ライフサイエンスコーパス: vesicular trafficking

1 tanding of mechanisms by which viruses coopt vesicular trafficking.

2 e nucleotide Exchange Factors) that regulate vesicular trafficking.

3 o guarantee remodeling processes crucial for vesicular trafficking.

4 thrin coat assembly, Golgi architecture, and vesicular trafficking.

5 Eps8 at the nexus of receptor signalling and vesicular trafficking.

6 acellular domains to the plasma membrane via vesicular trafficking.

7 en suggested to participate in autophagy and vesicular trafficking.

8 is responsible for organelle biogenesis and vesicular trafficking.

9 ediated endocytosis, bacterial invasion, and vesicular trafficking.

10 at modified host membranes and exploits host vesicular trafficking.

11 nchoring target proteins to membranes and in vesicular trafficking.

12 a, a protein required for accurate polarized vesicular trafficking.

13 ng that dysferlin is important for nonmuscle vesicular trafficking.

14 thelial cells are caused by dysregulation of vesicular trafficking.

15 umulate transferrin-488, reflecting abnormal vesicular trafficking.

16 cating a role for NAADP in the regulation of vesicular trafficking.

17 ellular processes, including endocytosis and vesicular trafficking.

18 -SCAM, a protein that has been implicated in vesicular trafficking.

19 with the intraflagellar transport system and vesicular trafficking.

20 ylation factors (ARFs) have crucial roles in vesicular trafficking.

21 ycle progression, inflammatory response, and vesicular trafficking.

22 oteins implicated in signal transduction and vesicular trafficking.

23 oskeleton, but also plays important roles in vesicular trafficking.

24 migrate in a head-to-tail fashion, requires vesicular trafficking.

25 in- and clathrin-binding protein involved in vesicular trafficking.

26 ociated with early endosomes and involved in vesicular trafficking.

27 nhibition of Rab family proteins involved in vesicular trafficking.

28 factor (ARF) GTPases, which are required for vesicular trafficking.

29 -ribosylation factors (ARFs) are critical in vesicular trafficking.

30 block in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi vesicular trafficking.

31 t activators of ADP-ribosylation factors for vesicular trafficking.

32 association in both early and late stages of vesicular trafficking.

33 interaction with Rab11, a GTPase involved in vesicular trafficking.

34 cytoskeletal regulation, cell polarity, and vesicular trafficking.

35 d problem with respect to the specificity of vesicular trafficking.

36 proteins, supporting a role of golgin-160 in vesicular trafficking.

37 f membrane remodeling, membrane fission, and vesicular trafficking.

38 an important aspect of protein targeting via vesicular trafficking.

39 g, mRNA modification, vesicle formation, and vesicular trafficking.

40 y, gene expression, microtubule dynamics and vesicular trafficking.

41 t be viewed in a broader context than simple vesicular trafficking.

42 cted HeLa cells by a mechanism that requires vesicular trafficking.

43 between intraendosomal pH and regulation of vesicular trafficking.

44 n apoptosis, cell cycling, and intracellular vesicular trafficking.

45 d to Hrs, an endosomal ATPase that regulates vesicular trafficking.

46 link heterotrimeric G protein signaling and vesicular trafficking.

47 e T cell immune synapse is a site of intense vesicular trafficking.

48 se in insulin demand and/or a dysfunction in vesicular trafficking.

49 us and is thought to play a critical role in vesicular trafficking.

50 osphate, a lipid that controls intracellular vesicular trafficking.

51 y for membrane fusion during eukaryotic cell vesicular trafficking.

52 dependent signalling pathways and defects in vesicular trafficking.

53 gulating receptor-mediated signaling through vesicular trafficking.

54 g their function in regulating intracellular vesicular trafficking.

55 transduction, cytoskeletal organization and vesicular trafficking.

56 to explore the cellular dynamics underlying vesicular trafficking.

57 tner of CaVbeta that is directly involved in vesicular trafficking.

58 nteract with cytosolic factors to facilitate vesicular trafficking.

59 of vestigial kinocilia, suggesting impaired vesicular trafficking.

60 n and examined its impact on endocytosis and vesicular trafficking.

61 od to analyze protein sorting and post-Golgi vesicular trafficking.

