ライフサイエンスコーパス: tonically

1 y distributed "primary" motoneurons all fire tonically.

2 rkA, on the other hand, causes cells to fire tonically.

3 action potentials, while a neuron is firing tonically.

4 hibitory in neurons that are induced to fire tonically.

5 However, DLSC neurons began firing tonically 1-2 s before the onset of the wild running beh

6 RGCs, indicating that ambient levels of GABA tonically activate GABA(A) receptors in SACs.

7 Unlike orthosteric ligands, which tonically activate or inhibit signalling, allosteric lig

8 he inhibitory force in the amygdala and that tonically activated alpha3 GABA(A)Rs present an importan

9 We found that SK channels are tonically activated and contribute to the resting membra

10 In young cortical cultures, GluN2B and BRAG1 tonically activated Arf6.

11 e dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus are tonically activated by ambient GABA (gamma-aminobutyric

12 Extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors that are tonically activated by ambient GABA are important for co

13 that P2X3 receptors on sensory nerves may be tonically activated by ATP released from nearby damaged

14 ated rats, indicating that CB2 receptors are tonically activated by endocannabinoids.

15 Furthermore, A1Rs are tonically activated by endogenous adenosine (eADO), lead

16 extrasynaptic NMDARs when all receptors are tonically activated by exogenous glutamate.

17 ments of the aristae, whereas the latter are tonically activated by unidirectional, static deflection

18 at -23 mV, consistent with the properties of tonically activated IH.

19 We found that GABA(A) receptors are tonically activated in GFAP-expressing cells, consistent

20 demonstrated that purinergic receptors were tonically activated in hDPSCs and that inhibition of ect

21 aused hyperthermia, suggesting that TRPV1 is tonically activated in vivo and that TRPV1 antagonism an

22 The initial stress tonically activated LC neurons and induced theta oscilla

23 The synaptic KARs are regulated by tonically activated mGluR5, and expression of EPSC(KA) L

24 ails over the facilitatory action of weakly, tonically activated nAChRs in other glutamatergic fibers

25 al slice, the inhibitory action of strongly, tonically activated nAChRs in some glutamatergic fibers

26 litation of synaptic transmission by weakly, tonically activated nAChRs just enough to override inhib

27 t enough to override inhibition by strongly, tonically activated nAChRs.

28 gical agents capable of selectively blocking tonically activated NMDARs while leaving synaptically ac

29 T and VP neurons, revealing the existence of tonically activated presynaptic KARs that are positively

30 in mice disrupts signaling through Tie-2, a tonically activated receptor tyrosine kinase in the endo

31 sically activated receptors while inhibiting tonically activated receptors.

32 We propose that modulation of tonically activated synaptic-type GABAA receptors contri

33 s (KARs) are highly expressed in the BLA and tonically activated to regulate glutamate release via a

34 more, we found that mGluRs and GABA(B)Rs are tonically activated, thus setting the basal tone for EPS

35 through the AWC olfactory neurons: High CO2 tonically activates AWC by a cGMP-dependent mechanism, a

36 Ambient GABA in the brain tonically activates extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors, and

37 firing patterns in adult neural circuits by tonically activating extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors.

38 2-sensing neurons drive arousal at 21% O2 by tonically activating the RMG interneurons.

39 -2, 3-dione, most inspiratory neurons became tonically active (72%; n = 25, non-pacemaker).

40 The cholinergic interneurons in the NAc are tonically active and densely arborized and thus well sui

41 RuBi-GABA we show that GABA(B) receptors are tonically active and enhance extrasynaptic GABA(A) recep

42 eural control of the cerebral circulation is tonically active and likely plays a significant role in

43 These channels are tonically active and mediate an inward, Na+-dependent cu

44 reover, GABAergic SNr projection neurons are tonically active and project to the thalamus and brainst

45 iginating in cortical brain centres) and the tonically active arterial baroreflex contribute importan

46 antagonist motoneurone pools usually become tonically active but may also continue to be rhythmic.

