sweet receptor (a heterodimer of two taste receptor subunits: hT1R2 + hT1R3) responds to cycl

241 ken together our data suggest that the sweet-taste receptor system plays an important neurotrophic ro

242 posed to function as a component of the salt-taste-receptor system.

243 response implicates the luminal-based sweet-taste receptor T1R2/T1R3, with the reflex apparently inv

244 aphy matched the expression profile of sweet taste receptor T1R2/T1R3.

245 Here we report that sweet taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3 are expressed throughout a

246 The sweet taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3 are G protein-coupled rece

247 Furthermore, sweet taste receptor (T1R2/3) activation suppressed T2R-mediat

248 ransduction of sugars (the canonical "sweet" taste receptor, T1R2 + T1R3) and L-amino acids (the T1R1

249 e largely independent of the classical sweet taste receptors, T1R2 and T1R3.

250 tamate receptors (mGluRs), sweet and "umami" taste receptors (T1Rs), and the extracellular calcium-se

251 Here, we present evidence that the bitter taste receptor T2R38 regulates the mucosal innate defens

252 In humans, the 25 bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are activated by hundreds of stru

253 Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) in the human airway detect harmfu

254 body through stimulation of extraoral type 2 taste receptors (T2Rs).

255 -sensing G protein-coupled receptors (type 2 taste receptors [T2Rs]) are expressed in taste receptor

256 putative pheromone receptors, V1Rs, and the taste receptors, T2Rs.

257 The putative human taste receptor TAS1R1-TAS1R3 responds specifically to l-

258 et taste is primarily mediated by the type 1 taste receptor Tas1r2/Tas1r3, whereas Tas1r1/Tas1r3 act

259 blished the bronchodilatory effect of bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) agonists in various models.

260 We hypothesize that human bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) genes might be relaxed from selec

261 n coupled receptors (GPCRs) including bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) agonists and prostaglandin EP4 r

262 Type 2 taste receptors (TAS2R) are G protein-coupled receptors

263 Polymorphisms in the bitter-taste receptor TAS2R38 explain the majority of phenotypi

264 rrin and deficient functioning of the bitter taste receptor TAS2R38.

265 al cells from human and mouse express bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) and their canonical signaling c

266 Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are G-protein-coupled receptors

267 Although bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are important for human health,

268 Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) enable animals to detect and av

269 ngly, activation of G-protein-coupled bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in airway smooth muscle (ASM) c

270 Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) on the tongue probably evolved

271 We found that type 2 taste receptors (TAS2Rs), which are activated by bitter-

272 s are recognized by G-protein-coupled bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs).

273 We recently identified bitter taste receptors (taste family type 2 receptors, or T2Rs)

274 dicate that many different G-protein-coupled taste receptors that bind with "bitter-tasting" ligands

275 T1Rs are candidate mammalian taste receptors that combine to assemble two heteromeric

276 imeric receptors, we propose that Drosophila taste receptors that function in avoidance of bitter com

277 TAS2R16 gene, encoding for one of the bitter taste receptors that selectively binds to salicin, a nat

278 Duodenal L cells express sweet taste receptors, the taste G protein gustducin, and seve

279 ow that human duodenal L cells express sweet taste receptors, the taste G protein gustducin, and seve

280 te acts via amino acid and glucose via sweet taste receptors to coordinate regulation of PepT1 and ap

281 ficity is at least partly due to a tuning of taste receptors to indioside D.

282 orter-1 and glucose transporter-2) and sweet taste receptor transcripts.

283 l. show that mice lacking functional "sweet" taste receptors (trpm5-/-) develop a preference for sucr

284 We demonstrate that fructose activates sweet taste receptors (TRs) on beta cells and synergizes with

285 s of bio-inspired materials, such as natural taste receptors (TRs) regarding receptor/ligand affinity

286 se transporter-1, glucose transporter-2, and taste receptor type 1 member 2 (T1R2) transcripts.

287 ults indicated that olfactory receptor (OR), taste receptor type 2, and vomeronasal receptor type 1 g

288 ion of mRNA for sweet receptor subunits T1R (Taste receptor type) 2 and 3, as well as other markers a

289 gh gustatory stimulation mobilizes Ca(2+) in taste Receptor (Type II) cells from DKO mice, as from wi

290 Taste Receptor (type II) cells secrete ATP via gap junct

291 whether non-sugar nutrients are regulated by taste receptors using perfused rat jejunum in vivo.

292 is representing crucial features of the T1R2 taste receptor VFTM binding site.

293 A polymorphism in a bitter taste receptor was recently associated with refractory C

294 it in the sweet taste receptor and the umami taste receptor, we tested the interaction of lactisole a

295 properties of the amiloride-insensitive salt taste receptor were investigated by RT-PCR, by the measu

296 nsporter (SGLT) family members and the sweet taste receptor were tested, and measurements of the port

297 Tas1R2 and Tas1R3 is a broadly acting sweet taste receptor, which mediates mammalian sweet taste tow

298 Drosophila olfactory receptors and mammalian taste receptors, which are monomeric or dimeric receptor

299 ound that these cells express sensory bitter taste receptors, which localized on motile cilia.

300 By challenging 34 mouse bitter taste receptors with 128 prototypical bitter substances