62 ced cell signalling, and 10 genes regulating vesicular trafficking, a pathway important for ciliogene

63 This shows that vesicular trafficking also is required in yeast for norm

64 ion profiles, whereas transcripts related to vesicular trafficking and abiotic stress were enriched i

65 TP-binding protein that regulates peripheral vesicular trafficking and actin cytoskeletal dynamics, a

66 itination of beta-arrestin1, which regulates vesicular trafficking and activation of ERK1/2.

67 arious cellular activities), participates in vesicular trafficking and autophagosome maturation in ma

68 TRAPP subunit, TRAPPC4 that associates with vesicular trafficking and autophagy defects.

69 hospholipase D (PLD) is strongly involved in vesicular trafficking and cell signaling, making this en

70 nd messenger implicated in the regulation of vesicular trafficking and cytoskeletal reorganization.

71 es of HIV viral transfer to T cells via cave/vesicular trafficking and de novo replication were obser

72 sicles, revealing a novel regulation of EGFR vesicular trafficking and degradation by the microtubule

73 oinflammatory phenotype caused by defects in vesicular trafficking and demonstrate a requirement of A

74 ependent anterograde bias distinct from both vesicular trafficking and diffusion of untagged PAGFP.

75 rotein receptor (SNARE) proteins involved in vesicular trafficking and exocytosis.

76 ral homology with SNARE proteins involved in vesicular trafficking and fusion.

77 nd Akt activation at the plasma membrane and vesicular trafficking and intracellular bacterial replic

78 cts of postnatal heart maturation, including vesicular trafficking and intracellular membrane dynamic

79 Yeast orthologs function in vesicular trafficking and mammalian proteins have been i

80 Intracellular vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion are important

81 Additionally, RalB phosphorylation regulated vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion by regulating

82 otein phosphatases play an important role in vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion processes.

83 further demonstrate that AS plays a role in vesicular trafficking and membrane organization.

84 dc42 are central regulators of intracellular vesicular trafficking and of the actin cytoskeleton, the

85 gulated sites in multiple pathways including vesicular trafficking and phosphoinositide metabolism.

86 n of the MAP1B binding domain did not impair vesicular trafficking and preferential delivery of Na(v)

87 These results implicate ATP13A2 in vesicular trafficking and provide a platform for further

88 During vesicular trafficking and release of enveloped viruses,

89 Vesicular trafficking and selective autophagy have emerg

90 an important model for the understanding of vesicular trafficking and selective autophagy in mammali

91 gulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is involved in vesicular trafficking and shares common regional distrib

92 a membrane invaginations that participate in vesicular trafficking and signal transduction events.

93 To facilitate polarized vesicular trafficking and signal transduction, neuronal

94 s of caveolae, which have been implicated in vesicular trafficking and signal transduction.

95 idylinositol (PtdIns) with critical roles in vesicular trafficking and signaling.

96 g homology to the COPI coatamers involved in vesicular trafficking and that human SRP mutations affec

97 These complexes limit intracellular vesicular trafficking and trap AMPARs inside the dendrit

98 these exogenous peptides required uptake and vesicular trafficking and was comparable in DCs derived

99 culum stress) and Golgi apparatus, increased vesicular trafficking, and a depletion of mature beta-gr

100 tide exchange factor) GLO-4, which regulates vesicular trafficking, and another that involves the F-b

101 ranscriptional regulation, oxidative stress, vesicular trafficking, and apoptosis.

102 cesses, including cytoskeletal organization, vesicular trafficking, and apoptosis.

103 dramatic shape changes such as endocytosis, vesicular trafficking, and cell division.

104 racellular processes such as cell migration, vesicular trafficking, and homeostasis of the Golgi comp

105 including endocytosis, signal transduction, vesicular trafficking, and immune modulation, and is a m

106 s, including roles in intracellular defense, vesicular trafficking, and inflammatory signaling.

107 ing RNA transport, transcription, apoptosis, vesicular trafficking, and intracellular signaling.

108 nt suggests its involvement in modulation of vesicular trafficking, and it might serve as a putative

109 proteins involved in membrane organization, vesicular trafficking, and late endosomal function, as w

110 ation of protein levels, signaling pathways, vesicular trafficking, and many other cellular processes

111 has pleiotropic effects on Golgi morphology, vesicular trafficking, and membrane bulk fluidity.