47 The tonically active cholinergic input to rRPa originates ca

48 We conclude that a tonically active cholinergic input to the rRPa inhibits

49 Tonically active cholinergic interneurons become dysregu

50 Tonically active cholinergic interneurons in the striatu

51 orally contingent cessation of firing of the tonically active cholinergic interneurons to the output

52 spiny neurons connected with other MSNs and tonically active cholinergic interneurons, but not with

53 characteristic spike sequences described for tonically active cholinergic neurons (TANs) recorded in

54 endence of NMDA receptor channel activity on tonically active CKII thus permits changes in intracellu

55 Fourth, silencing the tonically active DSIs after a swim motor program substan

56 ings revealed that expiratory neurons become tonically active during anoxia, indicating that these ne

57 the intervention fails when the synapses are tonically active during background EMG activity.

58 Despite their relative scarcity, tonically active glycine receptors of cerebellar granule

59 Under these conditions tonically active GlyRs become a part of neural signallin

60 Furthermore, synchronous inhibition of tonically active GPe-STN neurons or phasic activity of G

61 was found to be constitutively produced and tonically active in cell replication, with neutralizatio

62 ct in sham rats, indicating that the CSAR is tonically active in CHF and contributes to cardiac dysfu

63 e experiments suggested that m-aconitase was tonically active in PNT2-C2 cells.

64 cogen synthase kinase-3 is a Ser/Thr kinase, tonically active in resting cells but inhibited by phosp

65 hat the endogenous cannabinoid system may be tonically active in the control of tremor and spasticity

66 ative opioid peptide, [Met5]enkephalin, is a tonically active inhibitory growth molecule that is term

67 Together, these data suggest that tonically active inhibitory mGluRs are expressed on loca

68 We consider how cholinergic tonically active interneurons (TANs) may endow the stria

69 urons (iSPNs) and to excess phasic firing of tonically active interneurons (TANs).

70 egulated around a new physiological range by tonically active interneurons and returns to normal upon

71 ine regulation of acetylcholine release from tonically active interneurons contributes to CPD, PPP, l

72 r critical for basal ganglia function; these tonically active interneurons receive excitatory inputs

73 n outward potassium current or blockade of a tonically active inward I(h) current in different groups

74 t muscimol and the GABAB agonist baclofen on tonically active medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurone

75 Interruption of tonically active medullo-spinal pathways after injury ca

76 ratory phasic muscle], tensor palatini [TP-a tonically active muscle]) and potential stimuli (i.e., e

77 pable of executing large changes and smaller tonically active muscles specialized for continuous fine

78 with the OGF receptor (OGFr) and serves as a tonically active negative growth factor in cell prolifer

79 Similarly, the noise correlation between tonically active neuron pairs was stronger in the putame

80 ons (MSNs), presumed projection neurons] and tonically active neurons (presumed cholinergic interneur

81 In primates, tonically active neurons (putative cholinergic interneur

82 Tonically active neurons (TANs) are known for their resp

83 We find that a set of interneurons, the tonically active neurons (TANs) in monkeys' striatum, us

84 Here we show that VMS tonically active neurons (TANs), including putative chol

85 Tonically active neurons (TANs), the presumed striatal c

86 We asked what contribution tonically active neurons (TANs), the putative striatal c

87 Tonically active neurons (TANs)--presumably, striatal ch

88 Pe)], and one neuromodulator group [striatal tonically active neurons (TANs)] from behaving monkeys.

89 Striatal cholinergic interneurons are tonically active neurons and respond to sensory stimuli

90 in vitro pause in firing of these otherwise tonically active neurons and to the striatal dopamine/ac

91 Upon examining the responses of tonically active neurons in behaving primates, we found

92 n vitro were indistinguishable from those of tonically active neurons recorded in vivo.

93 nhibition of SupV BPNs identifies a group of tonically active neurons that function to lower masseter

94 osed mechanism for adjusting control through tonically active neurons that inhibit movement-producing

95 Cholinergic interneurons, or tonically active neurons, become responsive to the CS an

96 ons (DANs) and striatal cholinergic neurons (tonically active neurons, TANs) participate in signallin

97 gs are contrasted with results from striatal tonically active neurons, which show none of these task-

98 in vitro pairwise recordings of rat striatal tonically active neurons.

99 eurons (CINs) are thought to be identical to tonically active neurons.

100 We find that inhibitory transmission from tonically active PCs can transmit a behavioral rate code

101 onses of second-order retinal neurons at the tonically active photoreceptor synapse.

102 ulation of contraction and suggest that in a tonically active smooth muscle CaP may function as a sig

103 hat encode the spike timing of ACh-releasing tonically active striatal interneurons (ChIs).

