ライフサイエンスコーパス: transducin

1 -binding protein (PrBP/delta), and activated transducin.

2 ferential activation of rod and cone PDE6 by transducin.

3 th Pgamma but differ in the interaction with transducin.

4 on is released upon binding to the G-protein transducin.

5 nct variants of the heterotrimeric G protein transducin.

6 traint is released upon binding of activated transducin.

7 in approximately twice that of the G-protein transducin.

8 ric rhodopsin is capable of full coupling to transducin.

9 distribution of the heterotrimeric G-protein transducin.

10 endent on cellular signaling downstream from transducin.

11 ir ability to constitutively activate bovine transducin.

12 ity of the photoreceptor-specific G protein, transducin.

13 not mediated through its canonical G-protein transducin.

14 nits allow tight regulation by the G protein transducin.

15 and sufficient to promote interactions with transducin.

16 nic lock does not alter its interaction with transducin.

17 accelerate the GTPase activity of activated transducin.

18 ine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha transducin 1 knockout ( Gnat1(-/-)) background to allow

19 Both alpha-gustducin and alpha-transducin activate phosphodiesterases to decrease intra

20 ardenafil binding and hydrolytic activity of transducin-activated PDE6 fail to exceed 50% of the valu

21 cally manipulated mice in which the rates of transducin activation and inactivation were altered, we

22 rior ability to tightly control the rates of transducin activation and inactivation, responsible for

23 Efficient transducin activation and isolation of a high affinity t

24 e in bright light and use more ATP s(-1) for transducin activation and rhodopsin phosphorylation.

25 UV-visible spectra and rhodopsin/transducin activation assays revealed only minor differe

26 rption, but this arrangement interferes with transducin activation by restricting the mobility of bot

27 ant differences were observed in the rate of transducin activation by rhodopsin and in the force requ

28 A 1.3-fold reduction in the rate of transducin activation by rhodopsin was observed in the a

29 d with the WT form, and an increased rate of transducin activation by the unbound mutant opsins, whic

30 translocation in cones can be triggered when transducin activation exceeds a critical level, essentia

31 Following transducin activation of membrane-associated PDE6 holoen

32 Transducin activation of PDE6 appears to require interac

33 Transducin activation of PDE6 catalysis critically depen

34 This may contribute to a faster transducin activation rate by accelerating transducin-rh

35 M39R showed a faster rate for transducin activation than WT rhodopsin with a faster me

36 Thus, similar to transducin activation, rhodopsin phosphorylation by GRK1

37 ggest the conformational change of Pgamma on transducin activation.

38 ignaling events alternative to the classical transducin activation.

39 8 to Glu (R238E) in the switch 3 region of a transducin alpha (*Talpha) in which 27 aa of the GTPase

40 In this study, we replaced cone transducin alpha (cTalpha) for rod transducin alpha (rTa

41 aced cone transducin alpha (cTalpha) for rod transducin alpha (rTalpha) in rod photoreceptors of tran

42 acylated N terminus of the rod photoreceptor transducin alpha (Talpha) subunit and Caenorhabditis ele

43 In mice expressing normal phosducin, transducin alpha and betagamma subunits returned to the

44 f cytoplasmic PDE6gamma binding to activated transducin alpha GTP (Talpha-GTP) before the Talpha-GTP

45 by modulation of GAP-dependent hydrolysis of transducin alpha GTP.

46 ffector complex is composed of the GTP-bound transducin alpha subunit (Galpha(T).GTP) and the cyclic

47 support the notion that the accumulation of transducin alpha subunit in the outer segment is driven

48 n the phosducin phosphorylation mutants, the transducin alpha subunit moved four times slower, with t

49 Finally, we showed that the extent of transducin alpha subunit translocation is affected by th

50 The C-terminal tail of the transducin alpha subunit, Gtalpha(340-350), is known to

51 structural differences between rod and cone transducin alpha subunits (Talpha) in determining the fu

52 the catalytic subunits (Palphabeta) and the transducin alpha-subunit (alpha(t)) in this process is n

53 , we measured the diffusion of the G protein transducin alpha-subunit (Galpha(t)) and the G protein-c

54 vated, resulting in binding of the activated transducin alpha-subunit (Gt(alpha)) to PDE6, displaceme

55 E6 activation upon addition of the activated transducin alpha-subunit (Gt(alpha)*-GTPgammaS).

56 of the rhodopsin mutants were crossed onto a transducin alpha-subunit null (Tr(alpha)(-/-)) backgroun

57 se were undetectable, although rhodopsin and transducin alpha-subunit were mostly unaffected.