112 olarity, cell junction, cilia, cytoskeleton, vesicular trafficking, and regulation of beta-cell epige

113 dress the relationship between autophagy and vesicular trafficking, and the significance of both for

114 ynamic processes, such as nuclear transport, vesicular trafficking, and virus entry and egress.

115 n involvement of APP in axonal transport and vesicular trafficking, and with a potential association

116 NOM is lost as well as when auxin efflux and vesicular trafficking are chemically disrupted.

117 e unraveled, it appears that endocytosis and vesicular trafficking are involved.

118 acquisition, and underscore its function in vesicular trafficking as a central determinant.

119 ased, further implicating the involvement of vesicular trafficking as a mode of action for mutant Cu/

120 onensin, agents known to block intracellular vesicular trafficking, as well as apoA-I-mediated cellul

121 Substrates of HIP require vesicular trafficking between the ER and Golgi apparatus

122 onary conserved heterotetramer that promotes vesicular trafficking between the trans-Golgi network an

123 ement from STRIC is independent of canonical vesicular trafficking but requires Arp2/3, suggesting a

124 her lipids out of late endosomes by means of vesicular trafficking, but it is not known whether NPC1

125 a key role in cytoskeletal organization and vesicular trafficking, but the exact mechanisms by which

126 upon receiving PDG-specific proteins through vesicular trafficking, but their maturation process is n

127 ins critical for continuity of intracellular vesicular trafficking by accelerating the replacement of

128 Manipulation of vesicular trafficking by chemical inhibitors or with con

129 iral replication, including some involved in vesicular trafficking, cell cycling, and protein modific

130 upporting various cellular events, including vesicular trafficking, cell migration, and stereociliary

131 ARFs are small GTPases that regulate vesicular trafficking, cell shape, and movement.

132 The discovery of multiple genes regulating vesicular trafficking, cell surface receptor turnover, a

133 fundamental processes, including retrograde vesicular trafficking, ciliary/flagellar motility, and c

134 R, alpha1 subunit of L-type VDCC, or various vesicular trafficking curators, including synaptotagmins

135 Evi5 may cooperate with Rab11 to coordinate vesicular trafficking, cytokinesis, and cell cycle contr

136 The Rho GTPases regulate vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cell s

137 373 proteins implicated in the regulation of vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal organization, autoph

138 d PKCalpha down-regulation and inhibitors of vesicular trafficking did not prevent degradation of the

139 es for these two events in processes such as vesicular trafficking, DNA damage repair and RNA splicin

140 Because of the presence of vesicular trafficking domain within CgA we engineered so

141 in the regulation of DE-cadherin-containing vesicular trafficking during AJ remodeling in live epith

142 rdinate with each other in the regulation of vesicular trafficking during primary ciliogenesis.

143 dulation of Rab11, an important molecule for vesicular trafficking, especially membrane protein recyc

144 ne protein complex that coordinates multiple vesicular trafficking events within the endolysosomal sy

145 amins are large GTPases that act in multiple vesicular trafficking events.

146 lation factors (ARFs), GTPases that regulate vesicular trafficking events.

147 rotein required for almost all intracellular vesicular trafficking events; we also show that transpor

148 ct means of transport and need not depend on vesicular trafficking for its delivery to the plasma mem

149 ffector and is involved in the regulation of vesicular trafficking for primary cilium formation.

150 the involvement of HAP1 in the regulation of vesicular trafficking from early endosomes to the late e

151 is their biogenesis pathway, which involves vesicular trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum thr

152 itional defects in Sec proteins required for vesicular trafficking from the ER or in Pex3p, a protein

153 It also contributes to retrograde vesicular trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the en

154 copy, we demonstrated that ARF4 enhanced NIS vesicular trafficking from the Golgi to the plasma membr

155 Vesicular trafficking genes affected by AS during normal

156 Thus, transfer routes orthogonal to vesicular trafficking govern the flow of sterols in the

157 echanisms, but pharmacological inhibition of vesicular trafficking had no effect.