104 Ribbon synapses are tonically active synapses in the retina and inner ear wi

105 average action potential firing frequency of tonically active TIDA neurons.

106 1)-like effects were also inhibited when the tonically active TRPC3 channels were inhibited by intrac

107 nsors are both activated by CO(2) and remain tonically active while high CO(2) persists.

108 mGluR antagonists indicated that mGluRs are tonically active, and are highly sensitive to small elev

109 THIK-1 is tonically active, and its activity is potentiated by P2Y

110 We describe a novel tonically active, bicuculline-sensitive chloride conduct

111 Here, we present evidence for a unique, tonically active, excitatory interneuron in the songbird

112 KEY POINTS: A tonically active, muscarinic cholinergic inhibition of r

113 ocated nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) that are tonically active, potentiated glutamatergic or GABA-ergi

114 ogenous opioid is present and functions as a tonically active, receptor-mediated, negative growth fac

115 physiological conditions, MaxiK channels are tonically active, serving as a hyperpolarizing force tha

116 t a subset of presynaptic GABA receptors are tonically active.

117 roportion of the conductance was found to be tonically active.

118 r neurons are normally rhythmically, and not tonically active.

119 ns, and some PV+ and NOS+ interneurons, were tonically active; NOS+ interneurons fired prominent burs

120 units (n = 22) discharged action potentials tonically after being recruited, whereas others (n = 31)

121 oing motion of the visual target, displaying tonically altered discharge rates for as long as it was

122 OS activity in vascular endothelial cells is tonically and dynamically regulated by competitive inter

123 mitter and other GABAergic agents can modify tonically and phasically activated synaptic receptors in

124 s major role is to facilitate motor activity tonically and phasically in association with motivated b

125 (i.e., field effect) inhibitions functioned tonically and phasically, respectively.

126 ntrol slices, 74/76 (97%) of STN cells fired tonically at a rate of 10.3 +/- 1.3 Hz.

127 ribbon synapses, where glutamate is released tonically at high levels and rapid vesicle turnover is e

128 If glutamate were present tonically at low micromolar concentrations, many recepto

129 Raising [H(+)]i tonically at one end of a myocyte evoked a local [Ca(2+)

130 NPY axons innervating hypocretin neurons may tonically attenuate hypocretin-regulated arousal.

131 The data indicate that nNOS in MD tonically attenuates the GFR-lowering influence of ambie

132 hanges in limb haemodynamics are mediated by tonically augmented sympathetic alpha-adrenergic vasocon

133 ng cells with blebbistatin or calyculin A to tonically block or augment, respectively, myosin II acti

134 It tonically blocks L-type channels in the inner pore with

135 imethoxyphenyl)furan-2-carboxamide (A803467) tonically blocks T-type channels in the low micromolar r

136 e activity of many DRN neurons was modulated tonically by the expected reward size with either large-

137 y, the activity of DRN neurons was modulated tonically by the received reward size with either large-

138 mate temporally between motor neuron bursts, tonically contract, and low-pass filter broad-band input

139 pha sensory neurons encode heat and itch and tonically cross-inhibit cold-responsive spinal neurons.

140 Our data show that by tonically dampening the levels of cAMP within the GABAer

141 hways, through which the FOXO1 target Fam65b tonically dampens chemokine-induced migration by repress

142 hypothesis holds that optimal states exhibit tonically depolarized cortical neurons with enhanced spi

143 omatosensory cortex in vitro, and found that tonically depolarized FS-FS and SOM-FS pairs connected b

144 Cells with exclusively AHP responses are tonically depolarized.

145 t PNs and local neurons (LNs) and indirectly tonically depolarizes tertiary Kenyon cells (KCs).

146 lobe, and that spontaneous activity in ORNs tonically depolarizes the resting membrane potentials of

147 y before a motor task and others only active tonically during holding phase of the task.

148 ity during the POC-triggered rhythm but fire tonically during the VCN-triggered rhythm.

149 ognitive activity, but is unable to do so at tonically elevated noradrenergic levels associated with

150 obstruction, the activity of LC neurons was tonically elevated.

151 bability of reward, whereas anterior neurons tonically encoded possibility of reward.