58 Expression levels of M-opsin, cone transducin alpha-subunit, and cone arrestin in CNGB3(-/-

59 -specific proteins, including rhodopsin, rod transducin alpha-subunit, and glutamic acid-rich protein

60 was induced by light in mice missing the rod transducin alpha-subunit.

61 Thus, rod and cone transducin alpha-subunits are functionally interchangeab

62 ta-subunits of PDE6 and the alpha-subunit of transducin (alpha(t)).

63 t cones were destabilized and devoid of cone transducin (alpha- and gamma-subunits), cone phosphodies

64 Recombinant cone transducin-alpha (Galpha(t2)) and native rod Galpha(t1)

65 ts interaction with the N-acylated GTP-bound transducin-alpha subunit (Galpha(t1)).

66 ates GTPase activity of the alpha-subunit of transducin (alphat) by enhancing the interaction between

67 een concentration and the activation rate of transducin also potentially contribute to the mismatch b

68 f the alpha subunit of the retinal G-protein transducin and a limited region from the alpha subunit o

69 rhodopsin (Rh*) that binds to the G-protein transducin and activates the phototransduction cascade.

70 lect an increase in the lateral diffusion of transducin and an increased activation rate by photoexci

71 We examined light-activated transducin and arrestin translocation in young Rs1-KO mi

72 ed to defective association of isoprenylated transducin and cone phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6alpha') wit

73 critical for correct compartmentalization of transducin and controls the rate of its deactivation.

74 led phosphodiesterase-6 (PDE6) subunits, rod transducin and G-protein receptor kinase-1 (GRK1) accumu

75 e "cones." Moreover, these cones express rod transducin and have rod ultrastructural features, provid

76 phototransduction proteins did not increase, transducin and its effector phosphodiesterase were distr

77 roach to analyze the interaction strength of transducin and its subunits with acidic lipid bilayers,

78 nt, reflecting a dynamic equilibrium between transducin and PDE6.

79 T1R2, T1R3 and alpha-gustducin versus T1R1, transducin and phospholipase C beta2.

80 G2A mutation reduced the GTPase activity of transducin and resulted in two to three times slower tha

81 Cone transducin and rod arrestin are expressed concurrently w

82 ly reduced in their expression levels (i.e., transducin and Rom1) in Ahi1(-/-) mice.

83 e in stabilizing the outer segment proteins, transducin and Rom1, and that Ahi1 is an important compo

84 nding pocket, interactions of rhodopsin with transducin, and molecular interactions stabilizing the r

85 Synthesis and transport of transducin, and rhodopsin kinase 1 (GRK1), also prenylat

86 However, an anti-transducin antibody (AS/7) typically used for plant Galp

87 We employed an anti-transducin antibody (Galphat-S), in combination with oth

88 we propose that the properties described for transducin are common to its homologs within the G(i) su

89 Both Galpha gustducin and Galpha transducin are involved in umami signaling, because the

90 n proteins, such as rhodopsin, arrestin, and transducin, are mislocalized.

91 ive guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate into transducin as an index of activity, that 11-cis-retinol

92 rHDL also results in the rapid activation of transducin, at a rate that is comparable with that found

93 ion domain" (NID) of MeCP2 directly contacts transducin beta-like 1 (TBL1) and TBL1 related (TBLR1),

94 h-1, Siah-1-interacting protein (SIP), Skp1, transducin beta-like 1 (TBL1), and adenomatous polyposis

95 d many known players in ASD etiology such as transducin beta-like 1 X-linked receptor 1 and methyl-Cp

96 In this study, we characterized the TIG1 transducin beta-like gene required for infectious growth

97 Here, we report that transducin beta-like protein 1 (TBL1) controls the expre

98 These rods produce large amounts of transducin beta-subunit (Gbeta1), which cannot fold with

99 They further suggest that the production of transducin beta-subunit without its constitutive gamma-s

100 he function of the transcriptional regulator transducin (beta)-like 1 X-linked receptor 1 (TBL1XR1) i

101 cey phenotype is due to absence of the gene transducin (beta)-like 3 (tbl3).