158 Lipid and vesicular trafficking have been studied extensively in n

159 ons and reveal novel mechanisms that control vesicular trafficking, hematopoiesis, and innate immunit

160 enes supporting involvement of intracellular vesicular trafficking, immune response and endo/lysosoma

161 of small GTPases that controls intracellular vesicular trafficking in a compartment-specific manner.

162 the major component of axonemes, or general vesicular trafficking in a flagellum assembly context.

163 DPPA3 has a significant role in cytoplasmic vesicular trafficking in addition to its previously repo

164 bosylation factor GTPases) are essential for vesicular trafficking in all eukaryotic kingdoms, but of

165 migration, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and vesicular trafficking in epithelial cells.

166 it tethering complexes (MTCs), which control vesicular trafficking in eukaryotic cells by tethering t

167 n shown to modify Rab1b, a main regulator of vesicular trafficking in eukaryotic cells, by transfer o

168 uggesting a potential role for Rab6-mediated vesicular trafficking in HCMV assembly.

169 e small GTPase, Rab27, a protein involved in vesicular trafficking in immune cells.

170 Viruses are considered to use vesicular trafficking in infected cells, but the details

171 Given the importance of vesicular trafficking in macrophages, we investigated th

172 ieu, but the molecular mechanisms regulating vesicular trafficking in neutrophils are not well unders

173 hese two isoforms function differentially in vesicular trafficking in nonneuronal cells.

174 o determine the effect of REP-1 depletion on vesicular trafficking in phagocytic and secretory pathwa

175 is an important component of Rab8a-mediated vesicular trafficking in photoreceptors.

176 d role of INF2 in regulating dynein-mediated vesicular trafficking in podocytes.

177 or L27 domain interactions and Hrs regulated vesicular trafficking in postsynaptic protein clustering

178 we describe involvement of clathrin-mediated vesicular trafficking in PV generation and the engagemen

179 roteins involved in proteasomal function and vesicular trafficking in Rpgr(ko) PSC, prior to onset of

180 tration and alpha-syn splice isoforms affect vesicular trafficking in synucleinopathies is warranted.

181 results reveal a role for Golgi-to-endosome vesicular trafficking in TORC1-controlled nuclear transl

182 plant cells reprogram their cell surface is vesicular trafficking, including secretion and endocytos

183 nsistent with a role for FKBP13 and FK506 in vesicular trafficking, influencing ARF activity through

184 orylation, indicating the ability to utilize vesicular trafficking inhibitors to target different flg

185 uced FLS2 degradation, pretreatment with the vesicular trafficking inhibitors Wortmannin or Tyrphosti

186 les and the dynein motor, in connection with vesicular trafficking involving RAB11 and IKK-related ki

187 ent studies have demonstrated that polarized vesicular trafficking involving the small GTPase Rab8 an

188 results highlight functional enrichments of vesicular trafficking, ion transport/homeostasis and oxi

189 the function of small GTPases that regulate vesicular trafficking is a strategy employed by several

190 Vesicular trafficking is controlled by ADP-ribosylation

191 Vesicular trafficking is critical for the function of bo

192 Although vesicular trafficking is essential for a large variety o

193 These results show that vesicular trafficking is involved in transporting a sign

194 Vesicular trafficking is likely but non-vesicular mechan

195 Intracellular vesicular trafficking is regulated by approximately 60 m

196 ety of cellular processes, the regulation of vesicular trafficking is still poorly understood.

197 ow that dynamin 2 (Dyn2), a key regulator of vesicular trafficking, is a binding partner of Nef that

198 studies demonstrate for the first time that vesicular trafficking likely plays a role in the apicopl

199 Perturbations are observed in vesicular trafficking, lipid metabolism and in the endop

200 verexpression affected protein regulators of vesicular trafficking, lysosomal function, and inflammat

201 on and characterization of components of the vesicular trafficking machinery that are associated with

202 srupt numerous cellular processes, including vesicular trafficking, mainly through energy depletion.

203 ases are molecular switches that orchestrate vesicular trafficking, maturation and fusion by cycling

204 gs establish the existence of a differential vesicular trafficking mechanism for specific Usher prote

205 one ecdysone is mediated through a regulated vesicular trafficking mechanism.

206 of intracellular organelles is regulated by vesicular trafficking mechanisms controlled by effector

207 Upregulation of the Rab27a-dependent vesicular trafficking mechanisms rescued the defective l

208 a critical role for membrane microdomains in vesicular trafficking-mediated cell polarity.