152 Tonically enhanced dopamine levels may disturb working m

153 Neurons that were tonically excited during the task predominantly carried

154 ndicate that dendritically released dopamine tonically excites SNr GABA neurons via D(1)-D(5) recepto

155 rent with the transformation of the immature tonically firing cells to those with the trimodal patter

156 A new measure of excitability of tonically firing neurones termed the 'estimated potentia

157 In tonically firing neurones, a stimulus consisting of EPSP

158 neurons are intrinsically chemosensitive and tonically firing neurons whose respiratory rhythmicity i

159 ivity in which they continuously cycle among tonically firing, bursting, and silent modes.

160 ity pattern generated by the cell as silent, tonically firing, or bursting.

161 standard Hodgkin-Huxley model) that can fire tonically for steady inputs.

162 A few afferents responded tonically for the duration of the sound stimulus.

163 itions may indicate that it is also secreted tonically from human bronchiolar Clara cells.

164 in central terminals of peripheral afferents tonically generate glutamate release in NTS at 37 degree

165 d to induce LTD and not merely to maintain a tonically heightened activity level of AMPA receptors as

166 eformations significantly more damaging than tonically held deformations.

167 A tonically high level of brain arousal and its hyperstabl

168 hat the cortico-striatal-thalamic circuit is tonically hyperactive in mutants, but becomes hypoactive

169 noxious heat, suggesting that dopamine acts tonically in the cortex to inhibit nociception.

170 contrasts with Ca(v)2.2a channels, which are tonically in the R state and exhibit strong prepulse fac

171 d Ca(v)2.2a channels with beta subunits were tonically in the R state.

172 channels containing Ca(v)beta subunits were tonically in the W state, whereas Ca(v)2.1 channels with

173 holinergic interneurons fire irregularly but tonically in vivo.

174 onditions, excessive activation of NMDARs by tonically increased ambient glutamate contributes to exc

175 II disrupted electrical activity rhythms and tonically increased Bmal1 mRNA.

176 iated spiking in thalamus, this manipulation tonically increased the firing rate of thalamic relay ne

177 that intra-episode progress was tracked by a tonically increasing global response, plus an increasing

178 Intra-episode progress is tracked by tonically increasing global responses, plus MD-specific

179 aying the offset of the Per2 mRNA rhythm and tonically increasing mRNA stability.

180 rn suggests that, when active, these neurons tonically inhibit appetitive and consummatory behaviors

181 o constitutively activate receptors, did not tonically inhibit calcium currents, indicating a lack of

182 In agreement with the idea that D(2)Rs tonically inhibit GABA release from these neurons, stimu

183 hat TRPV1 channels located outside the brain tonically inhibit locomotor activity.

184 amma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and enkephalin tonically inhibit neurons within the RVLM.

185 ulla (CVLM) contains GABAergic neurones that tonically inhibit presympathetic RVLM neurones and are e

186 easing the basal firing of NAcS neurons that tonically inhibit reward seeking.

187 tion and in response to adiponectin, B cells tonically inhibit T cell trafficking by secreting a pept

188 reducing the activity of RtN neurons, which tonically inhibit thalamic relay neurons.

189 PO provide parallel inhibitory pathways that tonically inhibit the DMH/DHA and the RMR at baseline, a

190 Rs in satellite cells of dorsal root ganglia tonically inhibit the expression of P2X3Rs in neurons.

191 ns of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) tonically inhibit the release of the protein hormone pro

192 o test the hypothesis that cardiac receptors tonically inhibit the secretion of renin, arginine vasop

193 f the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) tonically inhibit the target nuclei of the basal ganglia

194 almost all cases, synaptic transmission was tonically inhibited by adenosine acting via A1 receptors

195 ts indicate that COX-2 expression in situ is tonically inhibited by adrenal steroids, and COX-2 is re

196 Our findings suggest that epidermal TRPV3 is tonically inhibited by both extracellular and intracellu

197 anterior lobe (AL) of the pituitary gland is tonically inhibited by dopamine (DA) of hypothalamic ori

198 ified by the GAD67 promoter-driven EGFP, are tonically inhibited by glycine or GABA in a regionally d

199 ion and macrophage-mediated inflammation are tonically inhibited by NO --> VASP signal transduction,

200 under basal conditions, adrenal signaling is tonically inhibited by NPY, but stress overrides this au

201 f stressed rats were activated by reward and tonically inhibited by reward omission with incorrect ch

202 t, LC neurons of stress-naive rats were only tonically inhibited by reward omission.