102 luding nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR), transducin-beta-like protein 1 (TBL1), and TBL1-related

103 r segment is driven by its re-binding to the transducin betagamma dimer, because this process is acce

104 role of phosducin, a phosphoprotein binding transducin betagamma subunits in its de-phosphorylated s

105 roximately 95 minutes, while the movement of transducin betagamma was less affected.

106 Our findings demonstrate that transducin betagamma-complex controls signal amplificati

107 tracellular proteolysis instead of forming a transducin betagamma-subunit complex.

108 Importantly, transducin binding to the activated receptor selects a s

109 We show here that redistribution of rod transducin by light requires activation, but it does not

110 r, which appears to hinder the activation of transducin by light-activated rhodopsin.

111 lied in studying signaling of the G-protein, transducin, by light-activated rhodopsin.

112 ever, adding a 1000-fold excess of activated transducin can stimulate the hydrolytic activity of PDE6

113 sing G alpha(t)G2A showed a severe defect in transducin cellular localization.

114 totransduction pathway components, including transducin, cGMP-gated channel, and red opsin of cone ph

115 ts suggested a new 3D model of the rhodopsin-transducin complex that fully satisfied all available ex

116 isting computational models of the rhodopsin-transducin complex with each other and with current expe

117 at includes a heterotrimeric G-protein, cone transducin, comprising Galphat2, Gbeta3 and Ggammat2 sub

118 To test whether the absence of alpha-transducin contributed to degeneration by favoring the f

119 7) by itself could not be displaced but that transducin could relieve inhibition of certain Pgamma tr

120 However, cone alpha-transducin (cTalpha, GNAT2) has not been shown to have s

121 nd caused photoreceptor cell death through a transducin-dependent mechanism that is similar to light

122 Expressing K296E in the arrestin/transducin double knock-out background prevented transdu

123 p II AGS proteins primarily engage the Gi/Go/transducin family of G proteins.

124 partment, which results in the uncoupling of transducin from its innate receptor, rhodopsin.

125 ht causes massive translocation of G-protein transducin from the light-sensitive outer segment compar

126 modulate ON bipolar cell signaling and cone transducin function in mice.

127 lex between rhodopsin and the heterotrimeric transducin (G alpha beta gamma) in an all-atom DOPC (1,2

128 f a well understood G-protein alpha-subunit, transducin (G alpha(t)), we generated transgenic mice th

129 n vertebrate vision, activates the G-protein transducin (G(T)) by catalyzing GDP-GTP exchange on its

130 Galpha(t1)GDP as well as with heterotrimeric transducin (G(t)).

131 ing cascade through binding to the G protein transducin (G(t)).

132 d activates multiple copies of the G-protein transducin (G) that trigger further downstream reactions

133 after prolonged dark adaptation, RGS9-1 and transducin Galpha are located in different cellular comp

134 ice lacking the rod G-protein alpha subunit, transducin (Galphat), revealing these responses to be tr

135 ncluding cone opsins (M- and S-opsins), cone transducin (Galphat2), G-protein-coupled receptor kinase

136 ons are affected in degenerating rods of the transducin gamma-subunit (Ggamma1) knockout mouse.

137 Here, we show that elimination of the transducin gamma-subunit drastically reduces signal ampl

138 Here we demonstrate that the knock-out of transducin gamma-subunit leads to a major downregulation

139 cilitate the traffic of the Gbeta subunit of transducin (Gbeta1).

140 r with an inactivated rod-specific G protein transducin gene (Gnat1-/-).

141 ructures of the C-terminal fragment of alpha-transducin (Gt(alpha)(340-350)) and its analogs.

142 opsin (Rho) and its cognate bovine G-protein transducin (Gt) as a model system, we used the retinoid

143 nstituting a one-way reaction that activates transducin (Gt) followed by chromophore release.

144 opsin activates the heterotrimeric G protein transducin (Gt) to transmit the light signal into retina

145 ce between photoactivated rhodopsin (R*) and transducin (Gt), its G-protein.

146 (Rho), and the rod cell-specific G protein, transducin (Gt).

147 receptor with the heterotrimeric G protein, transducin (Gt).

148 GDP for GTP on the heterotrimeric G protein transducin (GT).

149 ate, which binds and activates the G protein transducin (Gt).

150 t step of vision by activating the G protein transducin (Gt).