209 ions of tubby-like proteins include roles in vesicular trafficking, mediation of insulin signaling an

210 We tested if microtubule-based vesicular trafficking might be a mechanism by which merl

211 ctors with roles in endosomal acidification, vesicular trafficking, mitochondrial metabolism, and RNA

212 translation and cytoplasmic RNA processing, vesicular trafficking, nuclear transport, and DNA mainte

213 in integration of cytoskeletal networks with vesicular trafficking, nucleocytosolic shuttling, transc

214 ctor (ADF)/cofilin regulated actin-dependent vesicular trafficking of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs)

215 Actin-based vesicular trafficking of Cdc42, leading to a polarized c

216 In the myofiber, Thbs4 selectively enhances vesicular trafficking of dystrophin-glycoprotein and int

217 ed through mutant strains compromised in the vesicular trafficking of excess CPY*.

218 gration by modulating the endocytosis and/or vesicular trafficking of its associated integrins.

219 the first time the regulated and unregulated vesicular trafficking of Mct1 in cerebrovascular endothe

220 roscopic evidence of previously unidentified vesicular trafficking of phosphorylated tau in normal as

221 and suggested that TULP1 is involved in the vesicular trafficking of photoreceptor proteins, both at

222 d synthesis and underscore the importance of vesicular trafficking of PM cholesterol for steroidogene

223 Vesicular trafficking of presynaptic and postsynaptic co

224 hat starvation induces rapid Rab11-dependent vesicular trafficking of Rabin8, a Rab8 guanine-nucleoti

225 Here, we characterize the vesicular trafficking of Wg and its receptors, Arrow and

226 icle size and shape during clathrin-mediated vesicular trafficking or endocytosis.

227 l protein synthesis or on intact host actin, vesicular trafficking, or microtubules.

228 a phosphorylation event participating in the vesicular trafficking pathway downstream of G protein si

229 targeting (Cvt) pathway is an unconventional vesicular trafficking pathway in yeast, which is topolog

230 This release occurred through the vesicular trafficking pathway initiated by ATP uptake in

231 /Rab-RP1 in an adaptor protein 3-independent vesicular trafficking pathway of pigment granule biogene

232 In contrast, inhibiting the vesicular trafficking pathway or cathepsin D release fro

233 LGMD2B muscle also showed an increase in vesicular trafficking pathway proteins not normally obse

234 en associated with mutations in genes in the vesicular trafficking pathway that cause disruption of g

235 yt11 is an essential component of a neuronal vesicular trafficking pathway that differs from the well

236 ion in LGMD2B muscle provides a compensatory vesicular trafficking pathway that is able to repair mem

237 Autophagy is a vesicular trafficking pathway that regulates the degrada

238 y share some subcellular compartments in the vesicular trafficking pathway with PIN auxin efflux carr

239 cific mode of action, targeting Sec14 of the vesicular trafficking pathway.

240 The vesicular trafficking pathways co-opted by C. burnetii f

241 -syn revealed the molecular determinants and vesicular trafficking pathways underlying this pathologi

242 LRRK2 regulates various intracellular vesicular trafficking pathways, including endolysosomal

243 ximal host factor demonstrated importance of vesicular trafficking pathways, ubiquitin-dependent and

244 ich was dependent on intact microtubules and vesicular trafficking pathways.

245 ation factors (ARFs), critical components of vesicular trafficking pathways.

246 ated proteins work at the interface of other vesicular trafficking pathways.

247 ulting in different autophagic responses and vesicular trafficking patterns of endoplasmic reticulum-

248 an essential role for MUNC13-4 in selective vesicular trafficking, phagosomal maturation, and intrac

249 Vesicular trafficking plays a key role in tuning the act

250 kdown, nuclear import, autophagic recycling, vesicular trafficking, polarized morphogenesis, and the

251 component of a membrane complex involved in vesicular trafficking process, a function similar to tha

252 in clathrin-dependent endocytosis and other vesicular trafficking processes by acting as a pair of m

253 65-kD Gbps coordinate a potent oxidative and vesicular trafficking program to protect the host from i