203 in which the pituitary hormone prolactin is tonically inhibited by tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA

204 sexes, with its activation in females being tonically inhibited by VNO signaling, independent of adu

205 Neurons that were tonically inhibited during the task predominantly carrie

206 to the sustained activation of eNMDARs that tonically inhibited IA , contributing in turn to higher

207 in the sustained activation of eNMDARs that tonically inhibited IA and contributed also to higher on

208 Cells expressing Gbeta(1)gamma(2) were tonically inhibited via the VD pathway.

209 he executive neurons driving egg-laying, are tonically inhibited when CO2 is elevated.

210 The ON pathway, blocked by L-AP-4, tonically inhibits an OFF cell at mean luminance and pha

211 Past work has shown that striatal GABA tonically inhibits dopamine release, but whether GABA-A

212 volving residues 120-129 of unoccupied Eallo tonically inhibits Ecat; (b) binding of an activating FA

213 that alpha-MSH signalling transduced by Mc4r tonically inhibits feeding; however, it is not known to

214 lated feeding, implying that endogenous apoE tonically inhibits food intake.

215 existence of an endogenous KOR-1 system that tonically inhibits mesoaccumbal DA neurotransmission.

216 K activation, suggesting that COX-2 activity tonically inhibits MMP-1 production via ERK inhibition b

217 Thus, endogenous MHCI tonically inhibits NMDAR function and controls downstrea

218 trol of LSNA, indicating that endogenous NPY tonically inhibits PVN presympathetic neurons.

219 at mutant htt increases the risk of death by tonically interfering with homeostatic coping mechanisms

220 Additional analysis revealed that tonically internalized TPbeta undergoes recycling back t

221 Protein kinase A (PKA) is thought to tonically maintain an enhanced level of postsynaptic AMP

222 g is also indexed by neural activity that is tonically maintained throughout a study task.

223 Endocannabinoids did not tonically modify EPSCs.

224 g the question of whether endogenous opioids tonically modulate the pain of visceral cancer.

225 ain-sensing (nociceptive) sensory neurons is tonically modulated by growth factors in the glial cell

226 dy provides novel information that VACCs are tonically modulated by the intracellular Ca(2+) level an

227 smission, indicating that endogenous ligands tonically modulated synoptic activity at these synapses.

228 uggest that a CNS opioid-dependent mechanism tonically modulates early and late-stage pancreatic canc

229 se results provide evidence for SupV BPNs in tonically modulating jaw-closing muscle tone and in medi

230 Zn2+ tonically occupies the high-affinity binding site of NMD

231 The group II mGluRs were activated tonically on GABAergic, but not glutamatergic synapses,

232 elix 8 of the receptor; activation of AC2 is tonically opposed by protein kinase A (PKA)-activated PD

233 second receptor-GPR3 and/or GPR12 in mammals-tonically opposes the progesterone receptor.

234 t, the G beta gamma dimers, either expressed tonically or elevated via receptor activation, did not p

235 neurons are known to fire action potentials tonically or phasically under different behavioral condi

236 es, we found that expression of PD-1 in TIDC tonically paralyzed NF-kappaB activation.

237 a(2+) in neuroblasts, only GLU(K5) receptors tonically reduce the speed of neuroblast migration along

238 1) (in 13 fetuses, P < 0.001), indicating NO tonically reduces cerebral vascular tone.

239 und that extracellular, endogenous glutamate tonically reduces the rate of failures of GABAergic tran

240 rate by 30%, suggesting that endogenous GABA tonically reduces the speed of cell migration via GABA(A

241 r-activated receptors type-alpha (PPARalpha) tonically regulate beta2*-nAChRs and thereby control dop

242 increase DA, indicating that NMDA receptors tonically regulate DA release in these brain regions.

243 ATP acts in an autocrine/paracrine manner to tonically regulate ENaC in mammalian collecting duct.

244 calmodulin regulates the M-current, which is tonically regulated by CK2 and PP1 anchored to the KCNQ2

245 These itch-specific circuits are tonically regulated by inhibitory interneurons in the do

246 forearm basal microvascular tone in vivo is tonically regulated by neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), in c

247 s model, however, is how brain blood flow is tonically regulated independent of regional changes in a

248 fects inflammation in many types of tissues, tonically regulates microglial activation.

249 Our data indicate that casein kinase-1 tonically regulates NMDA receptor activity by interactin

250 Leukocytes migrating into injured tissues tonically release DAMPs, including the high mobility gro

251 formation is encoded by sensory neurons that tonically release neurotransmitter at high rates.