151 hodopsin (Rho* or Meta II) and the G protein transducin (Gt-GDP) is the first step in the visual sign

152 C-terminal fragment of the alpha-subunit of transducin, Gtalpha 340-350, within cavities of photoact

153 oactivated rhodopsin (R*) and its G-protein, transducin (Gtalphabetagamma), would significantly benef

154 e complex of betagamma-subunits of G protein transducin (Gtbetagamma).

155 ducin was 15-30% lower in P21 Rs1-KO ROS and transducin GTPase hydrolysis was nearly twofold faster,

156 n the cell exhausts its capacity to activate transducin GTPase, and a portion of transducin remains a

157 The transducin GTPase-accelerating protein complex, which de

158 es the ability of RGS9-1.Gbeta5L to activate transducin GTPase.

159 3 in cones is to establish optimal levels of transducin heteromer in the outer segment, thereby indir

160 controls the expression level of the entire transducin heterotrimer and that heterotrimer formation

161 nal degrees of freedom of the membrane-bound transducin heterotrimer.

162 ction and the progressive loss of cone alpha-transducin immunolabeling.

163 s for Pgamma to stimulate GTPase activity of transducin in a complex with RGS9-1.

164 th 11-cis-retinal and activate the G protein transducin in a light-dependent manner.

165 distribution of rod transducin in rods, cone transducin in cones does not redistribute during activat

166 nditions and occurred even in the absence of transducin in Grk1(-/-)Gnat1(-/-) mice.

167 ent membrane metabolism and translocation of transducin in photoreceptors.

168 alpha-subunit of the rod-specific G-protein transducin in phototransduction, the physiological funct

169 Inexplicably, loss of transducin in rd10 mice also led to photoreceptor cell d

170 o the light-stimulated redistribution of rod transducin in rods, cone transducin in cones does not re

171 restin translocation and re-translocation of transducin in the dark were not affected.

172 for the rapid inactivation of the G-protein transducin in vertebrate photoreceptor cells during thei

173 spectrum and activated its cognate G-protein transducin in vitro at a rate similar to native rhodopsi

174 me of the retinal degeneration occurred in a transducin-independent manner.

175 e gross conformational features of rhodopsin-transducin interactions and setting the stage for future

176 signaling proteins, including the G-protein transducin, into and out of the light-sensitive photorec

177 The heterotrimeric G protein transducin is a key component of the vertebrate phototra

178 Transducin is a prototypic heterotrimeric G-protein medi

179 nding and release of the C-terminal helix of transducin is coupled to hydration changes as may occur

180 e-activating complex to inactivate GTP-bound transducin is decreased or increased.

181 the interaction of human UNC119 (HRG4) with transducin is dependent on the N-acylation, but does not

182 Remarkably, when cone transducin is expressed in rods, it does undergo light-s

183 9-1 . Gbeta5 to accelerate GTP hydrolysis on transducin is independent of its means of membrane attac

184 Transducin is peripherally attached to membranes of the

185 In darkness, transducin is sequestered within the membrane-enriched o

186 rmation between photoactivated rhodopsin and transducin is severely compromised in the absence of Gtb

187 When rod transducin is stimulated, its subunits dissociate, leave

188 f the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE6) by transducin is the central event of visual signal transdu

189 of rhodopsin, the heterotrimeric G protein (transducin) is activated, resulting in binding of the ac

190 - trans form, enabling rhodopsin to activate transducin, its G protein.

191 on of the interactions between rhodopsin and transducin, its intracellular G-protein counterpart, and

192 nd three pathway-specific knockout mice (rod transducin knockout [Tralpha(-/-)], connexin36 knockout

193 us genetic backgrounds including a rod alpha-transducin knockout to test cone function.

194 poor cone ERG signal and loss of cone alpha-transducin label, the cones survive at 14 weeks as demon

195 We show that the transcriptional corepressor Transducin Like Enhancer-1 (TLE1) associates with rRNA g

196 also resulted in increased levels of Groucho/transducin-like enhancer of Split (TLE) and led to incre

197 scriptional repressors by binding to Groucho/Transducin-Like Enhancer of split (TLE) proteins that fu

198 cally, nuclear YAP/TAZ interact with Groucho/Transducin-Like Enhancer of Split (TLE) to block Wnt/T-c

199 We investigated interaction between transducin-like enhancer of split 1 (TLE1) and NOD2 in H

200 Tle1 (transducin-like enhancer of split 1) is a corepressor th

201 nstrate that the transcriptional coregulator transducin-like enhancer of split 3 (TLE3) inhibits mito

202 1 is associated with loss of the corepressor transducin-like enhancer of split 4 from the PU.1 comple

203 tion of antibodies against Wilms' tumor-1 or transducin-like enhancer of split 4.