254 Here, we report that the vesicular trafficking protein Rab39a is needed for optim

255 ial display, including the small GTP-binding vesicular trafficking protein Rab3A and the enzyme guany

256 er plays a significant role in intracellular vesicular trafficking, protein targeting, and other cell

257 f genes for microtubule-associated proteins, vesicular trafficking proteins and neurotransmitter rece

258 f ATP11B with fluorescent cisplatin and with vesicular trafficking proteins, such as syntaxin-6 (STX6

259 important control elements of many stages of vesicular trafficking, providing new insight into the re

260 y for thylakoids and photosystem biogenesis (vesicular trafficking, provision of material for thylako

261 es in actin cytoskeletal organization, Golgi vesicular trafficking, receptor endocytosis, and cell cy

262 TPase-activating function of GIT1 toward the vesicular trafficking regulator Arf6 GTPase is required

263 mily of GTPases, had decreased intracellular vesicular trafficking relative to normal human Schwann c

264 ane structure as well as elevated demands in vesicular trafficking required for parasite remodeling d

265 tical role in cell growth and proliferation, vesicular trafficking, secretion, and endocytosis.

266 Activity modulation through endocytosis and vesicular trafficking significantly impacts downstream t

267 ta suggest that the COG complex orchestrates vesicular trafficking similarly in yeast and mammalian c

268 e idea that Chc1p and Inp53p act at a common vesicular trafficking step but that Chc1p is used at oth

269 otic structures, such as membrane repair and vesicular trafficking system, anchoring of the actin and

270 Golgi dispersal underlies the pro-metastatic vesicular trafficking that is associated with epithelial

271 are involved in some aspect of intracellular vesicular trafficking, that is, protein sorting and vesi

272 to predict that this organism can manipulate vesicular trafficking, the actin cytoskeleton and apopto

273 ors and SNAREs control the last two steps of vesicular trafficking: the initial interaction and the f

274 with endocytic proteins, may play a role in vesicular trafficking through its PAP activity.

275 hering complex, a major coordinator of Golgi vesicular trafficking, thus remodeling Golgi membrane tr

276 ptional response, and by the manipulation of vesicular trafficking to avoid the toxicity of lysosomal

277 Sharma investigates vesicular trafficking to lysosomes and how pathogens hij

278 The molecular mechanisms of EGFR vesicular trafficking to lysosomes have recently receive

279 that requires emerin's LEM domain to mediate vesicular trafficking to lysosomes.

280 mpletely understood, and the contribution of vesicular trafficking to physiological function is unkno

281 urther demonstrate the requirement of intact vesicular trafficking to support sustained cold response

282 pical membrane, provides actin filaments for vesicular trafficking to the apical dome, and mediates a

283 the trans-Golgi network where it influences vesicular trafficking to the plasma membrane by regulati

284 shown to be required for optimal anterograde vesicular trafficking to the plasma membrane.

285 e previously showed that OCRL is involved in vesicular trafficking to the primary cilium.

286 adhesion dynamics are disorganized and that vesicular trafficking to the tip of HGF-induced cell ext

287 lay a direct role in vacuolar biogenesis and vesicular trafficking to the vacuole in plants.

288 d on the correct regulation of intracellular vesicular trafficking to transport biological material.

289 im101 signaling pathway and may also require vesicular trafficking to vacuoles.

290 e considered to act as molecular switches in vesicular trafficking using HepG2.2.15 cells.

291 ly regulates a Rab GTPase pathway to promote vesicular trafficking via late endosomes.

292 effects of BIG1 and BIG2 phosphorylation on vesicular trafficking, via alterations in ARF activation

293 Abnormal vesicular trafficking was evidenced by delayed retrograd

294 ing of Exoc5 knockdown podocytes showed that vesicular trafficking was the most affected cellular eve

295 directly test whether ER morphology impacts vesicular trafficking, we increased the tubule-to-sheet

296 Since Rab8a is implicated in vesicular trafficking, we next examined this process in

297 Both phospholipase D activity and vesicular trafficking were required for effects of BIG1

298 by disruption of ROP1-dependent F-actin and vesicular trafficking, which indicates that REN1 targeti

299 gmentation of currents, as did inhibition of vesicular trafficking with bafilomycin A1.

300 complex is strongly implicated in retrograde vesicular trafficking within the Golgi apparatus.