252 Cone photoreceptors tonically release neurotransmitter in the dark through a

253 etinal photoreceptors and second-order cells tonically release neurotransmitter.

254 Here, we report that in the dark, rods tonically release synaptic vesicles at a much slower rat

255 nerates a myogenic rhythm in the presence of tonically released acetylcholine, and suggest that the p

256 We propose: (i) that tonically released adenosine acting on A1 receptors redu

257 that under behaviorally relevant conditions tonically released DA acts mainly via D1 receptors to pr

258 also demonstrated that, like GABA, SDF-1 was tonically released in the DG and that GABAergic transmis

259 oked muscle vasoconstriction is modulated by tonically released NO, but not depressed by additional N

260 ggesting that these neurones were exposed to tonically released taurine/glycine.

261 Ribbon synapses of tonically releasing sensory neurons must provide a large

262 ctivity, and 7 of the 14 phasic units became tonically responsive.

263 Substantia nigra dopamine neurons fire tonically resulting in action potential backpropagation

264 We report that eNOS is tonically S-nitrosylated in resting bovine aortic endoth

265 ar transplantation of non-mitotic cells that tonically secrete 5-HT and brain-derived neurotrophic fa

266 room the rat was in; nearly all neurons were tonically selective for environments in a way that depen

267 gonism arises from the requirement that BCL2 tonically sequester proapoptotic BIM in CLL.

268 CAR receptors, we used a model system with a tonically signaling CAR, which induces hallmark features

269 urs not only in bursting neurons but also in tonically spiking neurons.

270 iated disruption of endophilin function in a tonically stimulated synapse leads to a block in the inv

271 but not NK3, receptors within the SN may be tonically stimulated.

272 tatory current (termed tonic I(NMDA)), which tonically stimulates neuronal activity.

273 the brain, by tonically suppressing DDC and tonically stimulating 5-HTPDC.

274 tors other than type 1 or 2 AngII receptors, tonically support sympathetic nerve activity.

275 We conclude that endocannabinoids tonically suppress cardiac contractility in hypertension

276 two inhibitory kinases (WEE1 and MYT1) that tonically suppress CDK2 and CDC2 activity and activation

277 at TRPV1-mediated signals from the periphery tonically suppress the general locomotor activity.

278 Last, GABA neurotransmission was found to be tonically suppressed in cocaine-extinguished rats.

279 We report that mTOR is tonically suppressed in rat hippocampus under resting co

280 , which accumulates as adenosine, astrocytes tonically suppressed synaptic transmission, thereby enha

281 n autocrine loop by which PTPRZ1 activity is tonically suppressed.

282 Our findings suggest that CK1 tonically suppresses NMDAR activity in the PVN by reduci

283 e demonstrated that this neuronal population tonically suppresses splanchnic SNA (SSNA), arterial pre

284 thesis of dopamine and 5-HT in the brain, by tonically suppressing DDC and tonically stimulating 5-HT

285 anolone sulfate is more potent at inhibiting tonically than synaptically activated NMDARs.

286 These properties are akin to setting tonically the excitation and inhibition balance.

287 Together, the RVLM phosphatase activity acts tonically to attenuate the ERK-dependent pressor effect

288 t respond phasically and others that respond tonically to femorotibial movements.

289 in-expressing (PV+) interneurons and respond tonically to GABA released from these neurons.

290 We found that endocannabinoids act tonically to regulate AMPA miniature postsynaptic curren

291 e quiescent neural stem cells (RGLs) respond tonically to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric aci

292 2.2b to E as in Ca(v)2.2a converts Ca(v)2.2b tonically to the R state, insensitive to further G prote

293 eurons increased or decreased their activity tonically until the reward was delivered, for both ipsiv

294 channels (VDCCs), including the N-type, are tonically up-regulated via Ras/mitogen-activated protein

295 ly, group III mGluRs, although not activated tonically, were present on excitatory, but not inhibitor

296 Cells fire tonically when depolarized, as during waking.

297 fRG neurons encode pH linearly and discharge tonically when disconnected from the rest of the respira

298 hese interneurons and to cause them to spike tonically while recorded intracellularly.

299 enhance spontaneous neurotransmitter release tonically with minimal extracellular Ca(2+) or with majo

300 Ribbon synapses release neurotransmitters tonically, with a high release rate made possible by con