204 Transducin-like enhancer of split-1 (TLE1) plays a criti

205 d with zymosan upon coimmunoprecipitation of transducin-like enhancer of split.

206 ies showed that miR-657 directly targets the transducin-like enhancer protein 1 (TLE1) 3' untranslate

207 We now show that the human Groucho protein, Transducin-like enhancer protein 1 (TLE1), positively as

208 it (AES), a transcriptional regulator of the transducin-like enhancer/Groucho family as a novel inter

209 terotrimer formation is essential for normal transducin localization.

210 7Leu (VPP) caused degeneration by persistent transducin-mediated signaling activity.

211 activation and isolation of a high affinity transducin-metarhodopsin II complex was demonstrated for

212 mma inhibition upon binding of two activated transducin molecules.

213 ds the operating range of rods, but in cones transducin never translocates, which is puzzling because

214 ed with each other and with alpha-gustducin, transducin or phospholipase C beta2 to different extents

215 uctural model for the activated state of the transducin-PDE6 complex during visual excitation, enhanc

216 embranes and resulted in decreased levels of transducin, PDE6alpha', and cone G-protein coupled recep

217 y low signal amplification at the pigment-to-transducin/phosphodiesterase phototransduction step, esp

218 We used the cone transducin promoter to express SynaptopHluorin (pHluorin

219 ufficient to activate its cognate G protein, transducin, prompted us to test whether the same monomer

220 rom its ability to inactivate the G protein, transducin, regardless of its effector interactions, whe

221 Activated rod transducin releases from membranes, whereas activated co

222 Furthermore, transducin relieves Pgamma inhibition of PDE6 in a bipha

223 dopsin-catalyzed activation of the G protein transducin relieves this inhibition and enhances PDE6 ca

224 activate transducin GTPase, and a portion of transducin remains active for a sufficient time to disso

225 eases from membranes, whereas activated cone transducin remains bound to membranes.

226 : i) increased Gsk3beta activation, ii) beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

227 rminus of REST that require activity of beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

228 known functions, WTX interacts with the beta-transducin repeat containing family of ubiquitin ligase

229 omplex," glycogen synthase kinase 3 and beta-transducin repeat containing protein, to promote their n

230 by a reduction in YAP association with beta-transducin repeat protein (betaTRCP), which is known to

231 nase kinase kinase 7 (MAP3K7; TAK1) and beta-transducin repeat-containing gene (betaTRC)--contain a h

232 Vpu recruits beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP) and med

233 r previous finding that upregulation of beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP) express

234 emonstrate that the E3 ubiquitin ligase beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP) is requ

235 se SCF(beta-TrCP), we hypothesized that beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP) targets

236 The beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP), a comp

237 ells by up-regulating the expression of beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP), an F-b

238 in-F-box ubiquitin E3 ligase component, beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP), that p

239 use Nrf2 contains two binding sites for beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (beta-TrCP), which

240 Despite a specific interaction between beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (betaTrCP) and the

241 ke ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) and beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (betaTrCP), which t

242 x with beta-catenin, AXIN1, beta-TrCP2 (beta-transducin repeat-containing protein 2), and APC (adenom

243 x responsible for activating NF-kappaB (beta-transducin repeat-containing protein [beta-TrCP]).

244 ts with the ubiquitin ligase beta-TRCP (beta-transducin repeat-containing protein) and undergoes degr

245 ed that Sirt1-mediated up-regulation of beta-transducin repeat-containing protein-facilitated proteol

246 SMAD3 inhibited beta-transducin repeat-containing protein-mediated degradatio

247 inase 3beta (GSK3beta) and a subsequent beta-transducin repeat-containing proteins (betaTRCP) mediate

248 We identify Skp/Cullin/F-box(Slimb/beta-transducin repeats-containing protein) (SCF(Slimb/beta-T

249 ce of Wnt, beta-catenin is targeted for beta-transducin repeats-containing proteins (beta-TrCP)-media

250 r transducin activation rate by accelerating transducin-rhodopsin complex formation.

251 Light-induced translocation of rod alpha-transducin (rTalpha, GNAT1) has been recognized as one o

252 ween rod- and cone-specific Pgammas underlie transducin's ability to more effectively activate cone-s

253 sducin double knock-out background prevented transducin signaling and led to substantially improved r

254 However, inhibition of transducin signaling did not prevent the loss of photore

255 al of retinal degeneration was observed when transducin signaling was eliminated genetically, indicat

256 Thus transducin signaling, but not channel closure, triggers

257 ires the photobleaching of rhodopsin but not transducin signaling.

258 Gib2 contains a seven-bladed beta transducin structure and is emerging as a scaffold prote

259 normal retinal localizations of GRK1 and rod transducin subunits (GNAT1 and GNB1) in zebrafish.

260 the membrane interactions of the dissociated transducin subunits are very different from those of the

261 Cone transducin subunits do not dissociate during activation

262 The kinetics of the return of the transducin subunits to the outer segments were compared

263 n terms of the return of the light-dispersed transducin subunits to the rod outer segments, occurs si

264 ts show that it is the dissociation state of transducin that determines its localization in photorece

265 way mediated by rhodopsin but independent of transducin that sensitizes cyclic nucleotide gated chann

266 ers are capable of activating the G protein, transducin, the activation process is much faster when R

267 -retinols on the opsin's ability to activate transducin to ascertain their potentials for activating

268 ce lacking the rod-specific alpha-subunit of transducin to determine if phototransduction events are

269 e-rich region of Pgamma is also required for transducin to increase cGMP exchange at the GAF domains.

270 Binding of activated transducin to PDE6 holoenzyme resulted in a concentratio

271 pled through G-proteins, alpha-gustducin and transducin, to activate phospholipase C beta2 and increa

272 rtly to the fact that the activation rate of transducin (Tr) by light-activated visual pigment (R*) i

273 retinal chromophore, activate the G protein transducin, traffic to the light-sensitive photoreceptor

274 d G(t)alpha and Gbeta(1)gamma(1) subunits of transducin translocate from the outer segment to other p

275 Notably, the G protein transducin translocates from rod outer segments to inner

276 y light, also accounts for the prevention of transducin translocation at any light intensity.

277 in alpha1-null mice display marked delays in transducin translocation compared with dark-adapted wild

278 Transducin translocation extends the operating range of

279 altered, we demonstrate that, like in rods, transducin translocation in cones can be triggered when

280 ated eyes was determined by evaluating alpha-transducin translocation in photoreceptors in response t

281 This sensitivity reversal indicates that transducin translocation in rods enhances signaling to r

282 ressive reduction in luminance threshold for transducin translocation in wild-type (WT) retinas betwe

283 In shaker1 mice, the rod transducin translocation is delayed because of a shift o

284 enerated transgenic mice where light-induced transducin translocation is impaired.

285 Our data suggest that transducin translocation is triggered when the cell exha

286 Transducin translocation threshold elevation indicates p

287 ptor cell loss, and restoration of the alpha-transducin translocation threshold in the photoreceptors

288 o a moderate rod-saturating light triggering transducin translocation, and then allowed to recover in

289 ctions with membranes impose a limitation on transducin translocation.

290 otein (RG4), has been recently implicated in transducin transport to the OS in the dark through its i

291 The key visual G protein, transducin undergoes bi-directional translocations betwe

292 In rods saturated by light, the G protein transducin undergoes translocation from the outer segmen

293 Expression of transducin was 15-30% lower in P21 Rs1-KO ROS and transd

294 -induced translocation of arrestin and alpha-transducin was documented by immunohistochemical analysi

295 rmation between photoactivated rhodopsin and transducin was measured by extra-metarhodopsin (meta) II

296 Pgamma molecule and tested for activation by transducin, we found that the C-terminal region (Pgamma6

297 rapid GPCR internalization of T1R1, T1R3 and transducin, whereas sucralose internalized T1R2, T1R3 an

298 e visual pigment rhodopsin and its G protein transducin, which reside in a highly specialized membran

299 visual excitation, interaction of activated transducin with Pgamma relieves inhibition.

300 c Ca(2+) current, suggesting interactions of transducin with the synaptic machinery.

301 facilitates dispersion of both rod and cone transducins within the cells.